The purpose of this study is to improve the ammonia (NH3) emission inventory estimation in the domestic CAPSS (Clean Air Policy Support System). Currently, the ammonia emissions rate is obtained by multiplying the activity (number of livestock) by emission factors. The amount of movement and treatment are not considered in the estimation of ammonia emission rates. However, livestock manure is currently moved and treated in accordance with the energy recycling policy. In this study, the new emission estimation method were suggested considering the moving and treatment characteristics of livestock manure. A new ammonia emissions was calculated for Bcity and Y-gun at Chungcheongnam-do province. It was shown that the moving and treatment ratio of ammonia emissions were 4.3% and 8.4%, respectively. Furthermore, this ratio would be increased rapidly with the continuous establishment of large-scale manure treatment facilities.

The characteristics of odor and VOCs emitted from a sewage treatment plant was investigated to provide the basic informations in the design of odor and VOCs treatment processes. The sewage treatment plant which treated domestic wastewater only and consisted of a flow equalization tank, thicker, and sludge container was selected. Odor and VOCs sampled three times (June - July) at the temperatures ranging from 24℃ to 27℃ were analyzed by GC/MS and GC/FPD. Odors were hydrogen sulfide, dimethylsulfide, ammonia, and styrene. Among them, the main compounds were dimethyldisulfide (14.45~2,340.91 O.U.) and ammonia (18.51~16,520 O.U.). The order of odor dilution ratio and odor unit can be listed as follows : Sludge container ＞ Flow equalization tank ＞ Thicker. The main VOC produced from sewage treatment plant was benzenes, and the others were dichloromethane, toluene, ethylbenzene, m,p-xylene, styrene, 1,2,4,-trimethylbenzene, 1,3-dichlorobenzene, and 1,2-dichlorobenzene. The concentration of toluene of a flow equalization tank, thicker, and sludge container were produced from 70.38 ppb to 103.07 ppb, from 28.18 ppb to 40.35 ppb, and from 67.92 ppb to 180.26 ppb. The producing order of VOC can be listed as follows : Sludge container ＞ Flow equalization tank ＞ Thicker.

Background: Previous phytochemical studies of whole Vernonia cinerea L. plants have identified sesquiterpene lactones, sterols, and triterpenes, which possess anticancer, antifeedant, and antimalarial activities. However, there are no reports of other types of bioactive metabolites. Therefore, the present study aimed to identify phenolic compounds with anti-inflammatory activity in the aerial parts of the plant.Methods and Results:Compounds were isolated from the aerial parts of V. cinerea using a silica and C-18 gel columns and semipreparative HPLC instrument, and the structures of the compounds were determined using one- and two- dimension nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy. The chloroform soluble extracts and isolated compounds were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory potential based on their ability to inhibit nitric oxide production and TNF-α induced NF-κB activity.Conclusions:Phytochemical study of the aerial parts of V. cinerea led to the isolation of six phenolic compounds. Compound 1 was a major metabolite, and to the best of our knowledge, compounds 2 - 6 were isolated from V.cinerea for the first time. Among the isolates, compounds 1 and 3 exhibited TNF-α-induced NF-κB activity with IC50 values of 7.5 and 11.5 M, respectively, and the inhibitory activity of phenyl propanoid compound 3 on TNF-α-induced NF-κB was evaluated for the first time.