현재 분단시대를 사는 우리는 앞으로 통일시대를 열기 위해 남북평 화통일을 이루어야 한다. 그런데 평화통일이라는 용어가 언제부터인지 평화와 통일로 분리되어 사용되고 있음을 보게 된다. 이것은 통일이 지연됨에 따른 피로감 확산과 평화적 공존을 추구하려는 움직임 그리고 평화와 통일에 대한 개념의 차이와 접근법의 차이로 보기도 한다. 분명한 것은 통일은 평화적인 방법으로 이루어져야 하고 통일은 평화를 가져와야 한다는 점이다. 평화 없는 통일은 불완전한 통일이고, 통일 없는 평화 또한 온전한 평화가 아님을 기억해야 한다. 선교는 다원화된 사회에서 평화를 추구하며 평화를 가져오는 선교가 되어야 한다. 무엇 보다 남북의 평화통일을 위해서는 용서와 화해가 선행되어야 한다. 아울러 교회내의 분열과 갈등을 줄이고, 철저한 회개와 교회 갱신을 통해 윤리의식 정립과 공신력 회복을 이루어야 한다. 평화는 구호가 아니라 실천임을 명심하여 화평케 하는 자로서 대사회봉사에 신중을 기해야 한다. 평화를 분모로 통일과 선교와 목회가 유기적으로 연계되 는 평화가 이 땅에 정착되어야 할 것이다.

사회주의 국가에서는 종교의 자유가 헌법에 기재되어 있다고 해서 선교의 자유가 주어져 있지는 않다. 특히 외국인 신분의 선교사들 에게는 여러 가지 규제와 제약이 있어 선교활동에 한계가 있다. 이런 제한된 상황에서 30년 동안 베트남에서 사역하고 있는 장요나 선교사는 크게 두 가지 선교를 병행하고 있다. 하나는 병원 건립을 통해 환자를 치료하는 의료선교를 하고 있고, 다른 하나는 무너진 교회를 찾아 재건하는 일을 하고 있다. 이 양쪽 기둥 사이에 현지인 목회자 양성을 위한 신학교육이 조심스럽게 이루어지고 있고 고아원을 통한 어린이 사역도 진행 중이다. 안타까운 것은 주변에 협조자보다는 방해꾼들이 많아 베트남 공안에 잡혀가기도 하고 추방되기도 하며 시련을 겪고 있다는 점이다. 그럼에도 그를 핍박한 경찰이 기도요청을 하기도 하고 존경을 표하기도 하는 일도 있었다. 순교자 정신으로 선교에 매진하고 있는 그는 영혼구원이라는 분명한 목표를 갖고 현지 상황에 맞는 전략을 구상하여 베트남을 넘어 라오스, 캄보디아, 그리고 미얀마까지 선교활동을 확대하려고 준비 중이다.

대통령 탄핵과 새로운 정권의 출범 이후 남북정상회담이 계속되며 평화공존과 통일에 대한 기대가 커지는 지금, 감정적인 반응과 이념적인 평가가 현실을 이성적으로 바라보고 객관적으로 분석하는데 걸림돌이 되기도 한다. 이런 상황에서 그리스도 공동체는 어떤 시각으로 사회변화를 바라보아야 하는지 또 어떤 마음가짐으로 통일을 준비해야 하는지 검토하는 일은 중요하다. 그리스도인들은 이념의 틀에서 벗어나 신앙의 눈으로 사회변화를 지켜보아야 할 것이고, 편향성과 주관성을 떠나 신중하게 대응해야 할 것이다. 아울러 하나님의 뜻이라며 하나님 이름을 오용하는 일은 이젠 그만 두어야 할 것이다. 무엇보다 우리에게 주어진 화해의 사명을 자각하여 분열된 사회와 분단된 조국의 화해를 위해 선을 행하며 사랑을 실천하는 일이 계속되어야 할 것이다. 그러기 위해 먼저 용서하고 서로 화목하며 공의를 이루어가야 할 것이다. 아울러 북한동포를 위해 기도하며 통일을 준비하는 교회 공동체가 되어야 할 것이다.

