본 연구는 성별다양성이 남성과 여성의 자발적 이직에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 본 연구는 성별다양 성을 Blau 지수로 정의하고 남성과 여성의 자발적 이직에 미치는 영향을 확인하였다. 한국노동연구원의 사업체 패널 자료 2007년에서 2013년까지 중 4개년치의 자료를 이용하여 사무직종 중심의 사업장 중 남 성 구성원이 여성 구성원보다 많은 사업장만을 대상으로 패널분석을 실시하였다. 연구 결과에 의하면 성 별다양성은 남성의 자발적 이직에 유의한 정(+)적 영향을 미쳤으며, 여성의 자발적 이직에는 유의한 부 (-)적 영향을 미쳤다. 성별다양성의 증가로 인해 기존 주류집단이었던 남성 구성원들의 유사성과 매력이 감소하였기 때문에 남성의 자발적 이직은 증가했을 것으로 판단된다. 또한 성별다양성의 증가는 소수집 단이 차별받지 않고 일할 환경을 형성하고 조직에 대한 신뢰와 만족감을 증가시키기 때문에 여성의 자발 적 이직을 감소시켰을 것이다. 이는 주류집단이 남성인 조직에서 성별다양성의 증가가 여성 집단과 남성 집단의 이직률에 다른 영향을 미치는 것을 보여주는 결과이다. 또한 최초 지배 성별을 고려하는 것과 고 려하지 않는 것의 결과 차이를 비교해보기 위해 추가분석을 실시하였다. 주요 직종이 사무직종인 모든 사업장을 대상으로 성별다양성이 남성과 여성의 자발적 이직에 미치는 영향을 검증하였다. 성별다양성은 남성의 자발적 이직에 유의한 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났으며, 여성의 자발적 이직에는 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 최초 지배 성별을 고려하는 것과 고려하지 않는 것은 결과에 차이가 있었다. 이러한 결과들은 최초 지배 성별을 구분하여 성별다양성 연구를 진행해야 함을 시사한다. 후속 연구에서는 최신 데이터를 포함한 종단 자료를 활용하여, 다양한 업종과 직종을 대상으로 성별다양성이 남성과 여성의 자발적 이직에 미치는 차별적인 영향을 분석하는 시도가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

In this study, an AISI 316 L alloy was manufactured using a selective laser melting (SLM) process. The tensile and impact toughness properties of the SLM AISI 316 L alloy were examined. In addition, stress relieving heat treatment (650oC / 2 h) was performed on the as-built SLM alloy to investigate the effects of heat treatment on the mechanical properties. In the as-built SLM AISI 316 L alloy, cellular dendrite and molten pool structures were observed. Although the molten pool did not disappear following heat treatment, EBSD KAM analytical results confirmed that the fractions of the low- and high-angle boundaries decreased and increased, respectively. As the heat treatment was performed, the yield strength decreased, but the tensile strength and elongation increased only slightly. Impact toughness results revealed that the impact energy increased by 33.5% when heat treatment was applied. The deformation behavior of the SLM AISI 316 L alloy was also examined in relation to the microstructure through analyses of the tensile and impact fracture surfaces.

Additively manufactured metallic components contain high surface roughness values, which lead to unsatisfactory high cycle fatigue resistance. In this study, high cycle fatigue properties of selective laser melted Ti-6Al- 4V alloy are investigated and the effect of dry-electropolishing, which does not cause weight loss, on the fatigue resistance is also examined. To reduce the internal defect in the as-built Ti-6Al-4V, first, hot isostatic pressing (HIP) is conducted. Then, to improve the mechanical properties, solution treatment and aging are also implemented. Selective laser melting (SLM)-built Ti64 shows a primary α and secondary α+β lamellar structure. The sizes of secondary α and β are approximately 2 μm and 100 nm, respectively. On the other hand, surface roughness Ra values of before and after dry-electropolishing are 6.21 μm and 3.15 μm, respectively. This means that dry-electropolishing is effective in decreasing the surface roughness of selective laser melted Ti-6Al-4V alloy. The comparison of high cycle fatigue properties between before and after dry-electropolished samples shows that reduced surface roughness improves the fatigue limit from 150 MPa to 170 MPa. Correlations between surface roughness and high cycle fatigue properties are also discussed based on these findings.

China, considering art, culture, traffic, guide, hygiene, etc., divides its tourist attractions into 5 levels: 5A, 4A, 3A, 2A and 1A. Among them, 5A is the highest level of tourist attractions, and is given to the incomparably excellent tourist attractions though it is brought to the world, and is a place where intensive support and management by the state are offered at the same time. A 5A Level Tourist Attraction to be selected by National Tourist Bureau must receive an average mark of 90-95 or more (with its score being over 95 points in the 1st evaluation and over 90 in the 2nd and 3rd evaluation each) in more than 10 items of evaluation to proceed from the first to the third evaluation. As of April, 2018 there are 249 5A Level Tourist Attractions, and 3-15 attractions are appointed in most areas (based on jurisdiction as a provincial district). At a regional development level, it can be said that specification of 5A Level Tourist Attraction is as important as authorized data to attract overseas visitors as well as domestic visitors, because this can bring enormous revenue. Recently, however, as traffic congestion that is not fit for the world level tourist attractions, disorder, too many hawkers, rip-off prices, nature destruction, lack of natural protection consciousness, etc. are combined, tourist attractions whose appointment as a 5A Level Tourist Attraction is cancelled and demoted to a 4A Level are increasing. Such examples are Shanhai Tourism Site in Chinhwangdo, Sinyonghyeop Tourism Site in Junggyeong-si, etc. Tourism is an important industry for the development of China’s economic development, and it can be said that as a result, such sanctions and management bring a greater improvement to China’s tourist industry. Accordingly, this study intended to examine what sorts of regulations are applied for the management of China’s 5A Level Tourist Attractions and what kinds of managements and characteristics there are.

