Two families of checkered beetles (Cleridae and Thanerocleridae) contain approximately 3,600 described species. Clerus is one of genera belonging to the Omadius genus-group (Cleridae: Clerinae: Clerus series), and distributed in Palaearctic, Indo-Australian and Afrotropic regions containing 17 species. Among the known species, 11 species have been recorded from Palaearctic region (seven from East Asian countries). Through a taxonomic study on the Korean Clerus species, a total of three species, C. dealbatus (Kraatz, 1879), C. pilosellus (Gorham, 1878) and Clerus sp. nov. are recognized. From the present study, it was confirmed that C. dealbatus was misidentified as Thanasimus lewisi (Jacobson, 1911) in the country, due to the similarity of the body coloration. The presence of the latter species in Korean insect fauna is very doubtful. Diagnostic characters of three Korean Clerus species are presented.

This study was carried out to clarify the response of butterfly communities on forest degradation in the Gwangneung Forest, Korea. We monitored butterfly communities with varying degrees of human activities by conducting line transect twice a month in 2011. A total of 70 species and 4,676 individuals butterflies were observed in four sites: natural forest, plantation forests, and Korean National Arboretum. Species richness increased with increasing open land. The result on niche breadth and habitat type of butterfly was consistent with our predictions; specialist species and forest interior species were abundant in natural forest, whereas generalist species and grassland species were abundant in Korea National Arboretum, the most modified area. Also, habitat breadth of butterflies clearly indicated the difference on the degree of forest degradation. Butterfly diversity associated with landscape patterns based on aerial photographs supported mosaic concept which indicates that species diversity increases as habitat heterogeneity and variability increase. Forest management plan that maintains various habitats and ensures grasslands is necessary to increase butterfly diversity in forest.

Emergence of resistant two-spotted spider mite (TSSM) can induce the over usage of standard amount of acaricides and result in various side effects. Rapid resistance monitoring is essential step for the efficient management of resistant populations by enabling the selection of appropriate acaricides. Here, we evaluated the 10 acaricides to determine its suitability on residual contact vial bioassay (RCV) by using PyriF strain as standard. Five acaricides (Abamectin, monocrotophos, tebufenpyrad, bifenazate and cyflumetofen) revealed the dose-dependent mortality within 8 h, whereas other remaining acaricides (Fenbutatin oxide, fenpyroxymate, flufenoxuron, spiromesifen and etoxazole) did not. This finding suggests that the application of RCV method is limited depending on the mode of action and physicochemical properties of each acaricide. Resistance levels to five acaricides (Abamectin, monocrotophos, tebufenpyrad, bifenazate and cyflumetofen) were determined for four field populations of TSSM by using RCV diagnostic kit. All TSSM populations showed the highest sensitivity to cyflumetofen, indicating that it would be most effective in controling field populations. RCV diagnostic kit would enable to provide crucial information for choosing the most appropriate acaricides in the field.

The developmental time of immature stages of Paromius exiguus (Distant) was studied at eight different constant temperatures (17.5, 20, 22.5, 25, 27.5, 30, 32.5 and 35°C) with a photoperiod of 14:10 (L:D) h on two host plants, Imperata cylinderica and Calamagrostis epigeios. On both host plants, the developmental time decreased with increasing temperatures. A significant difference in the developmental times was observed between two host plants for each nymphal stage and for the total nymphal stage as well. For completion of the total nymphal stage, the development time at 17.5 and 35°C were 69.6 and 16.6 days on I. cylinderica and 38.6 and 13.8 days on C. epigeios, respectively. The relationship between developmental rate and temperature was fitted to a linear regression model and the six nonlinear models (Lactin 1, Lactin 2, Briere 1, Briere 2, Logan 6 and Taylor). Except for the Taylor model, all of the five nonlinear models fitted the data for the total nymphal stage of the current study well, according to the high r2 value, on both host plants. The distribution of completion of each development stage was well described by the two-parameter Weibull function.

