This study was conducted in order to investigate repeated-dose toxicities of Magnolia ovobata ethanol extract (MEE). MEE was administered orally to male and female Sprague Dawley rats at dose levels of 0, 500, 1,000, or 2,000 mg/kg for four weeks. Repeated administration of MEE did not induce abnormalities in general signs, body weight gain, feed and water consumption, necropsy findings, or organ weights. In addition, no abnormality was observed in hematological analyses; red blood cells and their indices, white blood cells, platelets, and coagulation times. In male rats, BUN and creatinine showed an increase at doses of 2,000 mg/kg and 500-1,000 mg/kg, respectively, while in female rats, lactate dehydrogenase and creatine phosphokinase showed a decrease at 2,000 mg/kg, the upper-limit dose of repeated-dose toxicity studies. However, there were no dose-dependent increases or gender-relationship. In addition, other parameters of the hepatic and muscular toxicities as well as energy and lipid metabolism were not affected. In microscopic examination, no considerable pathological findings were observed. The results indicate the safety of oral administration of MEE to the upper-limit dose.

Poly(vinyl chloride)-g-poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PVC-g-PSSA) 가지형 공중합체를 합성한 후, 이를 이용하여 80℃에서 열적으로 환원하여 은 나노입자를 제조하였다. 반응 시간을 바꿈에 따라 다양한 구조의 은 나노입자를 제조하는데 성공하였다. 1시간 정도의 짧은 반응 시간에서는 가지형 공중합체의 미세 상분리 구조를 크게 변화시키지 않고 5 nm 크기의 작은 은 나노입자가 생성되었다. 5시간 정도의 중간 반응 시간에서는 30 내지 50 nm 정도의 크기를 갖는 은 나노입자가 생성되었다. 18시간 정도의 긴 반응 시간에서는, 은입자가 뭉친 허리케인 모양의 은 집합체가 관찰되었다.

In an effort to gain a better understanding of the nature of the population genetic structure of the pest insect, Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), tobacco cutworms were collected from six Korean and five Chinese localities and their mitochondrial A+T-rich region and nuclear internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) regions were cloned and sequenced. A total of 106 A+T-rich region haplotypes and 92 ITS2 sequence types were obtained from 158 individuals. Compared to the preliminary mitochondrial COI gene sequence data that provided all identical sequence types in all samples, the A+T-rich region and nuclear ITS2 are highly variable. Overall, a low level of genetic fixation in the A+T-rich region (FST = 0 ~ 0.02965) and nuclear ITS2 (FST = 0 ~ 0.34491), and no discernable isolated population was noted to exist among most S. litura populations. The presence of a majority of within-population variations, rather than variations among populations or between China and Korea, indicates that the S. litura populations are composed of heterogeneous individuals. The fixation index at hierarchical level of among regions shows no significance, suggesting that the S. litura populations in both Korea and China are profoundly interrelated with one another. This finding is in accord with the current knowledge that S. litura has sufficient flight capacity for dispersal.

The fabrication of interconnect from titanium powders and powders is investigated. Corrosion-resistant titanium and are used as reinforcement in order to reveal high heat and corrosion resistance at the elevated temperature. We fabricated the plates for interconnect reinforced with by mixing titanium powders with 10 wt.% of nano-sized . Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) was chosen for the sintering of these composites. The plate made of titanium powders and powders demonstrates higher corrosion resistance than that of the plate of titanium powders alone. The physical properties of specimens were analyzed by performing hardness test and biaxial strength test. The electrochemical properties, such as corrosion resistance and hydrogen permeability at high temperature, were also investigated. The microstructures of the specimens were investigated by FESEM and profiles of chemical compositions were analyzed by EDX.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of group exer˗ cise program on depression in the elders with dementia. Subjects of this research were selected from the patients of Hyoja hospital(Yong˗ in, Korea). They were elders with dementia having minor to moderate degrees of cognitive function. Twenty-four subjects were randomly assigned into two groups, each with 12 people; exercise group and the control group. The control group only performed general physio˗ therapy, while the exercise group performed exercise program and general physiotherapy for 8 weeks. Depression of the exercise group and the control group were measured at baseline before the study, at 4 weeks, and at 8 weeks after the study. Depression was measured by Geriatric Depression Scale Short Form Korea Version(GDSSF-K). Firstly, when comparing the levels of depression within the same group, depression was significantly lower in the exercise group, after the group exercise program. However, depression of the control group did not show significant changes before or after the study. Secondly, when comparing the levels of depression of the control group and the exercise group, differences between the levels meas˗ ured before the study and 8 weeks after the study, was a statistically significant decrease of depression. Thirdly, effects of group exercise program according to the applied period were analyzed showing 8 weeks of group exercise to be more beneficial than 4 weeks. People who performed continuous group exercise program showed decrease in depression compared to the absence of group exercise program. This can infer beneficial effects of group exercise program. Group exercise program had desirable influence on decreasing the level of depression.

