The cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi Maskell (Hemiptera: Margarodidae), is a destructive pest on citrus. This study was conducted to obtain the stage-specific phenology of I.purchasi for use in field application. The crawlers (hatched nymphs) from the egg sac of overwintered female began to move from late May and peaked in early to mid-June with most crawlers completed the movement till late June. The 1st nymph population peaked in mid June in 1stgeneration and early October in 2ndgeneration. The 2nd nymphs showed peak activity in late July and late October during the 1st and 2nd generation, respectively. The 3rd nymphs peaked in early September in 1st generation, while it kept a plateau without forming a peak after mid October in 2nd generation. The 1st generation adults peaked in mid September, and the tail was overlapped with 2nd generation adult population. Consequently, two life cycles were competed in Jeju area. An average of 20.7% of citrus orchards was infested with I. purchasi with a 3.9% of mean infested trees in Jeju. The present results should be useful in establishing management strategies for I. purchasi in citrus orchards.

Population genetics is the study of genetic constitution of Population across space and over time. Population genetics plays a pivotal role in characterizing dispersal behavior of insects and provides important clues to questions in the field of insect behavior and ecology. Understanding dispersal behavior of insects is of important issue not only for academic interests but also for application purposes including management and eradication. Dispersal is one of major evolutionary forces that can influence genetic variation of population. Dispersal is mostly driving genetic homogenization of diverging populations. Moreover, understanding dispersal pattern and capacity of insects is a key component for designing effective management and resistance management strategies of many insect pests since dispersal ability determines the spread rate of disease and resistance gene. The capability of predicting insect movement therefore is an essential component of agricultural production management systems. Here I introduce application of population genetics to insect dispersal study with the case studies of three agricultural insect pests, cotton boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis), Western con rootworms (Diabrotica vergifera) and European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis). These insects all are invasive and major pests of crops of U.S.A during the last ~100 years.

The Nilaparvata lugesn(BPH) and Laodelphax striatellus(SBPH) are major insect pests of rice in Korea. These BPHs migrate from China to Korea, but we have not exactly known about the route of long-distance migration of them. Molecular markers including microsatellite will be critical to asses gene flow in relation to geographical distance. In our work several microsatellite markers were developed for basic population genetic analysis of BPH and SBPH. Among each 21 microsatellite markers in BPH and SBPH, we could select 6 markers for BPH and 2 markers for SBPH as putative markers for analysis of population genetics. Others are further investigated for the possibility as markers. Development of polymorphic microsatellite loci are final stage of our work. But for good microsatellite markers to population genetics, we should do more experiments. Our work for development of microsatellites should facilitate the study of future population genetics of BPH and SBPH, and eventually elucidate the route of BPH and SBPH migration to Korea.

강진을 고려한 지진설계 규준은 약진지역에서는 불필요한 경제적 손실을 가져을 수 있고, 지반-구조물 상호작용을 고려한 성능기준 설계가 합리적인 지진설계를 위해서 중요하다는 것이 인식되었다. 이 연구에서는 연약지반 위에 놓인 단자유도계의 탄성, 비탄성 지진응답 해석을 지반의 비선형성을 고려하여 최대지진가속도를 0.07g와 0.11g로 조정한 11개 약진에 대해 수행하였다. 지진응답해석은 지반-구조물체계에 대해 유사 3차원 동적해석 프로그램으로 암반에 지진기록을 입력하여 한 단계에 일괄적으로 수행하였다. 연구 결과에 의하면 고정지반이나 선형지반을 가정한 지진응답 스펙트럼은 구조물-지반체계의 실제적인 거동을 보여주지 못하는 것으로 나타났으며, 합리적인 지진설계를 위해서는 지진규준에 정해진 일상적인 설계절차에 다라서 수행하는 것보다 다른 성질을 가진 여러 지반에 대해서 성능기준 지진설계를 수행하는 것이 필요하다. 약진을 받는 연약지반의 비선형성도 입력지진동을 증폭시켜 탄성, 비탄성 지진응답 스펙트럼에 심하게 영향을 미쳤으며, 그 현상은 특히 탄성 응답스펙트럼에서 두드러졌다.

