본 연구에서는 심지층 처분장 부지선정 시에 고려되는 요소를 지질, 수리지질, 지화학 등으로 분류하고 그 첫 번째 단계로 지질분야의 세부 항목을 지형, 토양층, 암종, 구조지질, 역학적 안정성, 지질학적사건으로 분류하였으며, 이들 항목에 대한 국외 기준분석을 수행하였다. 부지선정요소(Siting factor)에 대한 기준(Criteria)은 각 국가의 처한 지질환경에 따라 다른 조건혹은 값을 제시하고 있다. 화산 및 지진활동이 빈번한 일본에서는 이에 대한 기준을 상대적으로 자세히 기술하고 있으며, 빙하작용이 예상되는 스웨덴에서는 빙하작용에 의한 지반 융기·침식에 대한 영향을 상세히 분석하였다. 따라서, 본 논문 결과는 향후 국내의 심지층 처분장 부지선정 기준 수립시에 중요한 참고자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

Many bumblebee species have declined in number in recent decades, particularly in developing regions. Widespread declines of bumblebee species threaten the pollination levels of both wildflowers and crops. Here, we investigated the body weight and colony-developmental characteristics of Korean native bumblebee (B. ignitus) queens collected from 2000 to 2010 for conservation of native bumblebees for breeding. The average weight of 6,852 queens was 0.77 ± 0.44 g. The weight of B. ignitus queens collected in 2005 was the greatest, 0.87 ± 0.12 g, which was 1.0–1.3-fold heavier than any other year. The average oviposition rate was 81.6 ± 10.7%, and 2004 showed the highest rate, 95.0%. This value corresponded to 1.1-1.6-fold increases over the queens collected in the other years. The average rate of colony foundation was 60.9 ± 11.0%. Queens in 2008 exhibited the best performance, 75.4%, which was 1.0-1.9-fold higher than the other years. The rate of progeny-queen production averaged 27.0 ± 9.4% (Fig. 5) and peaked in 2001 at 43.2%; this value was 1.1–4.7-fold higher than other years. The average number of queens produced and number of generations begotten by queens was 27.6 ± 10.1% and 4.8 ± 2.0, respectively. Queens in 2000 averaged 9 generations of offspring, which was 1.1-3.1-fold greater than other years. These results indicate that the colony-developmental characteristics of the collected queens changed significantly between 2000 and 2010. In addition, there was no correlation between body weight and number of queens collected, although body weight was affected by collection year. Since 2008, the colony- developmental characteristics of queens have worsened.

SERPINB3 (also known Squamous cell carcinoma antigen 1, SCCA1) is involved in apoptosis, immune response, cell migration and invasiveness of cells. It has been investigated in various types of squamous cell carcinoma. Therefore we investigated the functional role of SERPINB3 gene in human epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) using laying hens, the most relevant animal model. In 136 laying hens, EOC was found in 10 (7.4%). We compared the expression and localization of SERPINB3 using RT-PCR, quantitative RT-PCR, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, and SERPINB3 activation was detected in chicken and human ovarian cancer cell lines using immunofluorescence microscopy. Thereafter, we examined the prognostic value of SERPINB3 expression in patients with EOC by multivariate linear logistic regression and Cox’ proportional hazard analyses. In present study, SERPINB3 mRNA was induced in cancerous ovaries (p< 0.01), and it was only expressed in the glandular epithelium(GE) of cancerous ovaries of laying hens. SERPINB3 protein was localized predominantly to the nucleus of glandular epithelium in cancerous ovaries of laying hens, and it was abundant in the nucleus of both chicken and human ovarian cancer cell lines. In 109 human patients with EOC, 15 (13.8%), 66 (60.6%) and 28 (25.7%) of those patients showed weak, moderate and strong expression of SERPINB3 protein, respectively. Strong expression of SERPINB3 protein was a prognostic factor for platinum resistance (adjusted OR, 5.94; 95% Confidence Limits, 1.21-29.15). Therefore SERPINB3 may play an important role in ovarian carcinogenesis and be a novel biomarker for predicting platinum resistance and a poor prognosis for survival in patients with EOC. This research was funded by the World Class University (WCU) program (R31-10056), Basic Science Research Program (2010- 0013078) through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology and by the Next-Generation BioGreen 21 Program (No.PJ008142), Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea.