This study investigated consumers’ recognition on shelf life of health functional foods to set up their rational expiration date. For this study 107 male and female adults aged 20 to 59 years were randomly selected as major consumers of health functional foods. And their data were analyzed with SPSS 17.0. The questionnaire included questions asking a consumer's recognition on the shelf life of health functional foods and how to treat health function food passing its shelf life. In this study, the consumers were found to pay attentions considerably to the shelf life. But most of them did not know an accurate meaning of the shelf life of health functional food and mistook it for expiry date. In addition, the consumers doubted safety of health functional foods passing the shelf life. Therefore, education for consumers about an accurate meaning of the shelf life was needed. The results of this study were considered to be helpful to set up a reasonable expiration date for health functional food.

Grey field slug, Deroceras reticulatum Muller, is one of the major pests of chinese cabbage, Brassica campestris. To determine the economic thresholds of grey field slug on chinese cabbage, the slugs were inoculated after planting 1 week into chinese cabbages with a density of 0, 2, 4, 8, 16 slugs per 16 chinese cabbages(1㎡) at the plastic house in the spring and autumn of 2008. The rates of damaged cabbages by slug inoculation were 10.7% at 2 slugs and 42.7% at 16 slugs in the spring, and 20.3% at 2 slugs and 59.2% at 16 slugs in the autumn. The linear relationships between the initial slugs density and yield reduction of chinese cabbage were as following ; Y = 286.07x + 548.62, R2=0.9524(in the spring cultivation), Y = 318.91x + 998.05, R2=0.9323(in the autumn cultivation). Based on these results, the economic threshold of grey field slug per 16 chinese cabbages(1㎡) was 2.52 slugs in the spring and 0.86 slugs in the autumn.

In organic agriculture, various cover-crops have been used to control weeds. In this study, we have investigated the effect of Vicia tetrasperma (L.) Schred. (Eolchigiwandu) which is native to on major insect pests of pepper. Redpepper seedlings at 8 leaves stage were transplanted in 20th May 2009 into experimental field located in the farm of the department of agricultural biology, Suwon, Korea. A cover-crop cultivation plot was compared with a control plot mulched by black plastic-film. Density of aphids and damaged fruits by oriental tobacco budworm, Helicoverpa assulta, were surveyed ten times from 21 days after transplanting (DAT) to 82 DAT. Fifty and forty pepper plants were sampled to count the density of aphids and damaged fruits by oriental tobacco budworm per a plant, respectively. In current study, three aphid species namely, cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii, green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae were collected. Overally, the density of aphids on pepper in the control plot was higher than the cover-crop plot. Especially, aphid density increased up to 67.44±26.8 in early stage of control plot, whereas aphid was not found in cover-crop plot. The rate of fruit damage by oriental tobacco budworm was significantly higher in the cover-crop plot than the control plot in early stage of pepper, however damaged fruit rate of pepper in the control plot was significantly higher since the middle of July.

The devastating insect pests of the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) were surveyed in environmentally friendly (no-pesticide and organic) greenhouses located in the provinces of Gyeonggi, Gyeongsang, Gangwon, Chungcheong and Jeju. Whitefly, leaf miner, aphid and moth were recorded as the major pests in these surveys. Among them, whitefly was the most serious pest of greenhouse cultivated tomato and major species was Trialeurodes vaporariorum. The population densities of T. vaporariorum was 0~36 nymph per leaf. Population of moths Spodoptera litura were the highest in summer season. Population of the whitefly was considered to be influenced by the previous cultural methods. Farmers in organic cultivation, used insect natural enemy, commercial EFAM (Environment Friendly Agricultural Material), yellow sticky trap or home made pesticides. Commercial microbial pesticides were applied to evaluate their insecticidal activities against whitefly. The results revealed that microbial pesticides exhibited 65.3 to 100% whitefly nymph mortality. Further, pesticidal activities of Cooking Oil and Yolk (COY), plant extracts and neem oil were evaluated against other tomato pests as well.

