Purpose: The purpose of this study is to provide basic data for developing strategies to improve the learning effect of simulation by analyzing the reflective journaling after the simulation based learning on the nursing of patients with upper gastrointestinal (UGI) bleeding. Method: From September 19–29, 2016, we conducted a simulation of UGI bleeding patient nursing with fourth-year students in the nursing department of University B in City A, and analyzed the data using content analysis. Results: In this study, reflective journaling can be an effective educational method to strengthen nursing competence, such as the self-reflection of nursing students, evidence-based nursing practice, teamwork, and communication ability. Conclusion: Reflective journaling after practice in simulation-based education is an important process in training critical thinking, situational judgment, and reflection of nursing practice content, and needs to be extended to both on-campus practice and clinical practice.

At the beginning of the 20th century, Cartier developed Art Deco jewelry designs that have been used as design inspirations to this day. The purpose of this study is to analyze the characteristics of the Art Deco jewelry designs of Cartier in the early 20th century. Regarding the research method, this study explored the jewelry designs from 1904 to 1939 by extracting 288 analysis subjects from Cartier’s exhibitions, auction picture books, and foreign books, and analyzed the characteristics in terms of design motifs, colors and materials. The results of the study are as follows. Regarding the design motifs, 73% were geometric motifs, and 66% were a combination of circular shapes and polygons, the most frequent. In terms of colors, 69% were chromatic in color, and vivid colors were mostly used in the order of red (24%), - green (19%), and - blue (14%). Of the materials, 92% of the metals consisted of platinum, and gemstones were used in the order of diamonds (41%), - onyx (13%), - emeralds (11%), - rubies (9%), and - sapphires (8%). In the early 20th century, Cartier’s Art Deco jewelry designs featured abstract and geometric motifs, vivid colors and strong contrasts, platinum and precious gemstones. This study is meaningful in that it explores the competitiveness of Cartier’s designs and provides practical ideas to combine Art Deco style with contemporary jewelry designs successfully.

As the international competitive landscape deepens, the need to understand foreign cultures and establish effective strategies is increasing. At the beginning of the 20th century, Cartier actively developed exotic designs to secure international competitiveness; theses designs have also been used as design prototypes for Cartier in modern times. The purpose of this study is to analyze the color characteristics and types of exotic designs in the early 20th century, which was a turning point in Cartier's design. After studying the literature, a total of 248 exotic designs were presented in Cartier catalogs. This study also selected overseas monographs from the early 20th century, and their design types were classified and color analysis was performed based on the Natural Color System(NCS). Cartier’s exotic designs cover wide range of styles, such as Chinese, Japanese, Persian, Indian and Egyptian styles. Multicolor, primary colors, and contrast are all strongly expressed. 97% of designs contained multiple colors, with at least two colors and maximum of six colors. The most frequently used colors are red, green, and blue, which means that only 9% of the designs do not contain the three colors, showing a high preference for theses three colors. In addition, color combinations of red and green, red and blue, or all three colors are used to show high contrast and utilize complementary colors, or near complementary colors, for coloration. This study is meaningful in that it analyzes the color characteristics of Cartier’s exotic designs and translates them into practical data for establishing the color strategies of companies in the global market.

As the international competitive landscape deepens, the need to understand foreign cultures and establish effective strategies is increasing. At the beginning of the 20th century, Cartier actively developed exotic designs to secure international competitiveness; theses designs have also been used as design prototypes for Cartier in modern times. The purpose of this study is to analyze the color characteristics and types of exotic designs in the early 20th century, which was a turning point in Cartier's design. After studying the literature, a total of 248 exotic designs were presented in Cartier catalogs. This study also selected overseas monographs from the early 20th century, and their design types were classified and color analysis was performed based on the Natural Color System(NCS). Cartier’s exotic designs cover wide range of styles, such as Chinese, Japanese, Persian, Indian and Egyptian styles. Multicolor, primary colors, and contrast are all strongly expressed. 97% of designs contained multiple colors, with at least two colors and maximum of six colors. The most frequently used colors are red, green, and blue, which means that only 9% of the designs do not contain the three colors, showing a high preference for theses three colors. In addition, color combinations of red and green, red and blue, or all three colors are used to show high contrast and utilize complementary colors, or near complementary colors, for coloration. This study is meaningful in that it analyzes the color characteristics of Cartier’s exotic designs and translates them into practical data for establishing the color strategies of companies in the global market.

