Under the stressed condition, a complex feedback mechanism for stress is activated to maintain homeostasis of the body and secretes several stress hormones. But these stress hormones impair synthesis and secretion of the reproductive hormones, followed by suppression of ovarian function. Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) plays a major role in metabolizing exogenous substances and endogenous hormones, and its expression is recently identified at not only the liver but also several organs with respect to the pancreas, lung and ovary. Although the expression of CYP1A2 can be also affected by several factors, understanding for the changed pattern of the ovarian CYP1A2 expression upon stress induction is still limited. Therefore, CYP1A2 expression in the ovaries from immobilization stress-induced rats were assessed in the present study. The stress-induced rats in the present study exhibited the physiological changes in terms of increased stress hormone level and decreased body weight gains. Under immunohistological observation, the ovarian CYP1A2 expression in both control and the stressed ovary was localized in the antral to pre-ovulatory follicles. However, its expression level was significantly (p < 0.01) higher in the stress-induced group than control group. In addition, stress-induced group presented more abundant CYP1A2-positive follicles (%) than control group. Since expression of the ovarian CYP1A2 was highly related with follicle atresia, increased expression of CYP1A2 in the stressed ovary might be associated with changes of the ovarian follicular dynamics due to stress induction. We hope that these findings have important implications in the fields of the reproductive biology.

Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) is a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily enzymes in mammals and plays a major role in metabolizing endogenous hormones in the liver. In recent days, CYP1A2 expression has been found in not only the liver but also other tissues including the pancreas and lung. However, little information is available regarding the expression of CYP1A2 in the ovary, in spite of the facts that the ovarian follicle growth and atresia are tightly associated with controls of endocrine hormonal networks. Therefore, the expression of CYP1A2 in the ovaries of prepubertal and pubertal rats was investigated to assess its expression pattern and puberty-related alteration. It was demonstrated that the expression level of CYP1A2 was significantly (p < 0.01) higher in the pubertal ovaries than prepubertal counterparts. At the ovarian follicle level in both groups, whereas CYP1A2 expression was less detectable in the primordial, primary and secondary follicles, the strongly positive expression of CYP1A2 was localized in the granulosa cell layers in the antral and pre-ovulatory follicles. However, the ratio of CYP1A2-positive ovarian follicle was significantly (p < 0.01) higher in the ovary of pubertal group (73.1 ± 3.1%) than prepubertal one (41.0 ± 10.5%). During the Immunofluorescence, expression of CYP1A2 was mainly localized in Fas-positive follicles, indicating the atretic follicles. In conclusion, these results suggested that CYP1A2 expression was mainly localized at the atretic follicular cells and affected by the onset of puberty. Further study is still necessary but we hypothesize that CYP1A2 expresses in the atretic follicles to metabolize residue of the reproductive hormones. These findings may have important implications for the fields of reproductive biology of animals.

본 연구는 스프레이 타입의 절화 장미가 재배되고 있는 호 남지역 스마트팜의 시설과 연중 재배환경을 분석하고, 그에 따른 외적 특성과 수명을 분석하고자 수행하였다. 본 연구에 서 선정한 스마트팜은 연동형 유리 온실로 CCTV를 통해 실시 간으로 농가 상황이 확인 가능하며, 1세대 스마트팜으로 조사 되었다. 스마트팜 시설 내 재배환경은 여름에 최고온도가 다 른 계절에 비해 높았고, 겨울에는 일적산광량이 최소 광요구 도에 미치지 못하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 상대습도는 겨울 과 가을에 유의적으로 높아 겨울의 VPD는 0.3kPa로 낮게 조 사되었다. 양액의 pH는 계절에 따라 차이가 없었으나 EC는 봄과 여름에 적정 범위를 벗어난 것으로 나타났다. 외적 특성 과 절화수명은 스마트팜 내에서 많이 재배되고 있는 ‘Egg Tart’, ‘Flash Dance’, ‘Pink Yoyo’, ‘Super Sensation’ 품종을 조 사하였다. 외적 특성 분석 결과, 대부분의 품종이 다른 계절에 비해 겨울에 절화장이 길었으나 줄기가 얇았고 소화수가 적었 다. 여름에는 꽃의 크기가 작았으며 화색이 퇴색되어 명도인 L값이 다소 높고, a값과 b값이 낮아 다른 계절보다 선명하지 않은 것으로 조사되었다. 절화수명 조사 결과, ‘Egg Tart’ 품종 은 계절별 차이가 없었으나 ‘Flash Dance’, ‘Pink Yoyo’, ‘Super Sensation’ 품종은 가을에 가장 길었으며 세 품종 모두 겨울, 여름 순으로 절화수명이 다소 짧은 것으로 조사되었다. 이는 여름의 고온과 겨울의 일적산광량 부족 및 과습한 환경이 꽃 의 크기와 화색발현, 절화수명 감소에 부정적인 영향을 미치 는 것으로 판단된다. 따라서, 고품질의 절화 장미가 생산 될 수 있도록 이에 적합한 스마트팜 환경 제어 시스템 개발과 현 장 적용을 통한 개선이 필요하며, 현재, 본 연구의 스마트팜에 서는 지상부 복합 환경 제어가 가능하기 때문에 축적한 자료 들을 이용한 빅데이터 분석 및 의사 결정 지원시스템이 갖춰 진다면, 2세대 스마트팜으로 발전 가능성이 높을 것으로 판단 된다.

