This study was performed to investigate the enhancement of cosmeceutical activities of Berberis koreana bark by different extraction processes. The extracts are WE (water extract at 100℃, control), USE (ultrasonification for 1 hours at 60℃ with water), HPE (high pressure for 5 minutes at 60℃ with water) and USE + HPE (ultrasonification process for 1 hours after high pressure for 5 minutes at 60℃ with water), respectively. The cytotoxicity of the extracts was in the range of 24.02~26.94% at 1.0 mg/ml concentration. The USE + HPE showed the lowest cytotoxicity. Compared to the WE, total phenolic and flavonoid contents in the USE + HPE increased to 121.5% and 154.2%. The USE + HPE showed the highest activity at 1.0 mg/ml concentration in 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, inhibition activity of xanthine oxidase and superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like test, respectively. Tyrosinase inhibition of WE, USE, HPE and USE + HPE at 1.0 mg/ml concentration was measured as 17.72, 19.62, 22.83 and 24.16%, respectively. Hyaluronidase inhibition activities of the USE + HPE were higher than 20.8%~29.5% of the WE. Our results suggested that the extracts from ultrasonification process after high pressure extraction has relatively high cosmeceutical activities, and that the bark of Berberis koreana could be considered as a candidate of new functional cosmetic agents.

The bark of Berberis koreana Palibin was fermented by Bifidobacterium longum B6 and Lactobacillus paracasei at 37℃ for 72 hour, then extracted by water solvent at 100℃ for 180 min. Total pholyphenol and flavonoid contents were improved by fermentation process, compared to conventional water extraction. The barks of B. koreana Palibin extracts by B. longum B6 (FE-B.L.) and by L. paracasei (FE-L.P.) showed 17% and 16% cytotoxicity on human normal cell lines(HEK293) at 1.0 mg/ml of the highest concentration, respectively, which was about 3~5% lower than 20% from normal extracts (NE). DPPH radical scavenging activity of the FE-B.L. and FE-L.P. were about 73% and 75.9% higher than 56.8% of NE. The highest inhibitory potency on xathine oxidase and superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activities were also measured as 31.9% and 61.9% by adding FE-L.P. of 1.0 mg/ml. On tyrosinase inhibition test, the FE-L.P. showed highest activity as 75.9% at 1.0 mg/ml. Generally, FE-L.P. showed higher antioxidant activities as well as higher tyrosinase inhibition activity, possibly due to high contents of total pholyphenol and flavonoid. In general, fermentation of barks of B. koreana Palibin has relatively better biological activities than normal extracts. Specifically, the extracts fermented by L. paracasei showed higher activities than that from B. longum B6.

This work was to improve antimicrobial activities of horseradish by encapsulated with edible biopolymers such as lecithin and gelatin since it has been difficult to directly use horseradish extracts into foods and food containers due to its strong and undesirable flavors. It was shown that most of the nanoparticles containing the extracts were well formed in round shape with below 400 nm diameter as well as fairly stable and less odd flavors in various pH ranges by measuring zeta potentials. The encapsulation efficiencies of nanoparticles were estimated as 66.6% and 53.4% for lecithin and gelatin, respectively. Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of both nanoparticles against G(+), Listeria monocytogenes and G(-), Salmonella typhimurium were also measured as 79 ppm based on AIT concentrations in the extracts, whose activities were about 65% higher than the case of adding crude extract. It was also found that the nanoparticles efficiently penetrated into the cell membrane and started to destruct the cells after 6 hours cultivation under Transmision Electron Microscopy observation. These results prove that the nano-encapsulation of the horseradish extracts can be employed to directly treat into the foods and food containers for antimicrobial purposes with the aids of aerosolization system, by using small amounts of the extracts and having less flavors due to masking effects of nanoparticles.

The objectives of this study were to compare the antioxidant activities by high pressure extraction of Codonopsis lanceolata from different cultivation areas; Hoeng-sung, Jeju island, and China. Total phenolic acid contents of Hoeng-sung, Jeju, China were estimated as 732.11, 640.25, and 584.85 mg QUR/100 g DW, respectively. The flavonoids contents of Hoeng-sung, Jeju, China were measured as 80.37, 76.46, and 74.55 mg QUR/100g DW, respectively. Generally, contents of phenolic acid and flavonoids, HPE was higher than conventional extraction process. Hoeng-sung Codonopsis lanceolata showed 64.33% of DPPH radical scavenging activity (EDA, %) in 3.2 mg/ml of Hoeng-sung Codonopsis lanceolata. The reducing power of Hoeng-sung cultivation area Codonopsis lanceolata also showed the high activity as 3.15. In generally, antioxidant activities of Codonopsis lanceolata were increased by high pressure extraction process. Based on these results, higher contents of flavonoids and total polyphenols were found extracted by high pressure extraction of Codonopsis lanceolata grow in Hoeng-sung area than others.

본 연구는 우리나라 어머니와 유아 간의 일상적 내러티브 대화에서 자녀의 일상적 내러티브를 이끌어내기 위해 사용하는 어머니의 대화방식과 유아의 일상적 내러티브 발달의 관계를 알아보는데 목적이 있다. 연구대상은 만 4,5세 48명의 유아와 그들의 어머니 48명으로 총 48쌍을 대상으로 하였다. 본 연구의 결과 첫째, 어머니의 대화방식은 ‘정교한 방식’과 ‘반복적 방식’으로 나타났으며, 정교한 방식의 요소는 정교화 진술, 정교화 질문, 평가, 길이 이고, 반복적 방식의 요소는 반복 진술, 반복 질문, 문장 완성형 진술 및 질문, 기억자극으로 나타났다. 유아의 개인적 변인에 따른 어머니 대화방식의 차이를 살펴보면 유아의 연령과 성별에 따라 어머니의 대화방식은 차이가 없었다. 둘째, 유아의 일상적 내러티브 발달 수준을 분석한 결과 유아의 성별, 연령에 따라 유아의 일상적 내러티브 발달은 유의미한 차이가 없었다. 셋째, 어머니의 대화방식과 유아의 일상적 내러티브 발달 수준의 관계를 알아본 결과, 정교한 방식은 각 하위요소인 정교화 진술, 정교화 질문, 평가, 길이에서 통계적으로 유의한 것으로 나타났다. 구체적 경향성을 살펴본 결과 어머니의 대화방식 중 정교한 방식에서 정교화 진술, 정교화 질문, 평가, 길이의 요소 모두 유아의 일상적 내러티브 발달 수준이 4수준에 이르기까지는 증가하는 경향을 보이다가 4수준이 넘어서면 점차 감소하는 경향을 보였다.