최근에 상용화된 SWRO 막은 플럭스 감소만으로 파울링을 평가하기 어렵다. 따라서 본 실험에서는 열역학 모델식을 통해 유기막오염과 세정에 따른 투수계수(Lp)와 농도분극계수(fcp), 파울링에 의한 여과저항(Rf) 변화를 분석해보았다. 파울런트 미주입시, 원수 TDS농도별, 압력별로 Lp와 fcp를 분석하였고 그 후, 유기 파울런트를 주입하여 막오염 진행에 따른 Lp와 fcp 변화를 분석하였다. 실험 결과, 파울런트를 주입하지 않은 경우, Lp와 fcp는 동일한 원수의 TDS 농도에서 압력이 증가함에 따라 증가하고, 동일한 운전 압력에서 원수의 TDS 농도가 증가할수록 감소하였고, 막오염 진행에 따른 Lp와 fcp의 감소 경향은 플럭스 감소 경향과 일치하지 않으며 막오염 물질 별로 다른 양상을 보였다.

Membrane distillation (MD) has emerged as a next generation of desalination technique to resolve the limitation of RO process. In this study, Polybenzoxazoles(PBO) membrane via thermally rearrangement of polyimide containing hydroxyl groups was prepared [1]. The effect of operating conditions such as feed temperature, Reynolds number of feed flow and salt concentration of feed were investigated. TR polymer membranes were characterized by SEM, AFM and contact angle. Thermally rearranged polymers showed a potential to MD process with advantages of high flux and long-term stability during operation.

수출용 온실 단지로 기대되는 간척지의 광환경은 해무 등에 의해 내륙과는 다른 광환경 특성을 나타낸다. 이러한 간척지에서 온실 설계 기준을 작성하기 위해서 산란 광과 직달광을 고려한 온실 내 광분포 연구가 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 간척지의 고유의 광환경 특성을 분석하고 3-D 온실 모델에 적용하여 간척지의 온실 내 공간적인 광분포를 추정하고자 하였다. 먼저 간척지의 일사량을 산란광과 직달광으로 구분하여 측정하고 내륙의 일사량과 비교하였다. 또한 간척지 지역에 설치된 온실 내의 광분포를 측정하고 이를 시뮬레이션을 통해 계산된 값과 비교함으로써 3-D 온실 모델에 대한 검증을 실시하였다. 간척지는 내륙에 비하여 전체 일사량에 대비 높은 산란광의 비율을 나타내었으며, 특히 일출 및 일몰 부근에서 크게 나타났다. 3-D 온실 모델에 의한 온실 내 예측 광 분포는 실제 간척지의 온실 내 광분포와 유사하게 나타 났다. 검증된 3-D 온실 모델을 통하여 임의의 외부 광조 건에 대하여 간척지 지역의 온실 내부의 시간적인 평균 광도의 변화와 광분포를 예측할 수 있었다. 이러한 결과는 간척지 지역의 온실 내 광환경 해석 이외에도 작물의 수광량 해석에도 유용하게 활용될 것으로 예상된다.

While Korea had achieved radical growth of construction industry, it also had accumulated problems in material, human and economical loss due to its low quality of safety level. Therefore, not only enterprises but also the nation is putting in a great deal of efforts for construction safety. However, its effect is not satisfiable. This research aims for change of construction cite by introduction of professional Safety Patrol Management System(SPMS) and consideration of its necessity. To consideration of its necessity, we compared and anaylzed average numbers of indicated dangers and safety accident incidences in each construction cites and we researched changes in worker's safety sense. It will establish the suitable design standards and suggest the basic database for estimating disaster and accident ratio.

The Enforcement decree of the Action on the Promotion of Game Industry was amended in November 20, 2013 and Currently being implemented. One of the Important contents of this Act is about compliance items of game providers. And it is mainly on web-board games and betting regulatory issue. Specific details are as follows : No one can use more than 300,000 won per month for the web-board game which is similar to a real poker game or a real 'gostop' game. Betting limits at once may not exceed 30,000 won. And "Game Shutdown for adults". Especially, the various possibilities for interpretation of the Enforcement decree of the Action on the Promotion of Game Industry is to be implied because of using the ambiguous expression all over. Essentially these controversys stem from the difference of view about game and game industry. What is the difference between games and gambling? At least in Korea, it would be difficult indeed and at the same time it will be important question. In the following, it may be necessary that an analysis of relation with the interpretation of game-related legislation and the limits of delegated legislation, and the constitutional standards - the principle of apparentness (definitude), the principle banning excessive enforcement when restricting the basic rights of people.