This study was conducted at the National Institute of Animal Science from 2010 to 2017. As a variety that is sufficiently productive in the southern regions to replace imported varieties and sufficiently cold-resistant to be cultivated in the central-northern regions, "IR605" was developed and submitted to the Korea Seed & Variety Service in an application for protection. The novel Italian ryegrass variety "IR605" is a diploid with green leaves, a semi-erect growth habit before wintering, and an erect growth habit in the spring. "IR605" was a medium maturing variety with a heading date of around May 15th. "IR605" had a flag leaf width of 9.9 mm, flag leaf length of 26.7 cm, and plant length on the heading date of 100 cm, which was approximately 5 cm longer than "Kowinearly." The stem thickness and ear length of "IR605" are 0.08 mm thicker and 0.5 cm longer than those of "Kowinearly", respectively. The cold-resistance of "IR605" was weaker than that of "Kowinearly", but strong enough to be cultivated in Pyeongchang, Gangwon province. The dry matter yield of "IR605" (9,308 kg/hectare) was 20% higher than that of "Kowinearly", which was further pronounced in the southern region of Haenam, where there was a 52% increased (p < 0.05). The in vitro dry matter digestibility of "IR605" was 68.4% at which was slightly higher than that of "Kowinearly", The total digestible nutrients was 58.5%, which was slightly lower than "Kowinearly". Overall, the feed quality characteristics of "IR605" were similar to those of "Kowinearly".

Melia azedarach is commonly used in traditional and folk medicine in Korea and China to treat a variety of diseases including diarrheal, diabetic, rheumatic, and hypertensive disease. The aim of this study was to determine the potential prophylactic and therapeutic effects of Melia azedarach against a broad spectrum of viruses in in vitro cell culture model and the protective effect against different influenza A subtypes in BALB/c mice model. An effective dose of pre-treatment, co-treatment, and post-treatment of Melia azedarach significantly reduced the replication of coxsackievirus, herpes simplex virus, influenza A virus, enterovirus, and bovine rhinovirus in both epithelial and macrophage cell lines. Melia azedarach treatment remarkably promoted the phosphorylation of the key molecules associated with the type-1 interferon and NF-κB signaling pathways. Furthermore, it induced the secretion of type-1 interferon and pro-inflammatory cytokines and the subsequent stimulation of the antiviral state in both epithelial and macrophage cells. Interestingly, oral inoculation of an effective dose of herb extract significantly improved viral clearance in the lungs of BALB/c mice, thus exhibiting protection against several subtypes of influenza A virus. Together with our results indicate that an extracts of Melia azedarach and its components could exhibit a potential natural source of an antiviral drug candidate for a broad spectrum of viruses in animal and humans.

