The frequency and time of the outbreak of insect diseases were investigated among the insect-rearing farms by regional groups. The purpose of this study was to predict the insect diseases and reduce the spread of diseases. From February to October 2016, 87 of diseased insects were collected in seven regions. It turned out that the pathogens for fungal diseases were identified as Metarhizium anisopliae. But in case of bacterial diseases, the pathogenicity of the bacteria isolated from the diseased insects were not confirmed. Bacterial diseases occurred mainly in June and August in Gyeonggi-do and Gangwon-do, while in Chungcheong-do, bacterial and viral disease raged. In Jeolla-do, both fungal and bacterial diseases occurred in June. Generally, bacterial diseases occurred mainly from June to October, while the frugal diseases occurred from January to March. It was concluded that the entomopathogenic fungi, Metarhizium anisopliae, tended to cause diseases during late-winter and early spring and bacteria, uncertain, was prone to cause diseases during summer. Therefore, it necessary to adequately control depending on the type of the entomopathogen.

The purpose of this case study was to identify the effects of posteroanterior (PA) mobilization on the cervical spine in a patient with chronic whiplash-associated disorder (WAD). The subject of this study was a 58-year-old woman who sustained a chronic WAD as a result of a motor vehicle accident two years prior. The subject has progressively worsening neck pain and stiffness. The subject was determined to have a grade Ⅱb WAD the use of the Modified Quebec Classification. The intervention was central and unilateral PA mobilization on the spinous process of C4 and C5. The PA mobilizations were performed at the end of range to Maitland grade Ⅳ. The PA mobilization was conducted once daily for a total of eight days. Two sets of measurements were done one before and one after the intervention. Neck pain, cervical stiffness, range of motion and lordosis of the cervical spine were measured. Experimental intervention decreased the neck pain, and increased the neck stiffness and cervical ROM (range of motion) such as flexion, extension, lateral flexion and rotation. X-ray photographs also represented that cervical curvature increased from 35° to 40°. This study suggested that PA cervical mobilization applied to hronic WAD is effective in decreasing pain, increasing cervical ROM and cervical curvature.

We investigate the change of leaf chlorophyll content according to iron content in brown rice when cultivated on the iron limited solid MS medium. By cultivating wild-type and transgenic brown rice in a solid MS medium, we confirmed that iron deficiency chlorosis did not occur in MS media which were contained over 20% of iron content compared to normal MS condition. After selecting twenty kinds of Korean rice varieties, those brown rice were cultivated in solid MS media which were contained from 0 to 15% of iron content compared to normal MS condition then the leaf chlorophyll content was measured. The leaf chlorophyll content was changed according to iron content in brown rice when cultivated in solid MS medium which was contained 0 and 5% of iron content,. There was a strong correlation between iron content in brown rice and leaf chlorophyll content cultivated in solid MS medium with 5% of Fe content. Therefore we expect that analysis of leaf chlorophyll content after cultivated on MS medium with 5% iron content compared to normal MS media condition will be more simple and effective method to screening high iron content brown rice without measurement of iron content.

The purpose of this study was to identify the new fungal disease of Scopendra subspinipes mutilans (Chilopoda: Scolopendridae) from Jeju island in Korea. Scopendra subspinipes mutilans are also known the Chinese red head and average 20cm in length. It is used for traditional medicine for skin-disease and tumor and S. s. mutilans is recently raised in Jeju island to use healing properties. We isolated fungi from surface of infected S. s. mutilans and incubated in SDBA at 24℃ for 14days, and then identified the morphology of the fungi by light and electron microscopy. For the specific diagnosis of Metarhizium spp. in S. s. mutilans, 18srRNA of fungi was amplified by primers ITS4_MF and LR3_MR and sequenced by using the BLAST server at the National Center for Biotechnology Information. The result of the 18srRNA sequencing alignment was Metarhizium anisopliae (99.9%). The entomopathogenic fungi, M. anisopliae would be fatal cause of higher mortality to S. s. mutilans, and it is needed in vivo assay to confirm the pathogenic activities of M. anisopliae to S. s. mutilans.

