Hong, Eun-jin. 2004. An Analysis of Vocabulary Errors by Japanese Learners of the Korean Language. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea, 12(1). This paper examines vocabulary errors, especially focusing on replacement errors in writing, of Japanese who learn the Korean language. Through the analysis of these vocabulary errors in writing, it was found that the important causes of the errors are native language influence, target language influence, and educational curricula, etc,. This study attempts to explain the errors through a contrastive analysis of Korean and Japanese. The results of the analysis are presented with the error list, the error correction list, and the study list for objective research. The findings of this research can be summarized as follows: First, errors with nouns that aren’t used in the target language are caused by the transfer of the native language. Second, errors with adverbs occurred in relation to sentence meaning rather than word meaning itself. Third, errors with number adjectives appeared in the combinations of ‘native Korean numeral + Chinese-origin noun’, or ‘Chineseorigin numeral + Chinese-origin noun’. The teaching of combination rules about these sequences will help Japanese learners of Korean to decrease these errors. Fourth, many errors with verbs and adjectives were found to come from meaning similarity that exists between the native and target languages. Fifth, errors with collocations were due to the transfer of Japanese to the target language and also to similarities in meaning.

In this study, beauty food activities were determined for extracts of Saurus chinensis as functional beauty food. Tyrosinase inhibitory effect was increased as more 4 folds by ultra-fine grind technology than normal grind technology in ethanol extracts from Saurus chinensis. A ultra-fine ground technology was used to increase the extraction yield for bioactive compounds from medicinal plants. Tyrosinase inhibitory activity, which is related to skin-whitening, was confirmed to be 100% for ethanol extracts at 1,000 ppm of phenolics. Anti-wrinkle activity was determined showing 30% of inhibition effect at above 1,000 ppm phenolic concentration. The elastase inhibitory activity of water and ethanol extracts from ultra-fine ground Saurus chinensis showed higher inhibition activity than compared to extracts from normal ground Saurus chinensis. Astringent activity in ethanol extracts was determined showing over 70% at 250 ppm of phenolics. Based on these results, Saurus chinensis extracts can be used as a functional beauty food and cosmetic with whitening, anti-wrinkle and pore contraction effects.

참취로부터 phenolic compounds를 추출 후 항산화 효과, 건강 기능성 식품 및 미용식품 활성을 검정하여 기능성 소재로 활용 가능성을 살펴보았다. 참취에 함유되어 있는 페놀성 물질은 물과 60% ethanol을 용매로 하여 추출하였을 때 각각 11.1 mg/g, 4.18 mg/g 함량을 나타내었다. 추출물의 phenolic 농도를 50~200 μg/mL로 조절하여 DPPH를 측정한 결과, 물 추출물과 ethanol 추출물 50 μg/mL phenolics 농도 에서 각각 87%, 91%였고, ABTS radical decolorization도 50 μg/mL phenolics 농도에서 각각 99%, 99%였다. Antioxidant protection factor는 200 μg/mL phenolics 농도에 서 물 추출물과 ethanol 추출물에서 각각 1.87 PF와 2.22 PF로 측정되었으며, TBARs값은 50 μg/mL phenolics농도에 서 물 추출물이 95%, ethanol 추출물에서 97%를 나타내었 다. Angiotensin converting enzyme(ACE) 저해능은 물 추출 물에서 50.8%, ethanol 추출물에서 69.4%의 저해율을 나타 내었으며, xanthine oxidase 저해능은 물 추출물은 50 μg/mL phenolics농도에서 91%, ethanol 추출물은 200 μg/mL phenolics농도에서 80%의 높은 효능을 보였다. α-Amylase 저해능은 물 추출물과 ethanol 추출물에서 각각 24%, 89% 로 ethanol 추출물에서 높은 효능을 보였다. Tyrosinase 저해 능을 측정한 결과 물 추출물과 ethanol 추출물에서 각각 47%, 25%의 미백 효과를 나타내었다. Elastase 저해능 측정 결과 물 추출물과 ethanol 추출물에서 각각 46%, 14%로 물 추출물에서 주름 개선 효과가 상대적으로 높게 나타내었 다. 이러한 결과로 보아 참취 추출물은 항산화 고혈압억제, 통풍억제, 당분해억제, 미백효과, 주름개선효과 등의 건강 기능성 식품 및 미용식품 활성 소재로서 활용 가능성이 큰 것으로 판단되었다.