헝가리는 1985년부터 경제위기와 더불어 야권 세력이 등장하며 이념투쟁이 표면화 되었다. 1988년 6월 역사진상규명위원회가 구성되 었고, 헝가리 공산당 정부는 1989년 주요 재야단체, 시민단체들과 임시로 ‘원탁회의’를 구성했다. 1990년 4월 첫 번째 총선에서 헝가리민 주포럼(MDF)이 제1당이 되었고 당수인 언떨 요제프(Antal Jozesf)를 수상으로 선출했다. 체제전환 과정에서 나타난 중요한 사안은 과거사 정리이다. 충분한 피해자 보상이 이루어지지는 않았으나 나름 상징적 차원에서 시도되었다고 평가된다. 북한은 폐쇄사회이지만, 한류열풍과 중국 등지를 통한 교류는 북한주민들의 시야확장과 변화를 가져올 수 있다. 이런 내부의 노력에 의해 체제변화를 이끌어 낼 가능성을 타진해볼 수 있을 것이다. 아울러 우리는 북한에 있는 조선그리스도교 연맹과 지하교회가 북한체제변화에 어떤 역할을 할 수 있을지를 관심을 갖고 고민하며 주시해야 할 것이다.

이 연구는 북한당국에 의해 자행되는 선교사 납치 및 억류가 증가하는 상황에서의 대북선교 위기관리를 고찰하며 대책을 다루었다. 1995년 이후 북한에 의해 강제실종된 선교사는 10여명이 되는 것으로 알려졌다. 북한당국은 선교사 억류를 최고 존엄과 북한체제 비방, 간첩행위 등으로 내세우지만 실제로는 북한주민 단속강화, 탈북자 차단, 지하교인 색출, 선교조직 와해를 목적으로 선교사를 억류하는 것으로 파악된다. 또, 모종의 협상이 필요할 때 선교사 석방을 명분으로 내세우는 것으로 보인다. 선교현장에서의 불필요한 마찰과 희생을 최소화하기 위해 신분노출을 삼가고, 무분별한 북한주민 접촉을 삼가는 것이 위험을 최소화 할 수 있는 방안이다. 선교관련 자료 노출은 선교사 개인뿐만이 아니라 관련된 다수의 사람들과 선교사역 자체에 치명적이 될 수 있으므로 철저히 관리해야 한다. 특히 선교 관련하여 감정적으로 접근하거나, 성과위주로 사역을 하게 되면 큰 어려움에 처하게 될 수도 있다는 사실을 직시해야 한다. 끝으로 대북선교는 네트워크를 통한 정보공유나 선교단체와의 연계가 어렵고, 선교결과를 공개하기 어렵다는 한계를 갖고 있다. 따라서 후원교회나 선교단체에서는 이런 제한과 한계에 대해 이해하여 선교사의 이름과 사역내용과 선교장소 공개를 삼가야 할 것이다.

중국에 체류하는 북한주민이 많다. 대체로 식량을 구하기 위해 또는 돈을 벌기 위해 잠시 왔다가 북한으로 되돌아가지 못한 경우가 대부분이다. 일부는 가족을 찾아 왔다가 중국에 머물게 된 경우도 있다. 문제는 이들의 중국 체류가 장기화되면서 불법체류자 신분이 되어 법적 보호를 받지 못한다는 것이다. 탈북여성들의 경우 인신매매 에 노출되는 심각한 위험을 안고 있다. 또한 탈북여성들 중 한족을 만나 결혼하거나 사실혼 관계로 사는 경우 호구가 없어 불안한 생활을 한다. 또 한족과 탈북여성 사이에서 출생한 아이들 가운데는 무국적자 가 있어 교육과 의료의 혜택을 받지 못하는 경우도 있다. 한국 선교사들 가운데 일부는 탈북자들에게 다양한 도움을 제공하기도 하지만 한계가 있고 신변보호를 비롯한 어려움을 안고 있다. 이런 상황에서 중국교회가 선교적 차원뿐만이 아니라 인도주의적 및 사회봉사 차원에서 이들을 구제하는 것은 가치 있는 일이 될 것이다. 따라서 중국교회는 헐벗은 자에게 입을 것을, 굶주린 자에게 식량을, 갈 곳 없는 자에게 거처를 마련하는 기본적인 일부터 시작하여야 한다. 또한 탈북자들에게 일터를 제공하고, 탈북여성들의 인신매매 방지를위해 다각도로 노력하며, 탈북 고아들을 돌보는 일과 한족과 탈북여성 사이에 출생한 아이들을 도와야 할 것이다. 이런 일이야말로 사회적 약자에 대한 배려와 보호이며, 이웃사랑의 실천이고, 인권문제를 해결 하는 움직임이 될 것이고 교회의 대사회적 사명을 감당하는 일이 될 것이다.