Many insects have gained increasing attention as an alternative protein for humans. Among those, the two-spotted cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae), was recently approved as a general food ingredient by the Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. For industrial utilization of G. bimaculatus, mass rearing techniques and production system should be standardized first. In this study, we investigated the effects of five different feeds on the growth and development of G. bimaculatus. Feed is the one of the key factors that has considerable effects on rearing insects. With five different kinds of feed on 1st, 3rd, and 5th instar nymphs, the change of survival rate, body weight were monitored up to eight weeks after hatching. We concluded that 50% of soybean flour, 20% of corn powder, 10% of rice bran, 9% of milk serum, 10% of rice flour, 0.5% of microorganisms, and 0.5% of multivitamins and minerals (diet C) was the best mix for promoting growth and development of 3rd instar nymphs compared to the control diet.

The present study investigated the effect of enzyme inclusion on silage quality using meta-analysis tool. A total of 16 research papers reporting the effect of enzyme application on silage quality were employed in the meta-analysis of this study. Mixed model for integrating quantitative results from multiple studies was used first to calculate the predicted error of each study. Individual error from the estimated model was the applied into standard deviation of each study to calculate the mean difference. Finally, summary effect was determined using standard mean difference (SMD) and inversed variance weighting. Mixed model analysis and SMD analysis showed the same effect patterns in all analysis items. Enzyme inclusion in silage significantly (p < 0.05) altered all silage quality characteristics investigated compared to control when enzyme was not included. Our results showed that enzyme treatment increased dry matter content, preserved crude protein effectively, and elevated water soluble carbohydrate content. However, the pH value, acetic acid, propionic acid, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber contents in silage with enzyme inclusion were lower than those of the control.

Nitrogen (N) fertilizer management is one of the important aspects of economic production of sorghums in sustainable agriculture. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of different N application rates and its split N application methods on productivity, growth characteristics, N accumulation, N use efficiency (NUE), and feed value of Sorghum × Sudangrass hybrids. Treatments consisted of five N application rates (0, 150, 200, 250, and 300 kg ha-1) and two split N application methods (40% in basal N, 30% at the growing stage, and 30% after the first harvest vs. 50% in basal N and 50% after the first harvest). Plant height, leaf width, and stem diameter were increased (p≤0.05) with increasing N fertility rates at each harvest. Chlorophyll content (expressed as SPAD values) was the highest at a rate of 300 kg N ha 1 (first harvest, 46.32; second harvest, 33.09). It was the lowest at zero N (first harvest, 21.56; second harvest, 18.5). Total N, N uptake, and NUE were increased with higher N rates. Split N application had little effect on total N, amount of N uptake, or NUE. Total dry matter yields were the highest (21,715 kg ha-1) at a rate of 300 kg N ha-1. It was the lowest (10,054 kg ha-1) at zero N. Our results suggest that more than 300 kg N ha-1 can improve dry matter yield to be above 116% compared to zero N, thus enhancing the agronomic characters of sorghums. However, no significant effect had been found for split N application. Further work is needed to determine the optimal N levels and the effect of split N application rates.

