In Korea, “group feeding facilities” are public establishments that offer food to large numbers of people, typically consisting of more than 50 individuals at a time. As of March 2024, there were 46,642 such meal facilities in Korea. Among these, 14,177 (30.4%) were kindergartens, 12,155 (26.1%) were schools, and 9,949 (21.3%) were industrial facilities. In February 2021, lung cancer among culinary workers in schools was first recognized as an occupational disease. Since then, the necessity of implementing health management of culinary workers and improving the cooking environment has become a pressing issue. Previous studies have identified various cooking pollutants such as particulate matter, volatile organic compounds, and aldehydes generated during the cooking process. These pollutants have been shown to significantly impact on both indoor and outdoor environments. They are initially produced in cooking spaces, can spread to indoor dining areas by diffusion, and are eventually emitted to the outside air through exhaust outlets. Therefore, this study investigated previous research on the characteristics of pollutants and the environmental impacts of cooking facilities, including facilities providing meals. Additionally, this study analyzed the current status and limitations of policies and pollutant management systems related to these facilities. Finally, to improve the cooking environment and safeguard the health of workers, this study proposed several recommendations. These include guidelines and management system proposals for controlling cooking pollutants.

The objective of this study is to identify the emission characteristics of VOCs from small-scale painting facilities, such emissions being pollutants that impact nearby living areas and to devise improvement measures to enhance management plans regarding pollutant emissions from painting facilities. VOCs emissions from painting facilities were estimated according to Clean Air Policy Support System (CAPSS) data based on the National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER)'s emission list in 2017. Three automotive painting facilities in Seoul were chosen for evaluation of the adsorption system. We analyzed the characteristics of VOCs generated by type of different operation and measured the removal efficiency of the adsorption system. Therefore, we analyzed current emissions of VOCs from automotive painting facilities based on field measurements. According to such detailed analysis, a systematic management plan was proposed.

본 논문에서는 Bachman과 Palmer(1996)에서 제안한 언어 시험의 유용성을 판단하는 기준인 타당도, 신뢰도, 진정성, 영향력, 실용성에 대해 각 개념의 의미를 소개하고 해당 기준으로 판단해 본 수능의 특징을 논하였다. 수능은 읽기 문항에서는 타당도가 높지만 듣기는 입력 자료의 속도가 느리다는 점에서 타당도가 높지 않다. 또한 표현 기능인 말하기와 쓰기를 선택형 문항을 통해 간접적으로 측정하기 때문에 타당도에 치명적인 약점이 있다. 신뢰도 면에서 수능은 막대한 인력과 비용을 들여 점수에 부당하게 영향을 줄 수 있는 요소들을 차단하기 위해 최선을 다한 결과 매우 높은 신뢰도를 지닌 시험이다. 수능의 진정성은 읽기 문항에서는 상당히 우수한 편이지만 듣기에서는 원어민들의 실제 구어 사용의 특징을 제거한 녹음 자료를 사용하기 때문에 좋지 않은 편이다. 또한, 간접 측정 방식의 말하기와 쓰기 문항은 실제 상황에서 말하기나 쓰기 활동과 공통점이 거의 없기 때문에 진정성에 대한 치명적인 약점이 된다. 수능은 영향력이 너무 커서 다른 모든 기준을 압도해 버릴만한 주요 기준이다. 실용성 면에서 수능은 막대한 비용이 드는 시험이지만 정부에서 그 영향력을 인지하고 막대한 비용을 투자하기 때문에 필요한 자원보다 사용 가능한 자원이 더 큰 시험이다. 요약하면, 결국 수능은 타당도나 진정성에서는 그리 우수하지 않지만 시험의 영향력이 너무 큰 탓에 막대한 노력과 비용이 집중되어 신뢰도와 실용성은 상당히 높은 편이다.

In this study, toluene catalytic oxidation was investigated using various metal components (Cu, Ce, Ni, La and Zr) supported on Used FCC zeolite for the application of the waste recycling and odor reduction. Among the metals, 5 wt% Cu/zeolite showed the best catalytic activity. 100 % conversion was achieved at 300℃ which was 50℃ lower than that of other metal components. As increasing the amount of doped Cu, the CuO was formed and the surface area and pore size were decreased. By the reduction treatment before toluene oxidation, the catalytic activity of the oxidation below 250℃ was improved. No decrease of conversion was observed during the continuos reaction at 300℃ for 48 h.

The importance of indoor air environment gets higher because time of staying in indoor such as house or car become longer due to a change of the life pattern on human society. One of major pollution sources, VOCs or odor could be reduced or controlled by using adsorbent. It may be valuable for used catalyst to be applied in the adsorption of VOCs or odor. This could reduce the cost of adsorbent. In this work, the potential of used zeolites such as HZSM-5 catalyst and FCC catalyst as an adsorbent for removing acetaldehyde was investigated. Their adsorptive performances were compared with those of active carbon and MCM-41. The removal performace of used HZSM-5 was similar to that of active carbon due to its higher surface area. But used-FCC catalyst showed the lowest performance. These results suggest that used HZSM-5 can be applied to cheap adsorbent for acetaldehyde removal.

Ess-under-ess sentences, where the so-called past tense marker -ess in the complement clause of propositional attitude verbs occurs under -ess in the matrix clause, can be interpreted differently in some contexts. To take account of the semantic difference between the ess-under-ess sentences, I argue in this paper that the semantic contrast is due to types of predicates associated with -ess. After pointing out some problems with the previous treatments of -ess, I claim that -ess shows duality in the sense that it is parallel to the past tense in some contexts and to the present perfect in other contexts. As a way of disambiguating --ess, this paper comes up with certain types of predicates. That is, the exact meaning of -ess in a given context is dependent upon the types of predicates it is combined with. The predicate types, together with the duality of -ess, bring out semantically different interpretations of ess-under-ess sentences.