Low temperature cracking on asphalt material is one of the serious distresses for asphalt pavement built in northern U.S., Europe and Canada. Thermal stress is a key factor for measuring (and estimating) the resistant capability of asphalt pavement against low temperature cracking. For this reason, many road agencies have recognized thermal stress as a crucial parameter for evaluating the low temperature performance of asphalt pavement materials. Thermal stress is conventionally computed through two steps. First, the relaxation modulus E(t) is generated thorough the conversion of the experimental creep compliance data D(t). Then thermal stress (T℃) is numerically estimated solving convolution integral. In this paper, a one-step approach to the calculation of thermal stress is proposed. This method is based on Laplace transformation. Thermal stress and corresponding critical cracking temperature obtained with single- and double-step procedure on a set of three mixtures are graphically and statistically compared. It is observed that the application of Laplace transformation provides reliable computation results of thermal stress compared to the conventional computation approach.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of heel off stairway walking exercise on the increase of muscle activity and balance activity of the ankle joint muscles in university students with functional ankle instability. The conservative treatment for the control group consisted of stairway walking (n=10) and the experimental group consisted of heel off stairway walking (n=11). The therapeutic intervention of the control and experimental groups was performed a total of 12 exercise sessions, 3 times per week for 4 weeks. To compare the two groups, the level of ankle disability was assessed by using the EMG, BT4 and Pedoscan in pre-treatment and post-treatment. Muscle activity increased in both the experimental groups and control groups in each group, however there was no significant difference between the groups. Balance ability did not show any significant difference. This study demonstrates that heel-off stairway walking is effective in significantly increasing muscle activity, however did not significantly improve balance ability.

The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of chiropractic treatment on the alignment of the lower extremities and plantar pressure in subjects with pelvic misalignment. The study included 20 subjects with pelvic misalignment. They were divided into two groups: the chiropractic treatment group (n=10) and stretching group (n=10). They performed the intervention for 10 minutes, twice a week, for weeks, and pelvic displacement, functional leg length, and plantar pressure were measured In chiropractic group, both pelvic displacement and plantar pressure distribution were significantly decreased and leg length difference was significantly increased (p<.05). However, in the stretching group, only pelvic displacement was significantly reduced (p<.05), and leg length difference and plantar pressure distribution decreased slightly. There was no significant difference in all variables between the groups. This study suggests that chiropractic and stretching are effective in changing pelvic displacement, leg length difference, and plantar pressure distribution.

The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of shoulder stabilization exercises and stretching on shoulder height and muscle activity in young adults with rounded shoulder posture. The subjects were young adults with rounded shoulder posture, and divided into two groups: shoulder stabilization exercises and stretching exercises. The shoulder stabilization exercise group performed Thera band exercises and stretching exercises. The stretching exercise group performed stretching exercises. The groups performed the exercises for 40min, three times a week for four weeks. Shoulder height was measure by Vanier calipers and muscle activity was measured by electromyography. Shoulder height was significantly decreased in both groups after intervention, however there was no difference between groups. There was a significant difference in muscle activity between the two groups after the intervention, however there was no difference between the groups. This study suggests that shoulder stabilization exercise and stretching affect shoulder height and muscle activity.

A novel method for the detection of hydrogen peroxide in aqueous solution was developed via reaction between H2O2, trivalent titanium ion (Ti3+) and 4-(2-thiazolylazo) resorcinol (TAR), resulting in a ternary complex with a maximum UV absorbance at 530 nm. The CE detection of H2O2 was fast, sensitive and cost-effective without pretreatment procedures. H2O2 was detected within 15 min at 1 to 100 μM range with the lowest detection limit at 1.0 μM. Under the optimized CE conditions, the concentration of H2O2 in coffee or tea extract was quantitatively determined. Our results show that CE detection of the ternary complex of H2O2-Ti3+-TAR has potential applications for the detection of H2O2 in aqueous sources.