Korean people have been talking about reunification of Korea for more than 60 years. This means that there is division in the Korean peninsula. Division brings antagonism and competition. We need reunification and it should be peaceful. The term peaceful reunification indicates the method and aim. Reunification of Korea should bring peace. Peaceful reunification is a missional task as well as a national task.Shalom is fulfilled with justice and love with the relationship between God and humanity, a human and a human, and humanity and nature. Shalom reveals right relationship with God. It appears through a righteous life and is embodied in the faith community. Shalom is found in peaceful relation with others and is embodies in the ethical community. Shalom is also found in harmonious relation with nature and is embodies in the responsible community.The Korean Christianity has three-fold roles that are national reconciliation, salvation and reunification. Division is building a wall between you and me, regards with hostility to each other, and the loss of community life. Reunification however is overcoming the division, settlement of hostile life, and recovering of community life. The Korean Christianity has a task to reconcile the North and the South. This is a role of the high priest that is given to the Korean Christianity.The Korean Church should repent its loss of public trust in the society through falling into materialism, taking advantage of secular success, neglect of social issues, and splitting into several factions rather being a model of reconciliation and harmony. Therefore the Korean Church should recover its public trust and leadership. One of the important roles of the Korean Church is to be concerned about North Korean people’s life and their human rights, and then should participate in the interchange with North Korean people. Particularly, the Korean Church should make constant efforts for a reunion of the dispersed family members. The Korean Church can also play a role of trust building between the North and the South with a prophetic mission.The Korean Christianity should not take a biased attitude to a specific ideology, nor assume an amicable attitude to a particular system. This makes mediation of confrontation and conflict difficult, and may break social balance. Therefore the Korean Christianity should overcome a certain ideology and system, and contribute peaceful reunification. This is where the Korean Church should stand and what the Korean Church should do.

This study examines the differences and conflicts between the North and the South, briefly reviews conflicts of a unified Germany, and then focuses on issues on the unification of the Korean peninsula and reconciliation. The division of the Korean peninsula first brought separation of the land. Separation of the land brought a division of the system. The division of the system brought severance of interchange. Severance of interchange brought discontinuity of human relations. Ideological confrontation produced tension, hatred and hostility in this division. Sociocultural differences are deeper than national homogeneity. The really important issue is how to solve this problem while preparing for reunification of Korea. One aspect of national integration after unification reconciliation between the North and the South will be a premise of solving all problems. Reconciliation is a significant Christian doctrine and the most important element for peaceful unification. Koreans should break down their barriers; social, cultural, ideological and emotional. After breaking down barriers, Koreans should restore their broken relationships. Social reconciliation on a national basis has to follow the process of repentance → forgiveness → reconciliation. However, it is not easy to carry out this logic in human history. Most offenders neither acknowledge their faults nor repent. Forgiving someone is not easy work. Christian reconciliation is however different. God initiates reconciliation through Christ, because reconciliation is the work of God. God restores the damaged humanity of the victim through a lifegiving relationship with God. This experience of grace leads to action. Forgiveness by the victim and God’s grace can lead to the repentance of the offender. Here both the victim and the wrongdoer who experience reconciliation become a new creation in Christ. Like this, Christian reconciliation is as follows: reconciliation → forgiveness → repentance. The church’s role for reconciliation is as follows: First, the Korean church should be capable of a prophetic role in society and has a vocation to be an agent of peace for peaceful unification and social integration. Second, the Korean Church should approach human rights in the view of faith. Third, the Korean Church supports both domestic and foreign locations in the humanitarian dimension with a heart of sharing love. Fourth, the church should provide a religious shelter to those who have a different political standpoint. Fifth, the Korean Church as a social and cultural transformer should reduce their differences and restore homogeneity by making efforts to acknowledge and understand their differences with each other. Sixth, in order to have a social responsibility, the Korean Church should stand ethically. Seeing a time of reunification, the church as a reconciler should proclaim the message of reconciliation. As a reconciler, the church should participate positively in the reconciliation movement. The Korean Church should establish a theology of reconciliation that fits the Korean context. Reconciliation is a nation task given to Korean nation and a mission given to the Korean Church. Therefore, Korean Christians should remember this and pray and prepare to contribute to the peaceful unification as a reconciler.