The aim of this study was to investigate the comparative growth characteristics and ginenoside contents of wild-simulated ginseng on different years (7 and 13-year-old) by monitoring soil properties of cultivation regions. Plant and soil samples were collected from 6 different cultivation regions. Soil organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (TN) and cation exchangeable capacity (CEC) were significantly higher in 13-year-old wild-simulated ginseng cultivation regions compared to 7-year-old wild-simulated ginseng cultivation regions. Growth characteristics of wild-simulated ginseng had shown significantly higher in 13-year-old wild-simulated ginseng compared to 7-year-old wild-simulated ginseng. Ginsenoside G-Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1 were significantly higher in 13-year-old wild-simulated ginseng than 7-year-old wild-simulated ginseng. According to the results of correlation analysis, soil OM, TN and CEC of the cultivated regions were positively correlated with the growth of wild-simulated ginseng. In addition, the root length of wild-simulated ginseng showed positive correlation with ginsenoside content. Hence, this study was able to investigate the correlation between growth and ginsenoside content of wild-simulated ginseng based on soil characteristics of the cultivation regions.

소아의 선천적 심장질환 진단을 위해 High Pitch Mode를 사용하여 획득한 소아 심장 CT 영상과 Wide Co verage Volume Axial Mode를 사용하여 획득한 소아 심장 CT 영상으로부터 환자의 피폭선량과 각 영상의 화질을 비교 및 분석하여 Wide Coverage Volume Axial Mode의 유용성을 평가해보고자 한다. 소아 심장 CT 검사 시 High Pitch Mode와 Wide Coverage Volume Axial Mode를 각각 50명 총 100명의 환자를 대상으로 시행하였으며, 각 프로토콜로부터 얻은 영상을 이용하여 환자의 피폭선량을 비교하였다. 각 영상에 ROI를 설정해 SNR과 CNR을 산출하여 영상의 화질을 비교하였다. High Pitch Mode에 비해 Wide Coverage Volume Axial Mode를 사용하여 검사하였을 때 환자의 피폭선량이 13.07% 감소하였고, SNR과 CNR이 향상되었다. Wide Coverage Volume Axial Mode는 고속 회전 스캐너를 이용하여 조사시간을 줄이고, 저선량 기술인 ASi R-V를 통해 High Pitch Mode를 사용했을 때보다 환자의 피폭선량이 감소하고 영상의 화질 또한 향상되는 유용한 검사라 할 수 있다.

한국에서 현재 사용되고 있는 홍수예보모형은 집중형 강우-유출모형을 적용하여 유역의 유출을 계산하고 하도 및 저수지 추적모형 등을 활용하여 하천의 수위를 예측한다. 집중형 모형은 유역을 동질의 배수구역으로 가정한다. 따라서 유역내의 다양한 공간적 특성을 고려하지 못한다는 단점이 있다. 또한, 사용되는 강우자료도 지점강우를 활용하기 때문에 공간적인 분포를 자세히 고려하지 못한다는 한계가 있다. 따라서 홍수예보모형에 분포형 모형을 적용하기 위한 연구가 다양하게 진행되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 GRM모형을 한국 홍수예보시스템에 적용하기 위해 모형의 다양한 해상도에 따른 유역유출의 결과의 차이를 분석하여 최적의 해상도를 결정하고자 한다. 모형의 격자가 너무 조밀한 경우 계산시간이 과다하게 되어 홍 수예보모형에 적용하기에는 적합하지 않다. 너무 성길 경우에도 분포형 모형을 적용하여 공간적인 분포를 파악하고자 하는 목적에 맞지 않게 된다. 본 연구의 결과로 유역유출 예측의 정확성을 만족시키고 홍수예보에 적합한 계산속도가 나올 수 있는 최적 해상도를 제시하였다. 유출량 예측의 정 확도는 Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient (NSE) 값의 비교를 통해 분석하였다. 본 연구에서 도출된 최적해상도 산정 결과는 분포형 유 역유출모형을 홍수예보모형에 적용하기 위한 기초자료로 활용될 것이다.

We evaluated the efficacy and safety of plasmakinetic transurethral enucleation and resection (TUERP) for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) more than 80g. From January 2011 to December 2013, 37 patients with BPH larger than 80 g who underwent plasmakinetic TUERP were retrospectively assessed. The postoperative outcomes such as operative time, resected adenoma weight, resection rate, catheterization time, postoperative hospital stay and complications were reviewed. Patients were followed up at 1, 3, 6 months postoperatively. The mean prostate volume was 108.7 ± 21.7 g (range, 80 to 200 g), The mean resection chip weight was 53.5 ± 15.7 g (range, 29 to 101 g), The mean resection ratio was 82.0 ± 12.9%. Catheterization time and hospital stay was 2.4 ± 1.6 days and 3.4 ± 1.6 days respectively. Perioperative loss of hemoglobin and serum sodium was 1.5 ± 0.8 g/dL and 2.3 ±2.0 mmol/L respectively. International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), quality of life (QOL) score, maximum flow rate (Qmax), post void residual urine volume (PVR) were significantly improved at all followup intervals compared with baseline. No major complication including TUR syndrome was developed. Plasmakinetic TUERP is considered a safe, effective and technically feasible procedure for the large volume BPH more than 80 g at shortterm followup.

