저탄소 공정을 이용한 추출 기술인 초음파, 마이크로파 및 초고압 추출 공정기술의 이산화탄소 배출량(TCO2)과 얻어진 저분자 진세노사이드 총량의 상관관계를 비교하였다. 기존의 공정인 열수 추출 공정의 TCO2 배출량은 약 0.4 TCO2로 나타났다. 마이크로파 추출 공정의 경우 0.1437 Ton 당 CO2를 배출하는 것으로 확인 되었다. 또한, 초음파 추출 공정의 경우 0.0862 Ton 당 CO2를 배출하는 것을 확인 하였으며, 초고압 추출 공정의 경우 0.1014 Ton당 CO2를 배출하는 것을 확인 하였다. 저탄소 공정별 저분자 진세노사이드의 전환된 양을 측정한 결과 마이크로파 추출 공정의 경우 약 246.65% 정도 증진된 것을 확인 할 수 있었다. 또한, 초음파 공정의 약 275.71% 증진된 결과를 보였다. 초고압 추출 공정의 경우에는 약 295.21% 증진된 결과를 얻었다. 전체적으로 열수 추출 공정의 경우 얻어진 저분자 진세노사이드가 적은 반면 CO2 배출량이 매우 높은 것을 확인하였다. 반대로, 저탄소 추출 공정인 마이크로파, 초음파 및 초고압 공정의 경우 얻어진 저분자 진세노사이드의 양이 높으며, 방출되는 CO2의 양이 기존의 재래 방법보다 적은 것을 확인 하였다. 따라서, 저탄소 추출 공정인 마이크로파, 초음파, 초고압 추출 공정을 통해 인삼을 효과적으로 추출을 할 수 있으며, 친환경 저탄소 공법을 통해 CO2 발생량을 억제하여 경제적으로 천연물을 추출할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

This study was performed to enhance contents of low molecular weight ginsenoside Rh2 and Rg3 using an ultra high pressure and steaming process in wild cultured-Root in wild ginseng. For selective increase in contents of Rg3 and Rh2 in cultured wild ginseng roots, an ultra high extraction was applied at 500MPa for 20 min which was followed by steaming process at 90℃ for 12 hr. It was revealed that contents of ginsenosides, Rb1, Rb2, Rc and Rd, were decreased with the complex process described above, whereas contents of ginsenoside Rh2 and Rg3 were increased up to 4.918 mg/g and 6.115 mg/g, respectively. In addition, concentration of benzo[α]pyrene in extracts of the cultured wild ginseng roots treated by the complex process was 0.64 ppm but it was 0.78 ppm when it was treated with the steaming process. From the results, it was strongly suggested that low molecular weight ginsenosides, Rh2 and Rg3, are converted from Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rd which are easily broken down by an ultra high pressure and steaming process. This results indicate that an ultra high pressure and steaming process can selectively increase in contents of Rg3 and Rh2 in cultured wild ginseng roots and this process might enhance the utilization and values of cultured wild ginseng roots.

In general, stepwise hot steaming process is known to be effective in improving its biological activities; however, not much employed in processing Codonopsis lanceolata due to its hardness. In this study, C. lanceolata was first pretreated with warm water at 50℃ and 60℃ for two hours, then steamed for 3 hours. Antioxidant activities of 70% ethanol extracts were compared with the extract from the water solvent: 41.58% vs 8.98% of DPPH radical scavenging activity in adding 1.25mg/ml of steamed extract and water extract, respectively. Reducing power of steamed and fresh C. lanceolata were also measured as 1.39 and 0.71. Total poly phenolic of the steamed extract was estimated as 12.11mg/g, compared to 3.98mg/g fresh C. lanceolata. Total flavonoid contents were also obtained as 11.48mg/g, compared to 7.11mg/g of fresh C. lanceolata. In comparing phenolic acids profiles in the extract, in general higher amounts of gallic acid, trans-ferulic acid, vanillic acid were obtained possibly by easy release of active components during thermal processing, which results in better antioxidant activities than that of water extract. This findings can also be supported by result that the ethanol extract showed better activities than the water extract.

This study compared the contents of low molecular ginsenoside according to fermentation process in low grade fresh ginseng. Low grade fresh ginseng was directly inoculated with a 24 h seed culture of Bifidobacterium Longum B6., Lactobacillus casei., and incubated at 36℃ for 72 h. Bifidobacterium Longum B6 was specifically was found to show the best growth on 3,255×106 CFU/ml after 48 h of fermentation. The content of ginsenoside Rb1, Re and Rd were decreased with the fermentation but ginsenoside Rh2 and Rg2 increased after fermentation process. In the case of low molecular ginsenoside conversion yields were 56.07% of Rh2, 12.03% of Rg3 and 77.11% of Rg2, respectively. In addition, compound-K was irregular conversion yield as long as 72 h of fermentation. This results indicate that fermentation process could increase the low molecular ginsenoside in low grade fresh ginseng.

Conventional Thiamine Dilauryl Sulfate (TDS) powder has a low stability. In order to solve this problem, this study was performed to improve the solubility of TDS. The process for enhance solubility of TDS was nano grinding mill and ultrasonic dispersion process. TDS paticle was manufactured to nano size through nano grinding mill process. The size of TDS nanoparticle was measured as average 220 nm by DLS. And The TDS nanoparticle in water solution manufactured through ultrasonic dispersion process. The TDS nanoparticle in water solution was showed the highest solubility with 40% ethanol. These results was increased the concentration of TDS from 200 ppm to 240 ppm in water solution. The TDS nanoparticle in water solution showed diameter of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides growth with smaller than about 1.56 cm compared to the TDS paticle in water solution at same concentration. Also, TDS nanoparticle in water solution showed growth inhibition activity as 59.2% with higher than about 10% compared to the TDS paticle water solution in same concentration. Finally, TDS nanoparticle in water solution was increased solubility through nano grinding mill and ultrasonic dispersion process. Also, the increase of concentration in TDS nanopaticle in water solution according to solubility enhancement lead to an result enhancement of antifungal activity. Consequently, we suggested that the TDS nanoparticle in water solution was more effective than TDS particle in water solution owing to the sub-cellular particle size, ability to persistence and targeting to cell membrane of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Furthermore we expected the applicating possibility with bio pesticide.

This work was to improve antimicrobial activities of horseradish by encapsulated with edible biopolymers such as lecithin and gelatin since it has been difficult to directly use horseradish extracts into foods and food containers due to its strong and undesirable flavors. It was shown that most of the nanoparticles containing the extracts were well formed in round shape with below 400 nm diameter as well as fairly stable and less odd flavors in various pH ranges by measuring zeta potentials. The encapsulation efficiencies of nanoparticles were estimated as 66.6% and 53.4% for lecithin and gelatin, respectively. Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of both nanoparticles against G(+), Listeria monocytogenes and G(-), Salmonella typhimurium were also measured as 79 ppm based on AIT concentrations in the extracts, whose activities were about 65% higher than the case of adding crude extract. It was also found that the nanoparticles efficiently penetrated into the cell membrane and started to destruct the cells after 6 hours cultivation under Transmision Electron Microscopy observation. These results prove that the nano-encapsulation of the horseradish extracts can be employed to directly treat into the foods and food containers for antimicrobial purposes with the aids of aerosolization system, by using small amounts of the extracts and having less flavors due to masking effects of nanoparticles.