This paper integrates the rubbings of the stone scriptures handed down in Han Dynasty and the newly unearthed stone scriptures in modern times, and compares them with the current version of The Analects of Confucius from the perspectives of Philology and Textual Criticism. A total of 54 groups and 72 articles of variants have been obtained. On the basis of classifying and sorting out the variants, this paper sums up the characteristics of the Analects of Confucius in the Classic on the stone in the Han dynasty, such as many differences between the characters used in the Analects and the current version, close literary meaning to the current version, more interchangeable words, more changes in mood words. This paper summarizes the language features reflected by these characteristics. Furthermore, this paper makes a preliminary exploration and reflection on the causes of the formation of these variants, and affirms the value of these variants in the understanding of the Analects of Confucius and the study of ancient linguistics.

The study into ancient artifacts originated from the age of King Zhen (真) in the Song Dynasty. The research by Liu Chang and Ouyang Xiu in the age of King Ren (仁) opened the fashion for epigraphy collection and appreciation to ancient artifacts. The academic notes in the Song Dynasty mainly discussed the context of three levels. Firstly, the collection of ancient artifacts. For example, Nenggai Zhaiwanlu of Wu Zeng and Yanxia Fangyan of Ye Mengde all described the collection of ancient artifacts in the Qin and Han dynasties. Secondly, historical research on epigraphy. For example, Mozhuang Manlu of Zhang Bangji and Rongzhai Suibi of Hong Mai all used the epigraphy and stone inscriptions to verify the history of ancient artifacts. Thirdly, the textual research on epigraphy such as Guangchuan Shuba of Dong You, Dongguan Yu lu of Huang Bosi. They all recorded the comments on the advantages and disadvantages of inscription or epigraphy while it also contained the comments on the characteristics of Chinese calligraphy art. The stone inscriptions stored in the academic notes of the Song Dynasty then become an important reference to studies on the Epigraphy of Song Dynasty, which not only provides an important proof for the construction of calligraphy or epigraphic history in the Song Dynasty but also expands the academic horizon for the research on epigraphy in the later generations that holds academic and historical significance.

Shang Shu, the historical document in Chinese history, complied many aspects of academic problems which derived from history, geography, philology and phonology, etc. There are four main aspects: firstly, how to appraise pseudograph correctly; secondly, the contents of Jiwen and Guwen should be discriminated carefully; thirdly, explanations or interpretations of scholaships varied a lot; fourthly, textual critisim could be too complicated. Thus, from such a long academic tradition, scholars have viewed the second and third aspects as the key parts, while the philology study played the vital role. In short, as the explanations presented by scholars on 19 parts of Zhou Shu varied a lot, the paper held the case study based on 13 main parts of this book to research the variant characters.

Five years Diaosheng statue has a sentence called because Diaosheng gave shao Jiang five silk scarfs and a pair of pots. It has always been a variety of interpretations. This paper thinks, Yi(以) word is a preposition. Shuai(帥) word can be interpreted a Silk scarf. The sentence can be explained because Diaosheng gave shao Jiang five silk scarfs and a pair of pots.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the aspects of social developments and cultural lives of early China reflected in The Book of Documents(Shangshu) which is a collection of China’s ancient literature and served as the basic data of Chinese political, historical, geographical, ideological aspects in the pre-Qin period. But there are many different copies of the text which include a lot of “scribal errors” and orthographic variants, because the Book of Documents was passed down for thousands of years. Jin teng(gold box) is also important for our understanding of the historical context at the beginning of the Zhou and Tsinghua Jane(清華簡) can provide different text articles for scholars. The text is not only helpful in reading words and understanding their meanings, but also beneficial for combining the edition. This thesis focuses on the different words, sentences, and a detailed explanation.