Primary breast sarcomas are very uncommon. They represent less than 1% of all primary breast malignancies and less than 5 % of all sarcomas. We report a case of a patient with primary breast sarcoma who underwent left breast conserving surgery with sentinel lymph node biopsy.

Background : The purpose of this study was to evaluate methods to high quality food ramie rice cake, thereby increasing farm income. This study investigated the effects of different Split Application and Adapted Fertilizer Culture for Stable Production with Edible Leaf in Ramie (Boehmeria nivea L.). Methods and Results : Method of fertilizer application were conducted under three condition compose to standard application (N-P-K-Compost applied at 27-9-27-1,500 ㎏․ 10 a−1), 25% increased application (N-P-K-Compost applied at 34-11-34-1,500 ㎏․10 a−1), 50% increased application (N-P-K-Compost applied at 41-14-41-1,500 ㎏․ 10 a−1) cultivation. Compost and fused phosphate applied at 100% of basal fertilizer in March 25. The split application level of standard application (N-K) applied at 50% of basal fertilizer in March 25, 50% of top dressing were five times application (N-K) in May 4, July 5, September 5, October 5, 20% respectively. Transplanting with Yeongkwang varieties in April 12 by growing pot seedling for 35 days in 2011. Planting density were spaced 60 ㎝ apart in rows 25 ㎝ apart with rice straw cutting covered open cultivation. Plot design randomized block 3 repetition. Conclusion : Organic matter, available phosphate, K2O, CaO, and MgO of soil increased in all plots with the addition of fertilizers culture, specifically in 25% and 50% increased application. Growth characteristics by 50% of top dressing were five times application (N-K) in May 4, July 5, September 5, October 5, compared to standard application (N-K) applied at 100% basal fertilizer, aerial part as a result were so many such amount of growth as number of branch and leaf per plant, etc., Length, width of leaf and leaf colorimetry of aboveground part growth increment rising highest. Green leaf yields compared to standard fertilizer 100% application (1,344 kg․ 10 a−1). 25% and 50% increased application (N-K) applied at 50% basal fertilizer, 50% of top dressing were five times application increased by 9%, 17%. respectively.

Breast specific gamma imaging (BSGI) is a nuclear medicine breast imaging technique. The sensitivity of BSGI is unaffected by post-operative scars or implants, and thus, BSGI is helpful for the differential diagnosis of postoperative recurrence. Here, the authors report a case of diffuse chest wall recurrence on the side of radical mastectomy that was not detected by BSGI, but was detected using other nuclear medicine imaging techniques.

Background : The effective components of Omija(Schisandra chinensis Bailllon) are lignans (schizandrins and gomisins), and this components were contented mostly in seed part on Omija, which have various physiological functionalities such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. Methods and Results : This study was carried out to determine effective condition(CO2, CO2+ethanol) on extraction using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SFE) system and to find interrelation on effective components and antioxidant activity of extracts and residues obtained after extraction. Effective components were analysed lignans and phenolic compounds and antioxidant activirty was determined for DPPH radical scavenging ability on methanol extracts of SFE-extract and SFE-residue. On SFE with ethanol, SFE extract was separated two phase, upper(water phase) and lower(oil phase). SFE-extract showed the highest total lignans content(61.36 mg/g, 72.14 mg/g on lower, 50.58 mg/g on upper) and the lowest total phenolic compounds(6.52 mg/100g) and SFE-residue showed the lowest total lignans content(1.45 mg/g) and the highest total phenolic compounds(16.23 mg/100g) by extracted on CO2+ethanol treatment. SFE-residue methanol extract showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging abilities and SFE-extract upper showed the lowest. Conclusion : Thus, this results showed SFE-extract showed the highest total lignans content, but SFE-residue showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging ability although the lowest total lignans content.