In this study, the antioxidative activity and functional food activities of water and ethanol extracts from Pinus densiflora root were examined. It was more effective to use ethanol than water when extracting phenolic compounds. The extracted phenolic compounds from Pinus densiflora root for biological activities were examined. The phenolic compounds extracted with water and 80% EtOH were 1.86±0.04 mg/g and 6.85±0.16 mg/g, respectively. DPPH free radical scavenging activity of water and EtOH were each 86% and 85% at 100 μg/mL phenolics, respectively. ABTS radical decolorization activity was 48% in water and 68% in EtOH at 200 μg/mL. Antioxidant Protection Factor (PF) were 1.74 PF in water and 1.96 PF in EtOH at 50 μg/mL. TBARs of water and EtOH were 93% and 98%, respectively at 100 μg/mL. The inhibition activity on xanthine oxidase was 83.7% in water extracts and 79.6% in ethanol extracts. Inhibition on xanthine oxidase of water and ethanol extracts showed a higher inhibition effect than allopurinol. The inhibition activity on α-glucosidase was 14.8% in water extracts and 91.6% in ethanol extracts. The result suggests that P. densiflora root extracts may be useful as as functional food material.

본 연구에서는 여주의 기능성을 활용한 양갱을 제조하여 물성을 측정하고, 소비자 기호도 조사를 실시하였다. 쓴맛을 느끼지 않게 하기 위하여 건조한 여주를 180℃에서 roasting하였다. 생리활성 물질인 phenolic compound의 함량은 raosting한 여주 물추출물에서 6.30±0.17 mg/g으로 가장 높은 추출률을 보였다. Phenolics 농도를 50~200 μg/mL으로 조절하여, non-roasting한 생여주와 roasting한 볶은여주의 항산화 활성을 측정하였다. 전자공여능은 non-roasting한 여주와 roasting한 여주가 각각 74.06~92.71%, 86.06~94.07%이었으며, ABTS는 36.26~98.03%와 67.02~99.60%이었다. Antioxidant protection factor(PF)는 2.19~2.25 PF와 2.20~2.36 PF이었으며, TBARS는 13.81~40.97%와 23.32~82.47%이었다. 여주 알콜 추출물이 물 추출물보다 상대적으로 50 μg/mL의 저 농도에서 항산화 효과가 더 우수하였다. 또한 roasting한 여주가 non-roasting한 여주보다 항산화 효과가 더 우수하였다. α-Glucosidase 활성저해 효과는 non-roasting한 여주의 경우 알콜 추출물에서는 물추출물에 비해 높은 효소저해 활성을 나타내었으며, 첨가하는 여주 phenolics에 대한 농도 의존적으로 저해 효과가 높아지는 양상을 나타내었다. 여주 분말 첨가량을 달리하여 제조한 양갱은 경도, 탄력성, 응집성, 씹힘성 등의 기계적 조직감과 색깔 등이 첨가되는 여주분말의 농도에 비례하여 품질이 나빠졌다. 또한, non-roasting 여주 분말을 사용했을 때는 첨가농도에 비례하여 색, 향, 맛, 조직감, 전체적 기호도 등의 관능적 특성이 나빠졌으나, roasting한 여주분말을 사용했을 때는 1% 이하의 저 농도에서는 관능적 특성이 오히려 좋아지는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 여주분말을 부재료로 사용하여 양갱을 제조할 때, 기능적 특성과 관능적 특성을 고려한다면 roasting하여 첨가하는 것이 바람직할 것으로 생각되며, 사용농도는 1% 이하의 농도가 적합할 것으로 판단되었다.