본 연구는 농업유전자원센터에 보존되어있는 불가리아 재래종 고추 유전자원 61 점을 대상으로 농업형질을 조사하고, 22개의 분자마커(SSR marker)를 이용하여 불가리아 재래종 고추 유전자원의 유전적 다양성 및 집단분석을 통하여, 자원보존 및 효율적인 작물 육종을 위한 기초정보를 제공하고자 본실험을 수행하였으며 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 파종 후 발아까지 소요일수는 최소 11일에서 최대 26 일,평균 16.9 일이었고 개화 소요일수는 최소 48일, 최대 65일, 평균 56.9일이었으며 성숙까지의 소요일수는 최소 73일, 최대 98일, 평균 90.7일이었다. 2. 농업형질의 특성을 바탕으로 PCA 분석을 이용하여 불가리아 고추의 다양성을 분석한 결과, 파종 후 개화까지의 소요일수에 따라 조생종, 중생종, 만생종 3개의 그룹으로 나눌 수있었다. 3. 61점의 고추자원에 대하여 22개 SSR 마커에 의해 나타난 대립유전자 (allele)수는 총 82개였다. 마커당 평균 allele수는 3.7 개였고, allele 수의 범위는 2개에서 5개로 확인되었다. 유전적 다양성을 나타내는 PIC 값의 범위는 0.061-0.636이었으며 평균 PIC 값은 0.349로 확인되었다. 4. 분자마커(SSR)를 이용하여 UPGMA, PCoA, STUCTURE 분석을 통한 고추의 다양성 및 집단 구조를 분석한 결과, 3개의 그룹으로 나뉘어졌다. 결론적으로, 농업형질 특성을 바탕으로 한 불가리아 재래종고추의 다양성과 분자학적 특성을 이용한 다양성 결과와는 차이가 있었다.

Human umbilical cord is easy to obtain because it is discarded after birth, so that ethical issues can be avoided. Chondrogenesis studies using MSCs from bone marrow, cord blood, and adipose have indicated that TGFβ3 and BMP6 stimulate chondrogenesis. Therefore, we investigated chondrogenesis of hUC-MSCs on TGFβ3, BMP6, and combination of the two growth factors. We initiated chondrogenesis of cells by application of physical forces to form 3D cell clusters. After initiation, we designated four experimental groups for differentiation of cells, as follows: control, 10 ng/mL TGFβ3, 100 ng/mL BMP6, and the combination of 5 ng/mL TGFβ3 and 50 ng/mL BMP6. For analysis of chondrogenesis, GAG contents, mRNA expression, histological analysis and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were performed. For analysis of GAG contents, GAG assay was performed and RT-PCR was performed for determination of chondrogenic markers. Histological analysis was performed through safranin O, alcian blue, and IHC was performed using collagen type I and II. GAG contents were increased 184% by TGFβ3, 147% by BMP6, and 189% by the combination of TGFβ3 and BMP6, compared to control. The growth factors improved collagen II and aggrecan expression; in particular, TGFβ3 and BMP6 showed a synergistic effect, compared to only TGFβ3 or BMP6 treated. The results of histological and IHC analysis indicated that chondrogenic differentiation in TGFβ3 and the combination of TGFβ3 and BMP6 showed more cartilage deposition. In conclusion, TGFβ3 and BMP6 differentiated hUC-MSCs into chondrogenic clusters of the combination treatment of the two growth factors showed more efficient chondrogenic ability.

This paper proposes the expression `gamification@ (location or purpose)' with the intent of vitalizing the research of gamification and announcing a pure and right function of gaming to the public. It can strengthen the ‘theoretical foundation’ of gamification as well make it possible to foresee a universal application to nearly every aspect of life.