Background : Teucrium veronicoides Maximowicz is a perennial plant affiliated to labiate. Ther e were many oil components such as methylchavicol, anethole, anisaldehyde, p-methoxycinnamal dehyde, 3-ocatanone and p-cymene. It has been used for indigestion, stomachache, vomit, diarrhe a in the chinese medicine field. Besides it used as medicine, it used increasingly as food additiv es, tea and air fresheners etc. This experiment was focused on plugs and planting date. That's why the plug plants are very useful for transplanting. It saves time and labor for farmer with well-management system. During the raised seeding time, they could has gotten plant health and maximum potential state. The planting date which would have something related to the growth of plug. Methods and Results : Plug plants raised in the greenhouse during 30 days. The interval of planting date was 10 days and five time planted in planting density of 60*30cm sized area with three repeat treatments. The first treatment was middle April. The last planting date was late May. Before planting period, the length of plant and the length of leaf were the highest at the middle April, respectively. The stem diameter was highest at late March. The number of leaf was the most in the late March and early April than other planting date. In the planting period, the length of plant was highest at early April. The stem diameter was also highest at that time. There were no differences on the length and the width of leaf. The number of leaf per plant was the most at the early May. The branches per plant and number of node per plant were the highest in middle April. In the respect of yield, early May had the highest dried yield than that of other treatments. It was 492.2kg/10a. The index of which was 122. The lowest was 317.2kg/10a in late May. Conclusion : About the characteristics on the growth and the yield of Teucrium veronicoides Maximowicz plug in accordance with the planting date, the yield of early May was the highest than that of other in this study. Therefore planting date of early May would have high possibility of optimum planting date.

Background : Schizonepeta tenuifolia Kitagawa is a herbaceous plant affiliated to labiate. It has many oil components which has antimicrobial activity for health with limonene, menthone, pulegon e, piperitenone, schizonepetoside A, schizonepetoside C, spatulenol. The planting area of which is com paratively small than other medicine crop as 5ha area and 15MT in the nation. The purpose of this study was to figure out the cause of characteristics on the planting life in accordance wit h the planting date used plugs. Plug plants are very useful for transplanting. It gives well-mana gement effects to the farmer such as time saving, convenience of planting, plant health, and ma ximum potential state during the raised time. Methods and Results : The number of treatment for planting date was five. Those are early May, middle May, late May, early July and middle July. The interval of the planting date was 10 days. And the raising seeding period was 30 days. During the raising seeding period, in late July treatment the length of plant and the stem diameter were the highest respectively. The number of stem was also the most in late July. In the planting period, the length of plant and the stem diameter were the highest at early May. There were no differences in the number of stem per plant. The length of ear and the width of ear were the highest at the early July. The number of ear per plant was the highest in the early May as 768.7. In the respect of yield, the weight of fresh body at early May was the highest as 587g per plant. The next higher weight of fresh body was middle May as 530.0g per plant than that of other planting date. Conclusion : The effect of planting date on the growth and the yield of Schizonepeta tenuifolia Kitagawa mainly focused to early May treatment. The earlier planting treatment was the better for planting it in this study.

Background : Senna tora L. is a herbaceous plant affiliated to legumes. It has many components good for health with emodin, chrysophanol, aloe-emodin, physicion, rhein, obtusin. It is believed to have many medicine effects, as well as to good for the eyes. This study carried to find ou t the difference of characteristics on the growth according to the planting date used plugs. Plu g plants are very useful for transplanting. It gives well-management effects to the farmer such a s time, plant health, and maximum potential state during the raised time. Methods and Results : Plug plants had 30 days in raising seeding. The planting date was five time. Fist planting date was late April. The last planting date was early July. In their raising seeding period they were taken care of in the green house. And after 30 days, they were planted on the ground in planting density of 50*40cm sized area with three repeat treatments. When the raising seeding period, the length of plant and the length of leaf were the highest at the middle May, respectively. The number of leaf per plant was highest in late May as 11. In the planting period, the length of plant was highest at early July. The lowest was the length of plant at late May. Except the stem diameter in early April, they were no differences among other treatments and the stem diameter was the highest in early April. The number of node per plant could be found the most in middle May and late April. The number of node per plant was the lowest in early July. In the respect of yield, middle May had the highest yield than that of other treatments. It was 849.0kg/10a. The lowest was 740.6kg/10a in the early May. Conclusion : About the characteristics on the growth of Senna tora L. according to the planting date, the yield of middle May was highest than that of other date in this study. The planting date of late May had also shown strong tendency of optimum planting date. Therefore middle May and late May of planting date would be optimum planting date.