전국적으로 구제역 및 AI의 일시적, 대량발생으로 인해 한정된 인원이 여러 개의 매몰지를 설치함에 따라 규정에 맞지 않게 설치, 살아있는 가축을 매몰하거나, 한계이상의 가축사체가 매몰되는 등 급조된 매몰지가 일부 설치되었다. 이에 지하수, 토양, 주변 하천의 오염, 매몰지 붕괴, 악취발생 등 2차 환경오염이 우려되고 있어 가축사체의 유기물 분해 특성, 침출수 처리, 지하수 토양의 환경영향, 악취물질, 병원성 미생물 거동특성 등 신뢰성 있는 자료 확보가 요구되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 축종별, 토성별 파일럿 매몰지 5기를 설치하여 매몰사체에서 발생한 침출수의 배출특성을 알아보았다. 연구를 통해 가축 매몰지 침출수 발생량, 침출수 농도 등에 대한 기초 데이터 확보 및 침출수에 대한 환경 영향을 사전에 예측하는데 활용될 수 있다. 침출수는 매몰지 1번을 제외하고 2 ~ 5번의 경우 매몰지 바닥에 침출수 유공관을 설치하였고, 총 4곳에 설치된 침출수 배출관을 통해 침출수를 샘플링 하였다. 산업내시경을 사용하여 침출수 배출관을 통해 침출수의 발생여부를 관찰하였고, 발생된 침출수는 연동 펌프(Peristaltic pump)를 사용하여 침출수 배출관에서 샘플링 하였다. 매몰지 설치 후 지속적으로 침출수 발생여부를 확인하고 있으며 51주까지 샘플링한 시료의 수는 총 48건으로 14회에 걸쳐 샘플링 하였다. 가축사체 분해의 주요 환경인자인 온도를 2012년 2월부터 1년간 5분 간격으로 모니터링한 결과 5기의 매몰지에서 분해 초기(2월) 사체층 평균온도 9.5 ~ 16.6℃가 복토층 평균온도 8.8 ~ 13.6℃ 보다 높게 나타났다. 점차 시간이 지나 8월에 이르러 사체층의 평균온도는 30.0 ~ 32.4℃, 복토층의 평균온도는 30.4 ~ 35.5℃로 나타났으며 1년이 지난 2013년 2월의 매몰지 평균온도는 사체층이 12.3 ~ 17.1℃, 복토층이 12.0 ~ 21.0℃로 전년도 2월과 비교하여 상대적으로 높은 평균온도를 보였다. 파일럿 매몰지의 온도는 겨울과 여름의 온도변화와 유사한 경향을 보이고 있어 외부 온도 변화에 영향을 받고 있는 것으로 판단된다. 침출수의 지방산분석 결과 시간에 따라 불포화탄화수소(C16:1, C18:1, C18:2, C20:4)의 구성 비율은 줄어들고, 포화탄화수소(C16:0, C18:0, C20:0)의 구성 비율은 증가하였으며 이는 시간이 지남에 따라 지방산은 포화탄화수소 중심(90% 이상)으로 구성되어 지방산을 분석함으로써 매립 시간 경과여부의 정보를 제공할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다.

Various foreign materials such as contaminated soil, woody waste, drums containing waste oil, waste transformer, and waste pressure vessel are generated during the collecting and sorting processes of steel scrap. Recently, environmental problems have occurred because of the use of steel scrap that contained contaminants and was not separated properly. And this has also affected the quality of iron products made of steel scrap. Particularly, contaminated soil is highly likely to contain various hazardous substances including heavy metals, which is why proper management standards for contaminated soil are necessary. In this study, concentrations of heavy metals, BTEX, TPH, PAHs, and hazardous materials in contaminated soil were analyzed. It was found that the concentrations of lead and zinc were higher than other heavy metals and iron also showed high concentration. The very high TPH concentration in contaminated soil implies that contaminated soil was polluted by diesel, fuel oil or lubricant. So the comprehensive management regulatory plan and management standard for the hazardous materials are necessary for environmentally-friendly recycling of steel and iron scrap.