Background/Aims: The incidence of duodenal tumors has increased by health surveillance. However, preoperative diagnosis of subepithelial duodenal tumors remains difficult because of the wide variety of pathologies and the location of the tumors. We analyzed endoscopic, radiological, and pathological features of subepithelial benign duodenal tumors (BDTs), which were treated by surgical resection. Methods: Five patients with subepithelial BDTs treated by surgical resection were analyzed retrospectively. We compared the preoperative and postoperative diagnosis and evaluated the clinical presentations, endoscopic and radiological findings, surgical treatments, pathological results, and outcomes of these patients. Results: All the patients underwent successful surgical resection. There were two cases of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) treated with segmental duodenectomy, one case of carcinoid tumor treated with antrectomy, one case of gangliocytic paraganglioma treated with ampullectomy, and a lipoma removed by mass excision. The two GISTs were in the duodenal third and fourth segment close to the pancreas, and it was difficult to exclude pancreatic tumors by imaging studies. All the patients remained healthy for more than three years. Conclusions: Subepithelial BDTs are rare and difficult to diagnosis. Awareness and preoperative diagnosis of subepithelial BDTs can lead to minimally invasive treatment, including endoscopic or local surgical resection.

In recent years, the government is trying to regulate the web board games - poker, gostop etc. with the amendment of the executive order regarding the game law. The main regulation of this order is to regulate the maximum amount of betting the game as a ten thousand won per game and a hundred thousand won a day. if these are not obeyed, the gamer and game company will be punished. Therefore, these regulations need to be reviewed in terms of legal issues with a strict examination. However the regulation on the limits of betting in a game seems not to be justified with the constitutional standards - the principle of apparentness (definitude), the principle banning excessive enforcement when restricting the basic rights of people - in this case, the general human rights and liberties to act of gamers and the freedom of profession and speech of game operators(company). It is also questioned that it might infringe the essense of the legal institution of game and rights, and cause the paradox of excessive regulation.

In this paper, a comparative cold weather concrete member test was conducted with gang form and euro form, which are generally used as forms for construction in Korea. Three members were fabricated for the comparative test: the member with the general gang form and euro form, the member with the existing insulation gang form on the outside and the general form on the inside, and the member with the existing insulation gang form on the outside and the newly developed insulation euro form on the inside. In this test, ready-mixed concrete with a nominal strength of 24 MPa that met a certain standard was cast in the cold weather concrete condition at a temperature of 0℃ (5℃ ～–5℃), which is lower than the cold weather concrete management standard temperature in Korea 4℃ mean daily temperature. The standard water curing compressive strength, core compressive strength and temperature history were measured and comparatively examined for the general gang form-general euro form and insulation gang form-general euro form members that were cured at a certain inside temperature, and for the insulation gang form-insulation euro form member that was cured without additional temperature control.

In this study, expedite curing period at curing temperature being 40, 60, 80℃ similar to strength of standard 28days curing temperature to confirm methods and applicability of early estimation of strength by warm water curing. Also, checked the effect related to different conditions such as using various kinds of material, differentiating quantity of material, with or without fiber mixing at same rate of water-bonding material. Existing method proposed by KS and JIS to estimate strength of 28 days standard curing temperature curing for 7days at 40℃ is not relevant because it takes so long to estimate strength. Already known method of estimating strength of 28days standard curing temperature curing for 3days in 60℃ warm water, too, is not relevant to apply 3day cycle of super high-rise. It also had the problem which didn’t consider fiber mixed concrete. According to the result of experiment, traits and rate of strength revelation were different relating to the kinds and quantity of bonding material. Strength value of mix without fiber was higher than that of mix with fiber, but without any relation to that, over 96% of similar confidence level with strength of 28 days standard curing temperature was shown in 7 days at 40℃, 3 days at 60℃, 2days at 80℃. Confidence level of estimation method of 2 days at 80℃ was similar to those of estimation methods of 4 days at 40℃, 3 days at 60℃, so it(2 days at 80℃) is regarded as the most relevant method because it’s possible to estimate strength fastly. As a result it can be said that early quality control of recently increasing super high-rise may be possible through estimation method of 2 days at 80℃.

In this study, prediction of later-age compressive strength of ultra-high strength concrete, based on the accelerated strength of concrete cured in hot water was investigated. Comparing other acceleration method, hot water curing method is relatively easy and intuitive to use in the real construction site. The amount of time for evaluation of the concrete strength using the hot water curing method in KS and JIS is too long to predict the strength of the ultra-high strength concrete that are used in the tall building structure. For that reason, curing temperature of 40, 50, 60℃ 3 levels were examined to shorten the amount of time for the evaluation of the strength. When curing in warm water, different strength characteristics are verified from the experiment. In case of F3 substituting 30% fly ash in combination, because of the curing temperature sensitivity of fly ash, differences of strength expression velocity was verified according to the curing temperature at the same age. In case of B4 substituting 40% ground granulated blast furnace slag, there were no big strength expression velocity differences of the specimen cured in 3 different level of curing temperature(40, 50, 60℃). The results show reliable accuracy by regression relation between 28day strength cured by standard curing method and accelerated strength of concrete cured in warm water.(y=1x-0.0002 R2=0.9866) As a result, the feasibility of 3day-prediction was confirmed using warm water curing method with accelerated strength of concrete cured for three days in warm water.