간절제술 후 담관-대장 누공은 매우 드물게 나타나는 합병증으로 알려져 있다. 저자들은 73세 여성에서 간절제술을 시행한 후 발생한 담즙종에 대하여 반복적인 담도 배액술 치료 중 내시경적 역행성 췌담도 조영술을 통하여 우연히 담관-대 장 누공을 발견하였고, 이를 내시경적으로 대장 클립 거치를 통하여 치료에 성공하였던 1예를 경험하였기에 문헌고찰과 함께 보고하고자 한다.

총담관의 자발적 천공은 흔하지 않으며, 이에 대해 충분한 연구와 경험이 부족한 상태이다. 본 저자들은 원인을 알 수 없는 복통과 난치성 복수를 호소하는 환자에서 총담관의 자발적 천공을 진단하고, 내시경역행담췌관조영술을 통한 완전피막형 자가팽창형 금속스텐트의 삽입술과 보존적 치료를 통하여 치료에 성공했던 증례를 경험하였기에 보고한다.

This study aims to arouse the people clearly to the differences of Danoje Festival in Korea from Danoje Festival in China for which it was designated as a world heritage. This study investigates the overview of the contents of Danoje Festival in Korea and China, and the differences of Danoje Festival in Korea from that in China can be summarized as follows: First, there is a difference in the origin/purpose of Danoje Festival between Korea and China. Danoje Festival in Korea is a kind of harvest ceremony celebrating the creation of life and praying for safety by the Yin-Yang harmony through sacred marriage of Cheonbusin (Heavenly father god) with Jimosin (Earth mother goddess) (or Sumosin (Water Mother Goddess)) in the myths of Dangun, Jumong, Park Hyeokgeose and Kim Su-ro. Yongseon (Dragon ship) game of Danoje Festival in China is a prayer for the safety of Qu Yuan’s corpse or a Yongmuje event for calming the appearance Sea god (God of water) by the battle under the water. Second, there are differences in the process of the development of Danoje Festival between Korea and China. In Danoje Festival in Korea, primarily, Summer Solstice Festival or May Festival was combined with secondary god of nature and thirdly, it was replaced by human gods, Gongeophyeong (General Han and His Sister, State Master Beomil and Kim Yu-Sin). In Danoje Festival in China, first, the summer solstice system was combined with the sea god festival, and second, the sea god was replaced by a human god in a kind of revengeful spirit (Qu Yuan). Third, there are differences in the process of the succession of Danoje Festival between Korea and China. Danoje Festival in Korea focuses on the rites, so entertaining group play Hwaetbul Nori (Torch play), Seokjeon (Mock fight with stone missiles) or horse race were included as part of Danoje Festival. Danoje Festival in China focuses on the games/plays instead of the rites, so ritualistic elements are diminished. In other words, Korea focuses on the rites while China focuses on games. Although Danoje Festival in Korea and China was developed in similar religious activities because of the regional background of high temperature and humidity and the industrial background of agriculture, it was found that Danoje Festival in Korea had different cultural styles with that in China, in terms of the origin/purpose and the processes of development and succession. The succession and development are most important parts of cultural heritages. In this sense, it is judged that it would be necessary to have a broad mind of understanding and respecting the country’s culture, rather than establishing the rights and wrongs based on the similarity of name or origin.

The purpose of this study is to examine the appointment process for secondary teachers of Korea and China, and analyze its differences. The characteristics of the appointment process for secondary teachers of Korea are as below. First, the influence of the Ministry of Education is absolute. The Ministry of Education manages everything from appointment notice to appointment examination, and it even controls dispatch of teachers, which proves its absolute influence. Second, the mode of appointment is unified. Korea only allows competitive examination, and thus being a secondary teacher is only possible through appointment examination that is held once a year. Third, secondary teachers are treated as civil servants. Secondary teachers are provided with the ninth-class salary of civil servants as soon as they are appointed, and when they have to do additional work for self-study or evening study, they receive two times the urban workers’ average wage. This treatment makes people consider the teaching job positive and prefer the job at the same time. The characteristics of the appointment process for secondary teachers of China are as below. First, schools have autonomy in appointing teachers to a certain degree. In selecting teachers, schools can decide when to hold appointment examination, how to proceed with the mode of appointment, and how many teachers are to be selected, and then gain approval from the Ministry of Education. The Ministry of Education gives autonomy to schools in selecting teachers. Second, the mode of appointment is diversified. Schools can decide whether to set the ratio of interview test to 100% or that of interview test and written test to 50% each, and whether to include demonstration class, according to their regions and characteristics. In addition, as schools can set the time of appointment examination differently depending on their regions, it can be said that appointment examination is held several times a year. Third, China is making an effort to realize improvement of treatment. Although it is well known that teachers’ workload is rather heavy compared to other jobs, the level of wage is not that high, and it varies with regions. Thus, ｢2014 New Teacher Wage Reform Measure｣ was established in March 3, 2014 to raise teachers’ wage considering the heavy workload and standardize the different levels of wage in different regions. Therefore, it is thought that China will constantly try to make the teaching job an ideal one at last.