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous syndrome associated with follicle growth arrest, dysregulated sex hormone profile, hyperthecosis and insulin resistance. Chemerin, a novel adipokine, is associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome. Although obese women and in PCOS subjects have elevated plasma chemerin levels, whether and how chemerin is involved in the regulation of follicular growth/steroidogenesis and pathogenesis of PCOS is unknown. Our objective is to better understand the complex regulatory mechanisms involved in the control of these processes and gain insights in their dysregulation in the pathogenesis of PCOS. We hypothesize that: (a) hyperandrogenism induces small and medium antral follicle growth arrest and ovarian structural changes, resulting from granulosa cell and oocyte apoptosis and theca cell survival, and (b) chemerin regulates follicular growth and steroidogenesis and contributes to the pathogenesis of PCOS. Using immature rats (day 13～15 for follicle culture and day 21～24 for granulosa cells culture) and a chronically androgenized rat model [dihydrotestosterone (DHT); 83 μg daily, day 21～105] which recapitulates the reproductive and metabolic phenotypes of human PCOS, we have examined the granulosa cell expression patterns of chemerin and its receptor CMKLR1 and their steroidogenic and follicle growth capability. DHT treatment resulted in decreased follicle numbers in preantral to preovulatory stages and absence of corpus luteum, but increased numbers of condensed atypical follicles. Atypical follicles, constituted predominantly of theca cells, exhibited high expression of calpain and down‐regulation of the cytoskeletal protein substrates vimentin, fodrin and β‐tubulin. Granulosa cell aromatase expression was significantly down‐regulated, a response accompanied by increased activated caspase‐3 content and DNA fragmentation. While PTEN levels were considerably higher in granulosa cells in the PCOS rats than controls, phospho‐Akt (Ser473) content was lower. In addition, DHT also activated granulosa cell caspase‐3, decreased XIAP, PARP and phospho‐Akt contents and induced apoptosis in vitro, responses that could be attenuated by forced expression of XIAP. These findings are consistent with our hypothesis that dysregulated follicular growth in PCOS is associated with changes in follicular growth dynamics and follicle cell fate, a consequence of dysregulated interactions of pro‐survival (p‐Akt, XIAP, PARP) and proapoptotic (calpain, PTEN, caspase‐3) modulators in a cell‐specific manner. Chemerin and CMKLR1 were expressed in granulosa cells and negatively regulated by gonadotropin in vivo and in vitro. Serum and ovarian chemerin levels in DHT‐treated rats were elevated, and associated with arrested early antral follicular growth, remodeling of the follicle wall and decreased expression of p450 side‐chain cleavage enzyme (p450- scc), aromatase and hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. Recombinant chemerin inhibited FSH ‐ induced estradiol secretion in granulosa cells from DHT‐treated rats in vitro. Chemerin also suppressed basal and FSH‐ and GDF9‐induced follicle growth and estradiol/ progesterone production in preantral follicle cultures. Moreover, chemerin suppressed FSH‐induced p450scc/aromatase expression and progesterone/estradiol secretion in immature rat granulosa cells in vitro. These studies demonstrate that chemerin is a novel negative regulator in FSH‐induced follicular growth and steroidogenesis and support the notion that the dysregulation of chemerin expression and function contributes to pathogenesis of PCOS. Our observations also suggest that this chronically androgenized rat model may be useful not only for studies on the long term effects of androgen on folliculogenesis, but also on the pathophysiology of PCOS. * This work was supported by grants from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR; MOP‐119381) and the World Class University (WCU) program through the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology funded by the National Research Foundation of Korea (R31‐10056).

We investigate non-LTE effects on the H+ 3 level populations to help the analysis of the observed 2 and 3.5 micron H+ 3 emissions from the Jovian ionosphere. We begin by constructing a simple three- level model, in order to compute the intensity ratio of the R(3,4) line in the hot band to the Q(1,0) line in the fundamental band, which have been observed in the Jovian auroral regions. We find that non-LTE effects produce only small changes in the intensity ratios for ambient H2 densities less than or equal to 5×1011 cm−3. We then construct two comprehensive models by including all the collisional and radiative transitions between pairs of more than a thousand known H3+ rovibrational levels with energies less than 10000 cm−1. By employing these models, we find that the intensity ratios of the lines in the hot and fundamental bands are affected greatly by non-LTE effects, but the details depend sensitively on the number of collisional and radiative transitions included in the models. Non-LTE effects on the rovibrational population become evident at about the same ambient H2 densities in the comprehensive models as in the three-level model. However, the models show that rotational temperatures derived from the intensities of rotational lines in the 2 and 22 bands may differ significantly from the ambient temperatures in the non-LTE regime. We find that significant non-LTE effects appear near and above the H3+ peak, and that the kinetic temperatures in the Jovian thermospheric temperatures derived from the observed line ratios in the 2 and 3.5 micron H3+ emissions are highly model dependent.