In this study, we analyzed Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) contained in TV covers of 15 and refrigerator components of 9 produced in Korea. In the TV front covers, 70 ~ 2,296 mg/kg of PBDEs were detected and in the back covers, the PBDEs detection was as follows: 128,773 ~ 158,104 mg/kg for TVs produced between 1983 ~ 1997, and 42 ~ 41,625 mg/kg between 2000 ~ 2005, which indicates that PBDEs content started to substantially decrease from 2000. When comparing these figures with those from other countries, we found that the front covers of televisions contain lower levels of PBDEs than those produced in Japan and back covers had similar or higher levels. The concentrations of the components of the refrigerator samples ranged from N.D. to 445 mg/kg. By comparing isomer patterns of PBDEs obtained from the products and those reported to be found in the environment, this study estimated distribution characteristics of PBDEs and the correlation between their pollution sources and the environment. The results showed that deca-BDE used in TVs has an impact on the environment, for example, indoor dust and sediment in rivers. We suggest that in order to prevent hazardous substances contained in electrical and electronic products from continuously circulating in the environment, the E-waste should be managed in terms of waste treatment and that the XRF screening method is appropriate to regulate the contents of toxic substances in an economic and effective way.

This paper presents the actual recycling rates and recycling processes of waste plastic recycling facilities using material flow analysis. Determination of actual recycling rates through the processes of waste plastics is a very important subject not only from the point of plastic recycling efficiency energy conversion but also from the perspective of the recycling technology level. In this study, the recycling processes and recycling rates of waste plastic recycling facilities were evaluated by the MFA analysis based on 14 site visits and 25 questionnaires. The MFA methodology based on mass balance approach applied to identify the inputs and outputs of recyclable plastic materials in the recycling processes at recycling facilities. It is necessary to determine the composition and flows of the input materials to be recycled in a recycling facility. A complete understanding of the waste flows in the processes along with the site visit and data surveys for the recycling facilities was required to develop a material flow for the processes and determine the actual recycling rate. The results show that the average actual recycling rates for the recycling facilities by the site visit and the questionnaire was found to be approximately 87.5 ± 7.1% and 84.3 ± 14.5%, respectively. The recycling rates depended upon several factors including the quality of incoming waste plastics, the type and operating conditions of recycling processes, and the type of final products. According to the national statistics, the recycling rate of waste plastics was about 53.7%, while the actual recycling rate at national level was estimated to be approximately 45.1% by considering the recycling performance evaluated as well as the type of recycling process applied. The results of MFA for the recycling processes served as a tool to evaluate the performance of recycling efficiency with regard to the composition of the products during recycling. They may also support the development of the strategy of improvement of recycling processes to maximize resource recovery out of the waste plastic materials.

In this study, asbestos in air during dismantlement and removal of slate roof tiles and asbestos that could linger in mask filter and safety wear were investigated. In addition, a wetting agent and its physical properties for water were studied, while the possibility of prevention of drift was assessed based on the properties. According to the analysis of 100 air samples, asbestos concentrations ranged from 0.001 to 0.007 f/cc and the average was 0.002 f/cc. The concentrations of asbestos in all the samples were below 0.01 f/cc, emission limit for asbestos-removal facilities. The use of a wetting agent and the use of water were compared to analyze asbestos concentration in air during asbestos removal. According to the analysis, asbestos concentration was 0.002 f/cc on average with wetting agents and the concentration was 0.003 f/cc when water was used. The surface tension of wetting agents showed 28.9 to 42.1 mN/m range and the average was 34.9 mN/ m. The surface tension of tap water showed 72.2 mN/m. Water-absorption time was from 16 seconds to 300 seconds for wetting agents and the agents showed a significant difference with one another. Surface area on the roof tiles was measured by instillation of its spread. For wetting agents, the range was from 31.2 to 64.7 cm2, with the average of 40.6 cm2 and all wetting agents showed larger areas than tap water. Drying rate was measured for the assessment of wetting. According to the measurement, the rate ranged from 0.094 to 0.144 min−1 and 0.110 min−1 was the average. It was found that the drying rate of tap water was bigger than those of all the wetting agents, but some wetting agents did not show a big difference.