As social media are emerging as essential communication channels for corporates in all areas, luxury jewelry brands have implemented enhanced strategies for brand story videos by creating brand channels on YouTube. In this study, a comparative analysis of the videos made available by Cartier and Tiffany&Co. on their YouTube Brand Channels was conducted, with the aim of identifying their strategic characteristics. The research method encompassed, both literature review and empirical investigations. A quantitative analysis was conducted by means of the ‘HEART’ model, a type of luxury jewelry brand story, and the following common strategic elements were identified. First, in their brand story videos both brands focus primarily on ‘theme’. Second, ‘relationship’ and ‘artisanship’ are emphasized in addition to ‘theme’. Third, the videos incorporate high level aesthetics to stimulate the fantasies and dreams of their audiences. The strategic differences between the brands are as follows. : First, ‘artisanship’ is given the greatest significance along with ‘theme’ in Cartier videos, while ‘relationship’ has prime significance in Tiffany&Co. videos. Second, a difference between a European approach and an American approach towards luxury brand building is evident, with Cartier hosting exhibitions while Tiffany&Co. provides gala videos instead.

Global luxury jewelry brands had begun to launch their direct businesses in Korea since the 1990s, and have attained fast growth by holding events reflecting their philosophies. The purpose of this study was to analyze the background of their growth by examining the types and roles of events in Korea held by luxury jewelry brands. For the research method, the quantitative and qualitative analysis were performed about domestic events of Tiffany & Co., Cartier, Bvlgari, Chaumet, and Van Cleef & Arples during the period from 1990 to 2013. Also, theoretical study was reviewed. The results are as follows. The events are largely classified into jewelry exhibitions, jewelry shows, wedding fairs, and hybrids. The roles of such events were, first, the artification of products and, second, the contemporization of traditions. According to the findings of this study, luxury jewelry brands transmitted new emotions and values to their customers through their events in Korea, and extended their influence continuously over the Korean high-end jewelry market.

Tiffany & Co. had been recognized so highly in Korea even before its official advance to the country in 1991 that a successful jewelry company was called 'Korean Tiffany'. The purpose of this study was to explain how American brand Tiffany had been spread and recognized among Korean people by analyzing related articles and advertisements during the period from the Liberation to the 1989. The research method used in this study was the articles of newspapers and relevant literature. This is the result that, with the run of movie 'Breakfast at Tiffany's in Korea in 1962, the trade name and trademark of Tiffany were used illegally not only by jewelry traders but also by other businesses. Other luxury jewelry brands in the same period could not enjoy indirect advertising and spillover effects as good as Tiffany. As a result, a successful jewelry company was called 'Korean Tiffany' in 1989, and the expression is still valid in the country.

PURPOSES : The causes of traffic accidents can be classified into the factors of highway users, vehicles, and driving environments. Traffic accidents result from the deficiency in single or combination of these three factors. The objective of this study is to define the "potentially hazardous sections of highway" in terms of traffic safety considering these three factors. METHODS : The test drivers performed repeated driving on these highway sections. The drivers and passengers recorded the sections on which the driving was uncomfortable, and the speeds on the sections excluding the uncomfortable sections were used for the development of the model. RESULTS : The model is composed of three sub-models for each of the horizontal curve, tangent, and the section where the curve starts/ends. The safe driving behavior coefficients by the horizontal curvature were derived by comparing the maximum operating speeds at which the vehicle may slide or deviate and the speeds at which the drivers feel comfort. The safety speeds on tangent were derived by the length of tangent section considering the driver's desired speeds under the traffic condition on which the drivers hardly influenced by the other vehicles. For the sections where the curve starts/ends, the driving behaviors were classified by the distances between the curves, and the safe acceleration/deceleration speeds were derived on which the drivers enter/exit the curve sections safely. CONCLUSIONS : Safety speed could then be regarded that the model suggested in this study may be useful to define the potentially hazardous highway section and contribute the improvement of highway safety.