The Ministry of Environment in Korea published 'The Compilation of National List of Indigenous Insect Species ofthe Korean Peninsula' in 1996 including 11,853 species. The National Institute of Biological Resources (NIBR) originallycompiled the national species list of insects to establish a national inventory of endemic biological assets with the joinedefforts from all distinguished Korean taxonomists since 2008. For the convenience of taxonomists participating in theproject concurrently, the NIBR has developed the NIBR inventory description method and inventory system from 2008to 2017. Until September 2017 in this study, the NIBR has established the national insect inventory of 17,493 speciesincluding Collembola. The insect fauna of the Korean Peninsula comprises 579 families from 30 orders. The largest ordersare Coleoptera (114 families, 4,489 species), Lepidoptera (72 families, 3,868 species), Hymenoptera (63 families, 3,581species), Hemiptera (88 families, 2,102 species) and Diptera (79 families, 2,128 species). The fractions of the main insectorders in the fauna of the Korean peninsula correspond to those in the Holarctic temperate zone.

The Pleurotus tuoliensis is a mushroom named Chinese ‘Bai-Ling-Gu’ from species of Pleurotus nebrodensis. we are mated for selection of cytoplasmic hybrid by mitochondria microsatellite marker and the method of Mon-Mon mating between monokaryotic strains derived from Pleurotus ferula ASI 0629 (Beesan No.1) and Pleurotus tuoliensis ASI 0663 (Baekryung 20). The cytoplasmic hybrids were identified 8 strains contained nuclear DNA bands of 'Baekryung 20' and mitochondrial DNA of monokaryon strains derived from Pleurotus ferula ASI 0629 (beesan No.1). The KiMB-Plft-15-81 was shown the best cultural characteristics, selected to be a new cultivar and designed as 'Baekwhang'. The 'Baekwhang' cab be grown without an extra after-ripening period, can utilize bottle cultivation of Pleurotus eryngii. And also the ‘Seolwon’ is similar to the existing Pleurotus tuoliensis in shape and physiological characteristics, formed high stipe. We therefore expect that this new strains will substitutional goods of Pleurotus eryngii.

This study aimed to identify the effects of modified low-dye taping and foot intrinsic muscle strengthening exercise on foot pressure in people with flat feet. The subjects were 12 participants with flat feet in their 20s. They were randomly divided into two groups: taping and strengthening exercise. They performed the interventions twice a week for six weeks. The taping group was applied the modified low-dye taping. The exercise group was performed foot intrinsic muscle strengthening exercise for 30 minutes. The data were measured by Foot Pressure Measurement. There was no significant difference in plantar pressure between taping group and exercise group. There was also no significant difference in all variables before and after intervention in all groups. The present study suggests that taping and exercise can change the foot pressure in patients with flat-footed.

To determine the effect of the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in odontoclast formation, we administrated a TNF-α inhibitor in rats with diabetes rats with periodontitis. The rats included in the study were divided into three groups: control rats without diabetes or periodontitis (the C group), rats with periodontitis and diabetes (the PD group), and rats with periodontitis and diabetes treated by infliximab, the TNF inhibitor (the PD+infliximab group). The PD and PD+ infliximab groups received intravenous administrations of streptozotocin (STZ, 50 mg/kg) to induce diabetes. After 7 days of STZ injections, the mandibular first molars were ligatured to induce periodontitis. The PD+infliximab group was intrapenitoneally administrated by infliximab (5 mg/kg). On days 3 and 20 after the ligature administration, odontoclast formation along root surfaces was evaluated by tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining and cathepsin K immunohistochemistry. On day 3, the number of TRAP- and cathepsin K-positive cells increased more so in the PD group than in the C group. The PD+infliximab group showed a lower number of positive cells than the PD group. There was no difference in all the groups on day 20. On day 3, the cathepsin-K positive multinucleated and mononucleated cells were higher in the PD group than in the C group. The number of cathepsin-K positive multinucleated cells was lower in the PD+infliximab group than in the PD group. The PD group showed more cathepsin K-positive cells in the furcation and distal surfaces than the c group. The Cathepsin K-positive cells of the PD+infliximab group were lower than that of the PD group in furcation. These results suggest that TNF-α stimulates odontoclast formation in diabetes with periodontitis.