Waste dusts generated from various metallurgical processes were investigated for effective management of the designated waste in South Korea. Source of the study were selected based on the industries registered on the Allbarosystem. Raw material, products and manufacturing process were investigated on-site and leaching behavior of six heavy metals (Cr6+, Cd, Cu, Pb, Hg, As) along with CN was studied in 41 waste dust samples. We identified 14 samples exceeded the Korean regulation standard out of which 5 samples were designated waste. We suggest that regular monitoring is essential for the proper management.

There are some problems of lacking the information on the safety of cement products and for determining harmfulness due to differences in the concentrations of heavy metals according to organizations. Thus, the harmfulness of heavy metals in cement products has been monitored by one time per month since August 2008 and the results have also been noticed for every month. In this study, the concentrations of seven different heavy metals (Cr(Ⅵ), T-Cr, Cd, Cu, Pb, As, and Hg) in cement products collected from 11 factories of 9 manufacturers are verified for every month and changes in the concentrations are also compared with the cement products of Japan, Germany, USA, and China. The company, HO, in domestic companies represents the highest values in four items and AJ shows the next high values. Thus, regarding these two manufacturers, it is necessary to take an effort for reducing the concentrations of five heavy metals through considering the major and alternative raw materials for producing their cement products. the chrome conversion rates in domestic cement products are about 36.4 % and that exhibits higher rates about 16.0 % and 8.3 %, 2.3 and 4.3 times, than that of Japan and USA, respectively.

As the industrial and urban development has been accelerated, the issues on Hazardous wastes (HWs) management have become important. HWs that are not included in the code lists are also managed by hazardous characteristics and determination methods in Korea. This study has been performed to investigate corrosive characteristics of hazardous wastes (HWs) depending on pH variations. We considered the type, discharge process and pH of the 14,000 corrosive waste dischargers, of which we visited 60 sites and collected 68 waste acid and alkali samples. Based on results using corrosive testing methods of the USA (EPA Method 1110A) and the Japanese environmental agency (Appendix 8 of the Japan Standard Methods on Specific HWs), it was found that, of total 54 waste acids with pH 2 or below, 47 samples by the USA EPA Methods, and 37 samples by the Japanese testing method exceeded the limit value of the corrosive rate, while 5 waste alkalic samples with pH 12.5 or above did not exceed the limit value of the corrosion rate. Besides, 9 samples with a pH higher than 2 and less than 12.5 failed to meet the corrosive rate limit. It was determined that 17 samples with a pH less than 2, which did not satisfy the standard corrosion rate, gained more weight, due to the acid deposition from acid gas on their exposed surface. Thus, it is assumed that the USA EPA Method is more strictly applicable than the Japanese Method.

An issue of environmental pollutions has been aroused according to increases in recycling alternative raw materials and alternative fuels, which are the inputed wastes of cement kilns in Korea. Also, the infections of heavy metals in cement products on healths and environments have been issued by the National Assembly and the press. Thus, in this study, a total of 198 waste samples, 109 alternative raw material samples and 89 alternative fuel samples, which are the coprocessing wastes in eight major cement producers in Korea, are collected for two months. Then, 18 different heavy metals according to types of wastes are analyzed and the concentrations of the alternative raw materials and alternative fuels are investigated for comparing them with the foreign management guidelines. In the case of the alternative raw materials, although arsenic, cadmium, and copper do not exceed the domestic autonomy agreement guideline, lead exceeds the autonomy agreement guideline, 1,000 mg/kg. In the case of mercury, it satisfies the references of domestic guideline (2.0 mg/kg), Switzerland criteria (0.5 mg/kg), and France criteria (10.0 mg/kg). In the case of the alternative fuel, arsenic, cadmium, copper, and lead satisfy the autonomy agreement guideline, and the average content concentration of Hg represents 0.7702 mg/kg and that satisfies the references of autonomy agreement guideline (1.2 mg/kg) and France criteria (10.0 mg/kg). However, it slightly exceeds the references of Germany guideline (0.6 mg/kg) and Switzerland criteria (0.5 mg/kg). In particular, some of dust, WDF, waste synthesis resin, and purified oil show a high detection level in mercury and that leads to increase the average concentration. In addition, by investigating the concentration of heavy metals in various auxiliary wastes loaded to cement kilns in Korea, a management reference for such alternative raw materials and alternative fuels for future cement kilns in stages is proposed.