본 연구에서는 용액 캐스팅법을 이용하여 각기 다른 함량의 VMT가 첨가된 SPAES/VMT 복합막이 제조되었다. SPAES 매트릭스 내의 VMT입자 분산은 전자주사현미경으로 관찰된 평균분포에 의해 확인되었다. 1 wt%보다 적은 함량을 포함한 복합막은 고분자 매트릭스 내에 좋은 분산성을 나타내어 막의 상부층과 하부층에 매끈한 표면을 가졌다. 복합막의 함수율은 온도가 증가함에 따라 급격하게 증가되었으며 VMT는 높은 이온교환능력으로 인하여 강한 수분친화도를 가짐으로 인해 높은 모든 흡착된 수분은 bound water인 것으로 확인하였다. VMT의 함량이 1 wt%보다 적게 첨가된 복합막에서 증가된 이온전도도와 낮아진 메탄올 투과도를 확인할 수 있었다. 모든 복합막 중에서 SPAES/VMT 1.0 wt% 복합막은 선택도 측면에서 가장 뛰어난 연료전지 성능을 가졌으며 Nafion 112과 비교하여 두배 이상 우수한 값을 나타내었다. 이것은 SPAES/VMT 1.0 wt% 복합막이 직접메탄올 연료전지의 구동을 위한 가장 우수한 조건이 될것이라 사료된다.

Serpins are a superfamily of related protease inhibitors with common structural features and inhibitory mechanisms. However, SERPINA 14 in mammals does not have inhibitory activity against most known proteases. Rather, it may have an immunoregulatory role in mammals to prevent rejection of the fetal allograft by inhibiting lymphocyte proliferation and natural killer cell function. In the pig, SERPINA14 is involved in iron transport to the fetus by binding to and stabilizing the iron-binding protein uteroferrin (ACP5). In chickens, these very little known about serpins in chickens. Therefore, we investigated the expression patterns of serpin genes in the oviduct of adult hens and in the oviduct of 37-day-old chicks treated with an estrogen analogue, diethylstilbestrol (DES). Results indicated that SERPINB3 and SERPINB11 genes were highly expressed in oviducts of DES-treated chicks, but not in oviducts of control chicks. Both SERPINB3 and SERPINB11 transcripts were localized specifically to the gland-like areas of oviducts of DES-treated chicks. Immunohistochemical analyses confirmed that SERPINB3 and SERPINB11 proteins were present in the gland-like area and luminal epithelium of the oviducts of DES-treated chicks. Collectively, the results suggest that SERPINB3 and SERPINB11 are expressed in response to estrogens and they have distinct functions related to development and differentiation of the mature oviduct in hens.

S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase-like protein 1 (AHCYL1), also known as IP3 receptor- binding protein released with IP3 (IRBIT), is a member of the AHCY-like protein family. AHCYL1 protein regulates IP3-induced Ca2+ release in the cytoplasm of cells and, therefore, is likely to be an important gene regulating various biological processes in the oviduct of chickens. Inmammals, expression is greatest during activation of dendritic cells which are antigen presenting cells associated with immunoregulatory processes in blood and skin. However, the identification of the AHCYL1 gene in chickens has not been investigated. In the present study, we first used RT-PCR to demonstrate AHCYL1 gene expression in adult chicken organs and oviducts of immature chickens treated with DES (diethylstilbesterol, a synthetic estrogen agonist). The results indicated that AHCYL1 mRNA is expressed in chicken reproductive organs (testis, ovary and oviduct). Inaddition, expression of AHCYL1 mRNA increased in response to DES-treated immature oviducts compared to the non-treated control immature oviducts of chickens. Interestingly, AHCYL1 was abundant in the cytoplasm of luminal and glandular epithelia, but not in other cell-types such as stroma and connective tissues, of the chicken oviduct. These results suggest that AHCYL1 is a novel estrogen-stimulated gene associated with development of the chicken oviduct, as well as functions of oviductal glandular and luminal epithelia that may include activation of resident immune cells, such as dendritic cells.

직파품종 개발을 위한 특성검정으로 저온발아성을 조사하여 직파적응성에 알맞은 품종개발을 위한 기초자료로 활용하고자1994년부터 2008년까지 육성된 89개 품종을 이용하여 저온발아성을 검정한 결과 최근에 육성한 품종일수록 저온발아율이80% 이상으로 높았으며, 조생종이나 중생종보다는 중만생종의 저온발아율이 높은 경향이었으나 통계적인 유의차는 인정되지 않았다. 또한 최고품질이나 고품질 품종이 초다수성이나안전성 품종보다 저온발아율이 높았다. 품종이 육성된 기관별로 볼때는 직파품종 개발을 담당하고 있는 익산의 벼맥류부육성품종의 저온발아율이 다른 기관에서 육성된 품종보다 높게 조사되었다.