The authors have demonstrated white oraganic light-emitting diodes (WOLED) using 1,4-bis[2-(4'-diphenylaminobiphenyl-4-yl)vinyl]benzene as fluorescent blue emitter and iridium(III) bis(5-acetyl-2-phenylpyridinato-N,C2') acetylacetonate as phosphorescent red emitter. The optimized WOLED using red host material as bis(2-methyl-8-quinolinato) -4-phenylphenolate exhibited proper color stability in comparison with the control device using 4,4'-N,N'-dicarbazole-biphenyl as red host. The white device showed a maximum luminance of 21100 cd/m2 at 14 V, luminous efficiency of 9.7 cd/A at 20 mA/cm2, and Commission Internationale de I'Eclairage (CIEx,y)coordinates of (0.32, 0.34) at 1000 cd/m2. The devices also exhibited the color shift with δCIEx,y coordinates of ± (0.01,0.01) from 100 to 20000 cd/m2.

Nowadays, importance of regional specific on-farm research is largely increased in order to reduce the feeding cost of cattle. For this project, three regional districts (Yeongam, Yeonggwang and Jangheung) were selected wherein the cultivation area of forage production were largely increased from 1,200 ('08) to 2,600 ㏊ ('09) in Yeongam, 1,001('08) to 1,925 ㏊ ('09) in Yeonggwang, and 1,300 ('08) to 2,820 ㏊ ('09) in Jangheung district. Among the forage species, Italian ryegrass (IRG) and forage barley were predominantly cultivated in these regions. On the other hand, rye, grassland and summer annual forages were cultivated very little in a manner of land area. The productivity of forage barley was slightly increased 21.5('06), 26.2('07), and 27.3 MT/㏊ ('08) as silage. The number of farm and cultivation area was also increased remarkably. The present research project will be conducted from 2009 to 2010. Forage production and utilization for reduction of feeding cost, and high quality of Hanwoo beef production will investigated, in a manner of cultivation of forage crops mainly IRG, forage barley, IRG+barley mixture and corn.

This study was performed to investigate the seasonal occurrence, developmental characteristics of each nymphal stages with different temperatures (20, 25, 30℃), longevity and fecundity of ussur brown katydid, Paratlanticus ussuriensis, damaging by outbreaks in the orchard areas of Bitan-ri, Yeongdong, Chungbuk. Paratlanticus ussuriensis occurred from late-March to late-August with peak of mid-May. Newly emerged nymphs appeared from March and do damaged fruit orchards with peak of mid-May when P. ussuriensis existed as 4th and 5th nymphal stages. P. ussuriensis adult occurred from early-June to mid-Aug. with peak of mid-July. Total density of P. ussuriensis was showed highest in mid-May. P. ussuriensis goes through nymphal stages to 7th nymph, the ovipositor began exposed to outside from the 4th instar and the body weight increased heavily from this stage and the wings were observed from 6th instar. Developmental period was longer as increased the nymphal stages. Sex ratio of collected insect was showed as 0.57; females more than males. As increased the temperature, developmental period was to be short. Preoviposition was also to be short as 5.0, 4.3, and 3.4 days at 20, 25, 30℃, respectively, and fecundity increased as 69.0, 87.1, and 104.3 at 20, 25, 30℃, respectively. Longevity of male and female at 25℃ was showed the longest with 35.7, and 32.9 days and showed the shortest with 30.1 and 28.1 days at 30℃, respectively. The difference of developmental period in male and female were showed longer in female without relation of temperature. The eggs laid were frequently distributed 3 to 4 cm from soil surface, and showed the behavior laying eggs intensively when early oviposition period.

A novel beetle antimicrobial protein from stimulated Copris tripartitus and the corresponding gene were isolated in parallel through differential display-PCR and expression in Escherichia coli. To find cDNA clones responsible for bacteria resistance, the suppression subtractive hybridization and GeneFishing differentially expressed genes system were employed in the dung beetle, Copris tripartitus immunized with lipopolysaccaride. One cDNA clone from eight subtracted clones was selected through dot blot analysis and confirmed by northern blot analysis. The 516-bp, selected cDNA clone was determined by 5' and 3'rapid amplication of cDNA ends and cloned into the GST fusion expression vector pGEX-4T-1 for expression of the protein. The expressed protein was predicted 14.7 kDa and inhibited the growth of gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These results implied that the expressed protein is related to immune defense mechanism against microorganism.