현재 서울시는 대중교통 활성화 정책에 따라 버스전용차로제도를 실시하고 있다. 과거 가로변버스전용차로 설치를 시작으로 현재에는 중앙버스전용차로 설치구간도 증가하고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 이 중앙버스전용차로와 가로변버스전용차로에서 버스사고에 영향을 미치는 요인을 분석하는데 있다. 분석방법으로 교통사고가 확률적으로 극히 드물게 일어난다는 점을 생각하여 포아송 회귀모형과 음이항 회귀모형을 선택하였으며, 과산포 존재여부에 따라 음이항 회귀모형으로 최종모형을 정립하였다. 중앙버스전용차로구간은 버스노선수, 중앙차로 진출입 유형수, 중앙차로 정지선 후퇴유무, 중앙차로 정지선과 횡단보도 이격거리, 교통량, 가변차로 정류장 정차노선수 6개의 변수에서 버스사고에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 가로변버스전용 차로구간은 우회전 버스노선수, 상습 불법주정차 유무, 보행신호시간, 토지이용형태 4개의 변수에서 버스사고에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

본 연구에서는 B16 악성흑색종 세포에서 디펩타이드(dipeptide)의 멜라닌생성 저해 효과를 연구하였다. 실험결과 WV (트립토판-발린), WM (트립토판-메치오닌), CQ (시스테인-글루타민)는 멜라닌 생성을 농도 의존적으로 감소 시켰다. 그러나 디펩타이드는 멜라닌 생합성과정의 속도 조절 단계 효소인 타이로시네이즈(tyrosinase)의 활성을 직접 감소시키지는 않았다. 따라서 타이로시네이즈의 발현양상을 조사하였고, 실험 결과 α-MSH가 유도한 타이로시네이즈 발현이 WV, WM, 그리고 CQ에 의해 억제되었다. 그러므로 WV, WM, 그리고 CQ가 타이로시네이즈의 억제성 조절 (down-regulation)을 통해 멜라닌 생성을 감소시킨다고 제안될 수 있다.

본 연구에서는 대황 추출물의 항산화 활성, 타이로시네이즈(tyrosinase) 저해 활성을 확인하였다. 대황의 50 % 에탄올 추출물, 에틸아세테이트(ethyl acetate) 분획, 아글리콘(aglycone) 분획으로 실험을 진행하였다. 대황 추출물들의 DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) 소거활성(FSC50)은 대표적인 항산화제인 (+)-α-tocopherol보다 낮은 것으로 나타났다. Luminol 발광법을 이용한 Fe3+-EDTA/H2O2 계에서 생성된 활성산소종에 대한 아글리콘 분획의 소거활성(총 항산화능, OSC50)은 0.265 μg/mL로 매우 큰 활성을 나타내었다. 대황 추출물의 rose-bengal로 증감된 1O2에 의한 적혈구 파괴에 대한 세포보호 효과는 모든 분획에서 농도 의존적(1∼50 μg/mL)으로 증가하였으며, 특히 아글리콘 분획은 10 μg/mL 농도에서 τ50이 757.0 min으로 높은 세포 보호 활성을 나타내었다. 대황 추출물 중 아글리콘 분획의 타이로시네이즈 저해활성(IC50)은 11.20 μg/mL으로 226.88 μg/mL인 알부틴(arbutin)보다 큰 활성을 보여주었다. 이상의 결과들로부터 대황 추출물은 활성산소종을 소거하는 항산화제로 이용가능하며, 특히 아글리콘 분획의 현저한 항산화 작용 및 큰 타이로시네이즈 저해 효과로부터 이들 분획 또한 화장품원료로서 응용 가능성이 큼을 알 수 있었다.