Healing for the Jeju 4.3 survivors and families progressed significantly after the work of the 2000 National 4.3 Committee and the 2005 Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Acting on these investigatory organizations’ recommendations and the expressed desires of the Jeju people, the Korean government began a healing process that included a presidential apology, a government-sponsored museum and an extensive public memorial and gravesite for known victims—albeit without individual reparations. American and Korean scholars also point to the United States’ partial responsibility for Jeju 4.3 and its lack of participation in redress efforts. Acknowledgment of the United States’ historical role in Jeju 4.3 by the Korean and U.S. governments today may be one of the crucial next steps toward genuine reparatory justice for the Jeju people and for Korean society. It may also bolster U.S. legitimacy globally as a democracy actually (and not just professedly) committed to humanrights.The United States grounds its global moral authority as a democracy in its stated commitment to human rights. But a genuine commitment entails acknowledging and actively repairing the damage caused by its participation in human rights atrocities—even decades ago. Its legitimacy as a democracy depends upon doing so—and after two damaging wars the United States needs to bolster its moral authority internationally. If America under President Obama, with its security pivot toward Asia, is to reclaim full legitimacy as a democracy committed to human rights, if there is to be complete social healing for the Jeju 4.3 survivors and families and for the Korean government and people—if the “han,” the deep sense of suffering from injustice, is to be lightened—then the United States needs to mutually and actively engage in the reconciliation process. The time is now.

Traumatic insemination (TI), an extraordinary copulation strategy, is most prevalent in cimicoid true bugs (Insecta: Hemiptera) among invertebrates including insects. Here, we resolved the evolutionary history of TI and the females’ adaptations by conducting molecular phylogenetic analyses and comparative studies based on the phylgenetic relationships. We found a sister group relationship of Curaliidae + Lasiochilidae, which are the only groups among Cimicoidea not likely engaged in TI. Divergence time estimates revealed that TI is a behavior of antiquity that first evolved in the Early Jurassic 188Mya (95% highest posterior density = 157 – 221). Furthermore, ancestral character state reconstructions indicated that TI evolved only once from standard insemination in Cimicoidea. The results revealed that only TI is correlated with PS among the biological traits, and that evolutionary acquisition of PS was driven by selection of TI. Additionally, we found that not only are the three types of PS homoplastic to each other, but also that each of types could not be a homologous feature despite of same terminology, which suggests convergent evolution of the females’ morphology have occurred as females were adapting to TI.

We reviewed the Korean species belonging to the genus Hemicrepidius. Of the previously recorded five species, the specimens known as H. (s. str.) secessus secessus (Candèze, 1873) are confirmed as the misidentification of H. oblongus (Solsky, 1870). The status of H. (s. str.) secessus hallaensis Kishii 2002 is suggested to be raised to species level. We also propose three new species, H. (s. str.) sp1 nov., H. (s. str.) sp2 nov., H. (Miwacrepidius) sp1 nov. from Korea. In Hemicrepidius sensu strito, molecular approaches based on the species recognized from Korea, Russia, and Japan using COI and 16S rRNA genes strongly support that all Korean species and the Russian specimens of H. oblongus are clustered into a monophyletic group, whereas Japanese species might be early and independently divided from the former.

Paromius exiguus (Distant, 1883) is a serious insect pest in rice field adjacent to reclaimed land. They suck young ear of rice causing empty head of grain or pecky rice grain. During 2010 to 2012, we conducted to investigate the host-plant change of P. exiguus in Siwha reclaimed land, Hwaseong-si. In 2012, we also studied dispersal ability of P. exiguus from reclaimed land to adjacent rice fields. In early May, the adults aggregated on the grain parts of cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica) (Poales: Poaceae) after overwintering, and laid their eggs and nymphs developed into adults on the same host plants from middle May to late June. Second generation was observed at wood small-reed (Calamagrostis epigeios) (Poales: Poaceae) from late June to late July. At shooting stage of rice, adults moved to adjacent rice fields and third generation might be started. Although dispersal ability of adult of P. exiguus penetrated about 10 km into inland areas of Hwaseong-si, number of individuals of P. exiguus population was significantly declined with increasing distance from reclaimed land (Pearson’s correlation coefficient, r=-0.7357, p<0.0001). Unfortunately, further studies on population dynamics of P. exiguus in rice fields could not investigated, because pesticides were widely sprayed by aerial application in 14 August, 2012. Nevertheless, this results will be a useful information for management and control of P. exiguus in rice fields adjacent to reclaimed land.