Type1 diabetes mellitus (DM) is generally known to be caused by destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic β cells or an immune-related problem. Polydipsia is a representative symptom of DM, and it has been reported that this condition is closely related to xerostomia and is considered that hyposalivation from the salivary gland results in this phenomenon. Although various studies have reported that induction of diabetes reduces endogenous stem cells in other organs (heart, brain etc.), diabetes-related changes in endogenous stem cells in the salivary gland have not yet been well established. Therefore, in this study, to verify the change in salivary gland stem cells after diabetes, salivary gland tissues in the control and diabetes-induced groups were processed by histochemistry (Masson’s trichrome staining) for morphological analysis, TUNEL assay for cell death, and immunohistochemistry (Ki-67 and c-Kit) for cell proliferation and maturation. Diabetes induced by STZ leads to vacuolization, apoptosis, and reduction in proliferating cells/salivary gland stem cells in salivary glands of rats. This result suggests that diabetes may be associated with reduction in salivary gland function such as degeneration and inhibition of regeneration in the salivary gland.

Shopping at bricks-and-mortar stores is considered highly experiential. An ability to experience and physically interact with a product is a key benefit of shopping at offline stores. In an online shopping context where sensory experience is absent, researchers have looked at how mental imagery as an alternative to in-store sensory experience impact consumer decision-making (Yoo & Kim, 2014). However the role of mental imagery has been largely overlooked in the context of offline store shopping. While it is true that shopping at offline stores facilitates sensory experience, evidence from cognitive neuropsychology literature supports that visual perception impacts visual mental imagery (Bartolomeo, 2002). Therefore, it is reasonable to posit that sensory experience in stores is related to mental imagery. Yet the relationship between actual sensory experience and mental imagery in the context of store shopping has not been studied. To fill a gap in the current literature, this study aims to examine the process by which sensory experience and mental imagery facilitate purchase decision-making in the context of offline stores. Based on the model of recursive relationships among consumers’ emotional, cognitive, perceptual and behavioral responses (Scherer, 2003) and a review of previous literature, this study posits that actual sensory experience and mental imagery related. It is further posited that both actual sensory experience and mental imagery influence consumers’ affective (anticipatory emotion) and cognitive responses (e.g., decision satisfaction, perceived ownership and decision satisfaction). This study employed an online survey in Korea. Apparel shoppers who shopped and purchased apparel at brick-and-mortar stores during the last six months were recruited. To facilitate a retrieval of in-store experiences, a series of questions about their specific shopping trip and purchases were asked at the beginning of survey. The current study consists of measurements adopted from the existing literature with adequate reliabilities. All the items were measured using a 7-point Likert-type scale. A total of 455 respondents completed the online survey questionnaire. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients were examined to assess reliabilities of the measures, and reliability coefficients were acceptable for all constructs (.78 ~ .92). Results of the SEM revealed that all the model-fit indexes exceeded their respective common acceptance levels, suggesting that the proposed model fitted the data well (2 = 627.38, df = 175; NFI = .92; IFI = .94; CFI = .94; RMSEA = .075). All the direct relationships among variables were significant except for the effect of sensory experience on perceived ownership, the effect of mental imagery on decision confidence, and the effect of perceived ownership on behavioral intention. This study provides new insights into consumer in-store shopping experiences and theoretical and practical implications. Sensory experience and mental imagery are complementary in facilitating consumer in-store shopping experiences. In addition to the importance of sensory experience, this study provides empirical evidence to support the vital role of mental imagery in the context of in-store shopping. Visualizing a situation through vivid mental imagery combined with actual sensory experience will lead consumers to positive shopping outcomes. Further research is warranted to better understand how to optimize actual sensory experience and mental imagery to offer excellent in-store experiences.