층면구조 안정성 다이어그램은 층면구조가 주어진 입도와 유속에서 나타나는 층면구조의 모양과 크기를 지시한다. 이 다이어그램은 대부분 수조실험에 의해 획득한 실험 데이터를 기반으로 작성되었다. 일반적으로, 수조실험은 입자의 크기와 유속사이의 관계를 이해하기 위해 분급이 좋고 단일입도의 분포를 보이는 퇴적물을 이용하여 수행되었다. 이 다이어그램에 의하면, 세립사와 중립사 퇴적물 표면에서 유속이 빨라지면서, 평행층에서 연흔이 형성되기 시작한다. 이 연구의 목적은 층면구조 안정성 다이어그램의 결과가 실험을 통하여 잘 재현되는지를 확인하고, 분급이 좋은 퇴적물과 달리 분급이 불량한 경우인 이정 입도 분포를 보이는 사질 퇴적물에서도 잘 재현되는지 확인하는 것이다. 본 연구 실험 결과는 2D 연흔이나 3D 연흔 층면구조가 형성되기 위해서, 분급이 불량한 퇴적물의 경우에, 분급이 좋은 퇴적물보다 더 높은 유체의 유속과 전단응력이 필요하다는 것을 보여주고 있다. 탄산염 퇴적물은 수력학적 분급작용이 활발하지 않으며, 퇴적물의 구성이 알로켐과 기질로 이루어지는 이정 입도 분포를 보이는 퇴적물로서 일반적으로 분급이 불량한 특징을 가지고 있다. 따라서, 실험의 결과는 탄산염 퇴적물에서 층면구조 형성을 위해 쇄설성 퇴적환경의 퇴적물 보다 더 높은 유속이 필요할 수 있음을 제안하고 있다. 분급이 불량한 퇴적물 입자가 침식되어 이동기 위해 더 높은 에너지와 유속이 필요하다는 것은 분급 효과, 마찰 효과, 안정성 효과, 갑옷 효과 등이 복합적으로 작용한 결과로 설명될 수 있을 것이다. 본 연구는 예비적 고찰로서, 이어지는 연구를 통해 이러한 현상을 과학적으로 설명하고 입도와 층면구조 형성의 상관성을 보다 정교하게 규명하고자 한다.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the current status of the creation of indoor gardens in elementary, middle, and high-schools in Gyeongsangnam-do (province) as part of a program to make schools comfortable and beautiful, and for use as base line data when introducing indoor gardens to schools. The participating schools comprised all 536 elementary, 306 middle, and 191 high schools in Gyeongsangnam-do, and the study was conducted between Dec. 20th, 2014 and July 23rd, 2015. The results demonstrate that indoor gardens were introduced to Gyeongsangnam-do schools in 2010, and, since then, 35 elementary and 3 middle schools have created indoor gardens, which is a low adoption rate. Eight-four percent of these indoor gardens were created for appreciation purposes only, without rest facilities. Indoor plants were the main material used for scene configurations, followed by rocks and sculptures. Taking into consideration that 92% of all indoor gardens were created in elementary schools, the current location of gardens near the main entrance, mainly for appreciation purposes, should be changed to areas in which students can play and rest, which would lead to an increase in students’ usage rate.

The white-spotted chafer, Protaetia brevitarsis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) was recently listed as a temporal food ingredient by the Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. Traditionally, this beetle has been regarded as a medicine for suppressing live cancer and preventing liver-related disease. Based on these facts, this beetle has been focused as a economically important insects in Korea. Therefore, this beetle is commercially reared and distributed in Korea. As the economic importance is growing, we have investigated to enhance insect rearing conditions for better commercial value. In this study, we compared two food supplements, clay and charcoal, on the larval weight gain for second instar larvae of P. brevitarsis. Clay and charcoal are generally known as a good adsorbent for heavy metals and bio-waste. However, clay and charcoal is not a conventional feed supplements, so its effects were not investigated for insect rearing. The second instar P. brevitarsis larvae were fed fermented sawdust with seven different combinations of cla and/or charcoal, and measured body weight for 17 weeks until pupated. Addition of clay at 2.5 % w/w of the fermented sawdust diet had no negative effect on larval weight gain, and thus may improve the quality of P. brevitarsis as a commercial food.

The current market size of insect industry in Korea is estimated at 300 million dollars and more than 500 local farms are related to many insect industry. One of the strong candidates for insect industry is Korean horn beetle, Allomyrina dichotoma. Early this year, we reported a viral disease extremely fatal to A. dichotoma larvae. While we were proceeding a nationwide investigation of this disease, several farmers answered that similar disease symptom has been occurred occasionally during past 10 years. The symptom can be easily confused with early stage of bacterial infection or physiological damage including temperature and moisture. A peroral infection with the purified virus to healthy larvae produced a result that only 21% of larvae survived and became pupae. Although some of the survived adult beetle were deformational, many of them had no abnormal appearance and even succeeded in mating. Later, these beetles were examined if they were carrying the virus, and all except one were confirmed as virus carrier. This implies that these beetle may fly out and spread the disease throughout the country. We found the evidence by collecting wild A. dichotoma larvae which were virus infected, near two local farms rearing the horn beetle. So far, transovarial transmission of this virus to the eggs, or horizontal transmission to other commercially reared insects are not known yet.