Antibiotic resistance in animal isolates of enterococci is a public health concern, because of the risk of transmission of antibiotic-resistant strains or resistance genes to humans through the food chain. This study investigated phenotypic and genotypic resistances profile of tetracycline in 245 Enterococcus isolates from bovine milk. A total of 245 enterococci were isolated from 950 milk samples. The predominant strain was E. faecalis (n = 199, 81.2%) and E. faecium (n = 25, 10.2%). E. avium (n = 7, 2.9%), E. durans (n = 6, 2.5%), E. gallinarum (n = 4, 1.6%), and E. raffinosus (n = 4, 1.6%) were also isolated. Of the 245 enterococcal isolates 76.3% (n = 187) displayed tetracycline resistance (≥ 16 μg/ml). Of the 187 tetracycline-resistant isolates, 83.4% (n = 156), 16.1% (n = 30), and 26.7% (n = 50) possessed the genes tet(M), tet(L), tet(S) respectively. While 3.2% (n = 6) of the tetracycline- resistant isolates possessed all three genes tet(M) + tet(L) + tet(S), 8.6% (n = 16), 16.0% (n = 30), and 2.7% (n = 5) of them possessed two genes tet(M) + tet(L), tet(M) + tet(S), and tet(L) + tet(S) respectively. The tetracycline resistance pattern investigated in this study was attributable mainly to the presence of tet(M).

본 연구는 유고로 인한 대기행렬, 통행시간과 같은 혼잡정보를 예측하여 제공하는 것을 목표로 하며, 이것은 교통시설 이용자와 운영자 모두에게 효율적인 대안선택 및 운영을 위한 중요한 요소로 활용된다. 이러한 예측된 사고영향 정보의 제공으로 인하여, 이용자는 유고 구간에 대한 정보를 사전에 인지하여 지체를 최소화 할 수 있고, 운영자는 현재 유고영향을 받을 것으로 예상되는 구간을 효율적으로 관리할 수 있을 것이다. 본 연구에서는 연속류 본선구간에서 단기예측기법을 적용한 유고영향 예측모형을 제안하였다. 본 연구에서 제안한 모형은 MARE를 통하여 상대적인 오차를 비교분석하여, 예측력이 뛰어난 모형을 정립하였다. 본 연구를 시작으로 미시적인 사고영향 예측 모형이 개발된다면 사고발생 시 지체를 최소화하고 사회적인 비용을 줄일 수 있을 것이다.

본 연구에서는 침지형 MBR 공정에서 인제거를 위해 주입되는 응집제가 분리막의 여과성능에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였고, 침지형 MBR에서 분리막 표면의 오염을 방지하기 위해 연속적으로 행하는 폭기가 응집 플록에 미치는 영향을 조사하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 MBR공정의 폭기조 슬러지를 채취하여 jar-test를 실시한 결과와 비교하였다. 실험 결과는 플록 크기와 슬러지 탈수성의 지표로서 비여과저항(SRF, Specific Resistance of Filtration)을 측정하여 비교하였다. 응집제 주입량이 증가할수록 10μm 수식 이미지 이하의 플록의 비율이 저감되었으며 탈수성이 증가하였다. 그러나 jar-test 결과와 비교하였을 때, 폭기의 전단력에 의해 그 효과가 저감된 것을 알 수 있었다. 응집제를 주입한 경우 주입하지 않은 경우보다 운전지속시간이 연장되었다 운전지속시간이 응집제 주입량에 비례하여 증가하지는 않았는데, 이는 연속적인 폭기의 전단력으로 인해 10μm 수식 이미지 이하의 입자가 충분히 저감되지 않았기 때문인 것으로 생각된다. 또한 응집제 주입량이 과도하면 오히려 여과저항을 증가시키는 결과를 초래하는 것을 알 수 있었다.

In this study, the odor compounds emitted from the field workplaces at the Pohang steel complex were measured using analytical instruments and the olfactory method. In addition, the reduction of odor emissions by pyroligneous liquid was evaluated. The odor samples were obtained from slag pots and dry pits, which refrigerate hot slag, and the target compounds were hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) and ammonia (NH₃). The levels of odor emissions varied with meteorological and operating conditions, but emissions from dry pits were always much higher than those from slag pots. As the concentration of pyroligneous liquid increased, the concentrations of H₂S and the ratios of dilution decreased. Together with this result and the guideline of odor emissions, the increase of pyroligneous liquid (more than 2.5 times) in cooling water was suggested to reduce odor emissions. Actually, the reduced levels of H₂S at the slag pot and the dry pit were observed (70 and 94%, respectively) after the increased amount of pyroligneous liquid. However, in order to determine the optimal amount of pyroligneous liquid for the economical and efficient removal of odor emissions, the system of cooling water has to be improved and more samples are required for a comprehensive analysis.