This study focuses on the importance of forming a new community for the Korean immigrant in the United States. In order to do this, I discuss experiences of immigrant life and awakening to the reality of a different culture, and consider the identity of Korean immigrants in a Christian perspective. From arrival until a certain period after, many Korean immigrants do not see objectively what they are facing in reality. They do not have a clear understanding of the American reality. The reality of a grueling immigrant life is overshadowed by their idealistic expectation of the land of opportunity and freedom. After a certain period, Korean immigrants begin to realize their real problems, such as family problem, the race problem and cultural differences. One of serious problems that Korean immigrants face is marginality. The first generation of Korean immigrants has a limit on how much they can assimilate to a huge organization such as America. When Korean immigrants encounter the reality of life in the United States, they become conscious of the problems they are faced with, and realize their present situation. They feel alienated in this wilderness country and have strange feelings because they live in a bi-cultural setting. Then they realize the need of their new identity as Korean-American. It is important to understand the new culture and form a new identity in order to adapt new culture in a foreign country. The Korean immigrant church is a very important place for the Korean immigrant. The church provides a meaning to life, a sense of belonging, and psychological peace of mind to immigrants. Furthermore, the church should participate in social issues in a mainstream society for rights and interests. The immigrant church helps people discover their identity through Christian faith. The church has a threefold function: kerygma, koinonia and diakonia. If there three functions are well combined, the church may help Korean immigrants to develop a new community. Korean immigrants should open their clannish boundary of community. A way to live authentic Korean-Americans is beyond the boundary of Koreanness and interacts with the mainstream society and other ethnic groups. With the identity of Korean-Americans, Korean immigrants move toward a dyanamic society of the United States. Then they can develop a new community in muticultural, multiethnic and multiracial society.

The Korean Church has been doing various mission works in many areas. However, it seems that there is neither profound study nor systematic materials for professional mission. This study is an attempt to a basic study for medical mission in East Timor. This project-style study is a practical one through not only literature analysis but also field research. East Timor is a newly born country. The government of East Timor has made education, health and agriculture as the most priority works in the National Development Plan. These three areas are surely urgent and important for the national development. At present, medical facilities are falling behind and national health indicator is very low in East Timor. Both fertility rate and infant mortality is high. Not only infant mortality but maternal mortality rate is also high. Moreover, the people of East Timor are not free from various diseases. However, a regular prevention of epidemics can reduce attack rate of disease. Medical mission should begin with grasping of the urgent need and importance in the field. It is not only provide medicine and cure a disease, but also takes a disease prevention program and health education. Prevention is better than cure. It plays a role to protect people from a disease beforehand. In order to prepare for medical mission, it is necessary to make stages, set goals, examine processes of operation goals, analyze results and evaluate them. Among the six stages, the first stage is to organize a short-term mission team. It is consisted of 5 to 10 people and the members stay at least two weeks to a month. The team visits a fixed place once or twice a year. This is because the members of the team may have a close relationship with the natives and get the information of their health. This may help grasp their health condition and provide appropriate health care. The second stage is to send one or two medical volunteers to a local clinic or hospital as long-term medical missionaries. The third stage is preparation period for founding a local clinic. In order to found a clinic, carefully examine the necessity of founding a medical institution and a suitable location where is no medical benefit. The fourth stage is a period of founding a local clinic. One nurse and one midwife serve the clinic. The fifth stage is a stable period of operating the clinic. In this period, the clinic provides medical service of good quality and preventive education. The sixth stage is a self-supporting stage of operating the clinic. It is time to change its members as the natives by stages, and transfer its operation to them. Medical mission is a future-oriented work in the respect of the promoting national health. It carries out on the level of Christian mission, so that may share God’s love with the people in East Timor. The society will be healthy through forming a healthy person in both body and mind, and living in harmony with God, neighbor and nature make.