The two related species in the tribe Archipini, Adoxophyes paraorana and Pandemis heparana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), are insect pests of fruit trees in Korea. We investigated differences in pheromone system and seasonal flight of these two species. GC-MS analyses of pheromone gland extracts revealed that females of both species produce blends of Z11-14:OAc, Z9-14:OAc, and Z11-14:OH in similar ratios. The average ratio of three components in extracts was estimated to be 3:100:0.3 for A. paraorana and 3:100:2 for P. heparana. Field tests showed that Z11-14:OAc and Z9-14:OAc were essential for attraction of A. paraorana males and the presence of Z11-14:OH in primary binary blend did not induce any synergistic or inhibitory effect. For the attraction of P. heparana males, however, all three components, Z11-14:OAc, Z9-14:OAc and Z11-14:OH, were indispensable. These results suggest that male A. paraorana do not discriminate between conspecific females and those of P. heparana in the field. Comparison of the flight phenologies in apple and pear orchards showed that the two species are sympatric and overlap in flight periods. This finding eliminates pheromone specificity and seasonal separation as premating reproductive isolation mechanism between A. paraorana and P. heparana.

This study was conducted to develop economic injury level (EIL) and economic threshold (ET) of onion thrips, Thrips tabaci on welsh onion (Allium fistulosum L. var). The changes of welsh onion biomass and T. tabacci density were investigated after introductions of T. tabacci at different densities and days: By the results of the experiment in the early welsh onion cultivation periods (30d after transplanting), the biomass of welsh onion significantly decreased with increasing the initial inoculated density of T. tabacci. The relationship between cumulative insect days (CID) and yield loss (%) of welsh onion was well described by a nonlinear logistic equation. Using the estimated equation, EIL and ET of T. tabacci on welsh onion were estimated at 24 and 20 CID per plant, respectively. By the results of the experiment in the late cultivation periods of welsh onion (about 120d after transplanting), the welsh onion biomass was also significantly different inoculation thrips densities to welsh onion. The EIL and ET were calculated as 35 and 28 thrips per welsh onion plant. Until a more elaborate EIL-model is developed, the present result may be useful for T. tabacci management during the cultivations of welsh onion.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of temperature and nematicides on endospore attachment characteristics of 2 Korean isolates of nematodeparasitic bacteria, Pasteuria penetrans. P. penetrans CJ-1 and 98-35 isolates and 3 species of root-knot nematodes in U. of Florida were used ; Meloidogyne incognita (MI), M. arenaria (MA), and M. javanica (MJ). Three nematicide levels of 2, 4, and 6 ppm were compared by treating Vydate and Nemacur in the endospore containing soils. The endospores were attached to the root-knot nematode juveniles by centrifugal method. Reproduction of the isolates was checked by observing root-knot nematode females harvested from inoculated tomato roots. 1. Among the two Korean isolates, 98-35 showed attachments to MI, MA, and MJ juveniles, but it could not reproduce in any species. CJ-1 reproduced on all the 3 tested root-knot nematode species. 2. Endospores pretreated in -14°C showed higher attachment rate than those pretreated in 4, 24, and 40℃. 3. Nemacur treatments significantly suppressed the attachment of the endospores to the juveniles, while Vydate treatment effects were negligible.

A storage mite (cheese mite), Tyrophagus putrescentiae, is known as the pest in storing grains and common health pest species in the dust around home. The mite directly affect our well-being as parasites, vectors of disease, and producers of allergens. But recently we found damages in horticultural crops especially in greenhouses. It is very difficult to diagnose the damage by the mite because of the tiny size of the mite. And the symptom is not clear at the beginning stage. In this study, observations were done on the mite and the crop damage symptoms in several horticultural crops under dissecting microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The mite body size was 0.3~0.5㎜ and they had long hairs all around their body when observed under SEM. The characteristic damage symptoms in some horticultural crops are as follows. In phalaenopsis, the flower buds became yellow and the lower side of the leaves had white spots. The surface of young cucumber fruits became shiny and soft at the early damage stage. In the crops, the damaged surfaces became corky as the plants grew up. In peach tree, whole the trees lost vigor and flower drops were observed when the mite density was very high in greenhouse cultivation.

A MnSOD gene was cloned from the fall webworm, H. cunea. The MnSOD cDNAs encode precursor proteins of 215 amino acid residues. The deduced amino acid sequences of the H. cunea MnSOD cDNA showed 76% identity to B. mori MnSOD and 62-56% to MnSOD sequences from other organisms. MnSOD and Cu/ZnSOD in H. cunea is expressed from all tissues. MnSOD expression is changed at a trace level in infected larvae, while Cu/ZnSOD expression is strongly changed against bacteria, and fungi. The expression level of Cu/ZnSOD increased by different artificial photoperiod (24L:0D), UV irradiation (312nm), and starvation condition, while the expression level of MnSOD only increased by starvation condition. Also, expression of MnSOD and Cu/ZnSOD showed no significant change in 0L:24D condition. In addition to expression levels of Cu/ZnSOD in H. cunea significantly increased by temperature stress and injection with paraquat, but reduced by injection with 10% H2O2. The expression level of MnSOD significantly increased by temperature stress and reduced by injection with 10% H2O2 and paraquat.