Food web of main arthorpods in 3 differently managed rice fields (low input, duck, apple snail farming) was investigated in Hongseong area, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea. Main arthropods were selected by their abundance during the rice growing season in 2010. Food web was analyzed with stable isotope, δ15N and δ13C according to rice growth satges (seedling, tillering, booting, blooming/heading, and ripening stage). Rates of δ15N and δ13C in soil (F=5.72; df=2, 6; P=0.0407, F=40.86; df=2, 6; P=0.0003, respectively) and δ13C in rice (F=6.46; df=2, 6; P=0.0319) were statistically different. Rate of δ13C in Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus (F=9.50; df=2, 6; P=0.0138), Pirata subpiraticus (F=11.00; df=2, 6; P=0.0098), and Pachygnatha clercki (F=6.33; df=2, 6; P=0.0333) were statistically different among farming methods. Stable isotope structures in food web were slightly different among 3 farming methods seasonally. Rates of δ15N and δ13C of rice pests such as Nephotettix cincticeps, Nilaparvata lugens, Laodelphax striatellus, and Sogatella furcifera were related to rice plant. Those of Tomoceridae sp. and Chironomidae sp., however, were not related to rice plant. Spiders as main natural enemy group were ranked on the top of food web and were thought to have life cycle based on the rice field from stable isotope structure.

Vector-borne plant virus transmission is a complex mechanism involving various interactions of viruses, vectors and plants. Plant viruses modify, either directly or indirectly, the rates of development, reproduction and behavior of vector insects in a positive, negative, or neutral manner. The sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, is the only known vector of Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV) which is a virus that seriously damaged tomato cultivars all around the world. Acquisition of TYLCV influences on various developmental, physiological and molecular mechanisms of Q1 biotype B. tabaci. We compared several behavioral and physiological characteristics between non-viruliferous (NV) and TYLCV-viruliferous (V) of Q1 biotype whiteflies. When B. tabaci acquired TYLCV, total life span was shorter and fecundity was lower than NV ones. V whiteflies were more susceptible to thermal stress by increasing hsp mRNA levels but higher in mortality by either heat or cold shocks. Furthermore, V whiteflies increased the rates of plant sap probing and light attraction behaviors than NV ones. All together, our results show that TYLCV acquisition regulates B. tabaci to enhance the rates of development and environmental susceptibility. Our results provide insights to understand vector’s role in relation to the acquisition and transmission of plant viruses.

The family Pterophoridae (Lepidoptera), plume moths, consist of 1,136 species listed in the ‘world catalogue’ by Gielis (2003), and a few more described since then. Approximately 250 species are known in the Palaearctic Regions (Arenberger, 1995). In this study, 35 species of 21 genera have been reviewed from Korea (Matsumura 1931, 1938; Zoological Society of Korea 1968; Park 1983; Arenberger 1991; Kim et al., 2010a, 2010b, 2012a, 2012b). We suggest the problematic species, Platyptilia ignifera, is morphologically and genetically separated from congeneric species supporting the possibility as a new genus, and employ the classification system of Arenberger (1995) rather than that of Gielis (1993) using parsimony based on morphological characters.

To assess effects of Bt rice expressing a synthetic Cry1Ac1 gene for control Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), we conducted laboratory tests to evaluate the potential impacts of Bt rice on non-target herbivore, non-target pollen-feeder and non-target predator. Also we investigated the community structure of arthropods in Bt and non-Bt rice fields during the rice-growing season in 2007 and 2008. There were no significant differences in development, survival and emergence of non-target herbivores, non-target pollen-feeder and non-target predators between Bt and non-Bt rice although tibia length of non-target predators with BPH feeding on Bt rice showed significantly longer than in non-Bt rice. In 2-year field study, a total of 43 familes in 10 orders were identified from 64,099 collected insects and a total of 29 species in 23 genera and 9 families were identified from 4,937 collected spiders. Abundance, Shannon’s index and family richness in insects and species richness in spiders were very similar between Bt and non-Bt rice for 2 years and there was no significant difference. The results indicated that the transgenic Cry1Ac rice tested in this study had no adverse effects on the rice insect and spider community structure in field condition and on the development, survival, emergence and adult fitness parameter of non-target arthropods in the laboratory conditions.