Matteo Ricci’s missionary work in China was a remarkable cross-cultural mission in the 16th Century. Matteo Ricci introduced Christian teaching to the Chinese literati. By adopting the Chinese language and culture, he was able to enter the center of the Chinese society which was normally closed to foreigner. His missionary approach was effective. Ricci did not approach the Chinese culture with superiority like other Western missionaries. He behaved that he came to China to learn. Ricci made notable sacrifices to study the language―he had learned to speak, read and write Chinese, the habits and customs of the Chinese, as to make them his own. Ricci’s second cultural approach is to conform life-style with the socio-ethical system. When Ruggieri and Ricci first entered China together in 1583, they were dressed as Buddhist monks. Later, Ricci found that the monks he met were neither learned nor well respected. Ricci decided to carry his religious testimony to the very heart of the society, and for this, he adopted the life style and dress of educated Confucians. Ricci had grown his hair and beard and put on the scholar’s robes. Ricci’s third approach was to write many moral writings. It was an academic approach. Ricci’s moral writings had attracted the Confucian literati, even by those did not sympathize with his religious ideas. In T’ien-chu shih yi, Ricci mentioned that T’ien-chu [Lord of Heaven] in Christianity was same as Shang-ti [Sovereign Lord] in Confucianism. Ricci’s fourth cultural approach was the introduction of Western science and technology. Ricci displayed world map, western clocks, Venetian prism, European paintings and books. Ricci was accepted widely among the literati by his knowledge of mathematics and other sciences; by the curious objects he had brought, and even by his alleged knowledge of alchemy. Ricci’s fifth cultural approach was to respect Chinese rites and customs. Through discussion with the Chinese literati, Ricci indirectly introduced the Christian point of view on the various problems and matters. His Chinese disciples demonstrated that to accept the Christian faith did not imply abandoning one’s own culture, nor mean diminishing loyalty to one’s own country and traditions, but rather that the faith offered them to serve their country. By this reason, Jesuit missionaries allowed to worship at a shrine of Confucius and to perform a religious service in an ancient rite. In fact, an ancient rite was very delicate and sensitive issue at that time. It requires careful approach through theological reflection and evaluation because cultural accommodation may change to relativism or syncretism. As a missionary, Ricci never forgot his ultimate goal: the preaching the Gospel and the conversion of China. Ricci’s missionary work in China is still a model of Asian missionary work. Ricci’s missionary method through cultural accommodation was vital and actual as ever. It is necessary for the effective missionary works to understand the social structure of the field. Without destroying or ignoring their own culture and customs, we can carefully make a connection between Christianity and culture and customs of the field.

The number of North Korean defectors has increased from the 1990s. This phenomena has sought some significance as the reunification of the Koreas is being considered. It can shed insight on problems of socio-psychological adaptation. The dynamic process of the defectors' adaptation to the South Korean society may model a process of adaptation needed on a wider scale of and when reunification of Korea is achieved. North Korean defectors in South Korea are experiencing various difficulties in the capitalist society of South Korea including different value, identity problem, difficulties of social life, economic unrest, and psychological and emotional uneasiness. In this study, their problems and difficulties are analyzed for developing adaptation process. The process of adaptation for defectors can be divided into four stages: pre-awareness, awareness, adaptation and settlement. Particularly, mental and psychological difficulties are stumbling blocks to their adaptation. They need education for social adaptation and counseling programs. In fact, many South Koreans do not understand the North Korean defectors' difficulties in their process of adaptation. South Korean people need to accept North Korean defectors as their brothers and sisters, as persons of the same nation. Reunification is not restoration of the original state before the division. True reunification is to restore a broken relationship between the North and South.

