The purpose of this study is to characterize various electrolytes on electrochemical mechanical planarization (ECMP). The ECMP system was modified from conventional CMP system to measure the potentiodynamic curve and removal rate of Cu. The potentiodynamic curves were measured in static and dynamic states in investigated electrolytes using a potentiostat for the evaluation of the polishing behavior on ECMP. KOH (alkaline) and NaNO3 (salt) were selected as electrolytes which have high conductivity. In static and dynamic states, the corrosion potential decreased and the corrosion current increased as a function of the electrolyte concentration. But, the electrochemical reaction was prevented by mechanical polishing effect in the dynamic state. The static etch and removal rate were measured as functions of concentration and applied voltage. When NaNO3 was used, the dissolution was much faster than that of KOH. It was concluded that the removal rate was strongly depended on electrochemical dissolution. The removal rate increased up to 350 nm/min in NaNO3 based electrolyte.

Adenocarcinoma NOS of salivary glands is characterized by a high rate of local recurrences and metastasis. Long-term survival rate of Adenocarcinoma NOS lis not promising. Thus, different chemotherapeutical approaches had been proposed for this neoplasm, including apoptosis induction by drugs. The current treatment of choice of adenocarcinoma NOS is controversible, and an effective treatment for them is not yet available. Chemotherpeutic agents that can be inhibit or reverse the tumor growth by targeting apoptotic pathways will be new candidates for cancer prevention and therapy. The purpose of this study were to study the effect of Brefeldin A(BFA) as apoptotic inducing agent in SGT cell line from human submandibular adenocarcinoma NOS and apply these results to make a plan of treatment and prognosis of salivary gland tumors involving adenocarcinoma NOS. SGT cells were treated with a 300μM BFA solution in serum-free medium during 18 hours. SGT cells were grown in DMEM with 10% fetal bovine serum served as controls. The growth curve and MTT assay for succinyl dehydrogenase activity were performed. For apoptotic analysis, fragmentation of genomic DNA was confirmed with gel electrophoresis. Transmission electron microscopy was assessed for the effect of BFA on SGT cells phenotype. Apoptotic cell recognition and counting were carried out with Annexin-V, caspase 3 and APo2.7 antibody through flow cytometry. Growth of SGT cell line was abrutply decreased after 1 day of BFA treatment. MTT assay for succinyl dehydrogenase activity of the cells showed about 55% after 300μM BFA treatment. Destruction of cellular organells, numerous vacuolation in the cytoplasm & nucleus, chromatin margination, & fragments of nucleus were seen with TEM after 300μM BFA treatment. DNA fragmentation of SGT cell line was induced by 300μM BFA treatment and confirmed by gel electrophoresis from genomic DNA extraction. Late apoptosis of the cells through flow cytometric analysis of Annexin-V staining as induced by 300μM BFA treatment. Early apoptosis of the cells through flow cytometric analysis of caspase 3 and Apo 2.7 staining was induced by 300μM BFA treatment. It suggested that early and late apoptosis of SGT cell line would be induced by Brefeldin A treatment in vitro study. This work evaluated the efficacy of BFA, a potent apoptosis inducer, on SGT cultured cell line. And BFA as chemotherapeutic agent will be used as the treatment choice for adenocarcinoam NOS, and be need to apply BFA to in vivo study & clinical approach in future.

Collision avoidance is a fundamental and important task of an autonomous mobile robot for safe navigation in real environments with high uncertainty. Obstacles are classified into static and dynamic obstacles. It is difficult to avoid dynamic obstacles because the positions of dynamic obstacles are likely to change at any time. This paper proposes a scheme for vision-based avoidance of dynamic obstacles. This approach extracts object candidates that can be considered moving objects based on the labeling algorithm using depth information. Then it detects moving objects among object candidates using motion vectors. In case the motion vectors are not extracted, it can still detect the moving objects stably through their color information. A robot avoids the dynamic obstacle using the dynamic window approach (DWA) with the object path estimated from the information of the detected obstacles. The DWA is a well known technique for reactive collision avoidance. This paper also proposes an algorithm which autonomously registers the obstacle color. Therefore, a robot can navigate more safely and efficiently with the proposed scheme.

우리나라 맥류재배의 감퇴원인이 노동생산성의 저조에 있다는 전제하에서 많은 연구자들에 의하여 시도되고 있는 수종의 파종(재배)양식들을 동특에 공시하여 양식자체가 보유하고 있는 수량생산성과 또한 이들 양식이 요구하는 투하노동의 크기를 파악하고저 하였다. 또한 기계화가 가능한 상태에서의 노동투하요구도를 양식별로 추정함으로써 생력화 단계를 설정키 위하여 일연의 시험을 수행하였던 바 다음과 같은 몇가지 결론을 얻었다. 1. 부정지 파종보다는 정지파종이 월동전의 수수확보에 유리하고, 산파보다는 조파가 월동후의 생육에 유리하었으며, 다조파는 이들 모든 유리성을 겸비함으로써 높은 수량성을 나타내는 경향이었다. 2. 파종(재배)양식 자체의 투하노동 요구도는 대부분의 양식들에 있어서 표준의 관행정지파 양식보다 생력화되는 경향이 없었으며, 다만 기계화에 의한 인력의 대치를 목적으로 발위된 것으로 판단되었다. 3. 작업의 기계화가 가능하다는 전제하에서의 재배양식별 노동투부요구도는 다주용파와 부정지산파를 제외한 대부분의 재배양식에서 표준의 관행정지파보다 생력화 효과를 인정할 수 있었다. 4. 다주용파는 수량향상에 의하여, 그리고 부정지산파는 작업의 조방화에 의한 생력효과 때문에 시도된 것으로 보이며, 5. 노동투하시간에 대한 수량생산성의 비율, 즉 노동생산성을 산출한 결과 현재와 같은 인축 및 소형경운기 위주의 노동으로는 관행정지파나 광파정지파가 유리하고, 일관된 기계영농이 가능할 경우에는 다양파나 전면전층파가 유리한 양식인 것으로 인정되었다.