The present study investigated the effects of Lysophospholipid (LPLs, LIPIDOL™) on the growth performance and nutrient digestibility of Hanwoo heifers. A feeding trial was performed for 120 days until slaughter using a herd of 24 Hanwoo heifers. Eight heifers were assigned to each of 3 experimental groups (control, 0.3% LIPIDOL™ and 0.5% LIPIDOL™). Growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and carcass characteristics were investigated. Significantly improved nutrient digestibility was found in the LIPIDOL™ treatment group compared to the control (p<0.05). No significant effect by LIPIDOL™ supplementation on growth performance was observed (p>0.05). However, interestingly, greater carcass weight was detected in the treatment of LIPIDOL™ where less daily gain was found. Although not a significant effect, greatly decreased back-fat thickness and increased loin area were detected in the treatment of LIPIDOL™. In meat characteristics, LIPIDOL™ increased intramuscular fat and tenderness. Therefore, the present study results suggest that the inclusion of LIPIDOL™ in the diet of Hanwoo heifers can improve carcass performance and meat quality by increasing the carcass index and the meat quality index. The results also suggest that a level of 0.3% might be more efficient than 0.5% with regard to economic effectiveness.

In Korea, the value of insect resources has been increased immensely and the insect industry is expected to increase up to 40 billion dollars by 2020. Among them, Korean horn beetle, Allomyrina dichotoma, is one of the strongest candidates for insect industry as medicinal purpose for various liver diseases and diabetes. In many local farms rearing larvae, a few bacterial and fungal pathogens causing disease of A. dichotoma larvae have been identified including Bacillus thuringiensis and Metarhizium anisopliae. For past few years, a disease seemingly due to viral infection has been reported for causing death of larvae en masse. The pathogen of this disease has not been identified so far. In Southeastern Asia, Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus (OrNV) is known to cause severe disease in coconut palm rhinoceros beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros, and is used as a biological control agent to reduce the pest population. Here, we report for the first time that OrNV may have landed on Korea and may be the major pathogen for the diseased larvae of A. dichotoma. After peroral inoculation with the purified virus extracted from the hemolymph of diseased larvae, we confirmed that over 60% of infected larvae perished in six weeks. This viral disease spreads very fast in many farms nationwide throughout Korea. This threat not only makes economic loss of local farms rearing larvae, but also may disturb the ecosystem by transmitting to wild A. dichotoma.

The effects of seed soaking treatment with the solutions of plant growth regulators IAA, GA3 and BAP on seed germination and shoot and bulb growth of Allium victorialis var. platyphyllum (Korean wild garlic) were determined. A significant variation in the seed germination rate was recorded at all treatments for various soaking periods. Maximum seed germination was obtained when seeds were soaked in IAA or GA3 solution at 200 mg L-1. The MAP treated seeds started to germinate after 3 months. Among treatments, IAA was found to be most effective in improving seed germination, but further seedling growth was not correlated to the soaking time. Seed soaking in IAA or GA3 solution enhanced further growth of seedlings compared with water control treatment. Shoot and bulb growth was highest in GA3 treatments.

The influential role other customers play in forming a customer's service experience has gained growing academic and managerial attention recently. We intend to extend this stream of the research by proposing the effect of the interactions with other customers on the customer's quality perception of the service provided by the service firm. Through our findings we suggest that service firms should look beyond service personnel and consider other customers as a human factor influential on customer perceptions of service quality. Specifically, we propose that the perceived quality of C2C interactions indirectly affect customer perceptions of service quality through the mediation by the perceived social-emotional support. Using the selective halo effect theory, we theorize that the perceived quality of C2C interactions influence perceived quality of the assurance and empathy dimensions of SERVQUAL. We also suggest that the strength of the effect depends on customer role types. In order to fill the gap in the customer interaction research, which is mostly centered around experiential service settings, we choose a service setting in which functional benefits are more valued (i.e. healthcare services). Our study findings will help service managers become more aware of the importance of managing C2C interactions and learn specifically which aspects of C2C interactions to manage.