The number of North Korean defectors has increased in the 1990's. One particular fact is that many North Korean defectors are religious persons living in South Korea. Their motivation for accepting religion was that they had received various types of support from Christian missionaries and/or Christians in foreign countries, or in South Korea itself. This is the result of missionary work on their behalf. There were many who joined churches which had helped them when they came to South Korea. A few of them entered theological college or seminary. Among them some had theological education at underground seminaries in China and performed ministry for North Korean defectors. They entered theological schools for more systematic education. Some started theological education by themselves. Some began it because of North Korea mission. Some are practicing ministry for other North Korean defectors, while others have established churches. This is a very positive aspect for/by North Korean defectors themselves, and area of will continue as mission for North Korean defectors after the reunification of Korea. North Korean defectors convey their difficulties in theological education, but express their need for it. Having a religious life and studying theology are different matters. Many of them stayed outside of the traditional school system for a long time. This makes them quite challenged when adapting to school life. Many also experience the difficulties of foreign languages, and different educational systems, which exist between North and South Korea. The students are lonely and need faithful friends. Although they study theology, they need counseling, to help them have balance and succeed in a new and different environment. Moreover, tuition is one of their real problems and often blocks them in their studies or ability to study. Most of them serve churches, as Sunday school teachers or serve on a North Korean Mission committee within the church. There are many churches in South Korea, but only a few provide these students with a meaningful position in the church setting. Although the students may experience trial and error, in their new life, it is necessary for them to be provided for in the ministerial fields. For their future and the future of the two Korea, it is important for them to have practical experiences of ministry in various fields. South Korean churches should face up to the fact that it is important not only send them to theological schools, but to also nurture them and train them to be faithful and Christ driven ministers. Before entering theological schools, North Korean defectors must seriously consider whether they have a conviction to study theology. Second, it is important for them to have a confession of faith that they live with Jesus Christ as their Savior. Third, they should have correct understanding of theology. Fourth, they must have healthy view of ecclesiology. Fifth, they should open their heart to serve not only in the North Korean mission field, but also in varied areas of ministry. Sixth, although it seems that North Korean defectors have a good Christian faith, it is not desirable to recommend North Korean defectors to study theology without considering their faith and calling. South Korean churches or other supporters should select North Korean defectors through careful conversations and counseling. South Korean churches should nurture North Korean defectors as they grow in their Christian faith. Some of the churches will want to prepare them as future missionaries to their home towns after reunification. They will be in the vanguard of missionaries to North Korea after reunification. Their missionary work probably will be more effective than that of others who will enter the North for the first time.

This study is an attempt to create a possibility to have a dialogue between Christianity and the juche idea. Due to the strong anti- cornmUIÚsm in the South Korean Church, it has been very difficult to initiate dialogue between them. The juche idea is the ruling ideology of North Korea，and plays the role of a substitute religion. It dominates everything, induding politics, economy, milit따y， culture, social life and individual life. In order to understand North Korea its sociery and its people，it is necessary to know what the juche idea is. It may help to prepare for reunification of Korea and the post reunification period. For an effective mission in North Korea, it is worthy to analyze the juche idea ideologically and theologically. Christianity and the juche idea have different worldviews and methodologies: while Christianiry has a theocentric view, the juche idea has an anthropocentric idea. Christianity， particularly Reformed theology, has a GocI-centered view of histoty, whereas the juche idea has a human-centered understanding of it. Reformed theology believes in God's revelation and providence, but the juche idea pursues revolutionaty praaice for liberation. Although there are differences and disagreements berween Christianity and the jttche idea, we can discover similarities berween the juche idea and minjung theology. The juche idea differs from Reformed theology, but is closer to minjung theology. Both the juche idea and minjung theology affirm that human beings are the subjecrs of histoty, and emphasize the struggle for liberation from oppression and explotiation.