There are several methods of peak-shaving, which reduces grid power demand, electricity bought from electricity utility, through lowering “demand spike” during On-Peak period. An optimization method using linear programming is proposed, which can be used to perform peak-shaving of grid power demand for grid-connected PV+ system. Proposed peak shaving method is based on the forecast data for electricity load and photovoltaic power generation. Results from proposed method are compared with those from On-Off and Real Time methods which do not need forecast data. The results also compared to those from ideal case, an optimization method which use measured data for forecast data, that is, error-free forecast data. To see the effects of forecast error 36 error scenarios are developed, which consider error types of forecast, nMAE (normalizes Mean Absolute Error) for photovoltaic power forecast and MAPE (Mean Absolute Percentage Error) for load demand forecast. And the effects of forecast error are investigated including critical error scenarios which provide worse results compared to those of other scenarios. It is shown that proposed peak shaving method are much better than On-Off and Real Time methods under almost all the scenario of forecast error. And it is also shown that the results from our method are not so bad compared to the ideal case using error-free forecast.

The establishment of porcine embryonic stem cells (ESCs) from porcine somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) blastocysts is influenced by in vitro culture day of porcine reconstructed embryo and feeder cell type. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to determine the optimal in vitro culture period for reconstructed porcine SCNT embryos and mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) feeder cell type for enhancing colony formation efficiency from the inner cell mass (ICM) of porcine SCNT blastocysts and their outgrowth. As the results, porcine SCNT blastocysts produced through in vitro culture of the reconstructed embryos for 8 days showed significantly increased efficiency in the formation of colonies, compared to those for 7 days. Moreover, MEF feeder cells derived from outbred ICR mice showed numerically the highest efficiency of colony formation in blastocysts produced through in vitro culture of porcine SCNT embryos for 8 days and porcine ESCs with typical ESC morphology were maintained more successfully over Passage 2 on outbred ICR mice-derived MEF feeder cells than on MEF feeder cells derived from inbred C57BL/6 and hybrid B6CBAF1 mice. Overall, the harmonization of porcine SCNT blastocysts produced through in vitro culture of the reconstructed embryos for 8 days and MEF feeder cells derived from outbred ICR mice will greatly contribute to the successful establishment of ESCs derived from porcine SCNT blastocysts.

본 연구는 관상가치가 뛰어난 산꼬리풀의 분화 재배법을 확립하고자 차광, 기비, 추비, 왜화제 및 적심처리를 각각 달리하여 수행하였다. 연구의 결과 차광 시 산꼬리풀의 생육이 감소 하였으며, 차광률이 증가할수록 크게 억제되었다. 기비 처리는 초장, 절간장, 경직경 및 엽수를 유의적으로 증가하였으나, Hyponex를 이용한 추비 처리는 무처리와 비교했을 때 생육증가에 큰 영향을 미치지 않았다. 왜화제 처리시 diniconazole은 농도에 관계없이 왜화효과가 나타났으며, 농도가 증가할수록 크게 억제되었다. Daminozide는 저농도 처리시 무처리와 비교하여 큰 차이가 없었으나, 2000mg·L-1 농도로 처리하였을 때 왜화효과가 나타났으며, 개화율은 diniconazole 저농도에서 가장 낮은 결과를 보였다. 한편 적심 처리에 따른 유의적인 생육 차이는 확인되지 않았다.

본 연구는 아이스플랜트의 기능성 소금 대체제로서의 가능성을 조사하고자 천연 및 정제소금과의 NaCl, Dpinitol, 총 페놀, 총 플라보노이드 및 DPPH 라디칼 소거능에 대한 기초자료를 비교 조사하였다. 아이스플랜트 동 결건조분말의 NaCl 함량을 분석한 결과 19%이었고 Dpinitol의 함량은 777 mg/100 g으로 천일염 및 정제염에 비해 NaCl 함량은 유의적으로 낮으나 D-pinitol을 함유하고 있어 건강기능성에는 도움이 될 것으로 사료된다. 또한, 아이스플랜트 동결건조분말의 총 페놀 및 플라보노이드 함량은 각각 115 mg/100 g 및 985 mg/100 g을 함유 하고 있어 DPPH라디칼 소거능의 항산화효과를 갖는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 아이스플랜트 분말의 bioactive compound을 함유한 대체 소금 천연소재로서 가능성을 확인한 기초 연구를 제공하였다.