This study was conducted to find out an alternative way of rapid and accurate analysis of chemical composition of permanent pastures in hilly grazing area. Near reflectance infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to evaluate the potential for predicting proximate analysis of permanent pastures in a vegetative stage. 386 pasture samples obtained from hilly grazing area in 2015 and 2016 were scanned for their visible–NIR spectra from 400~2,400nm. 163 samples with different spectral characteristics were selected and analysed for moisture, crude protein (CP), crude ash (CA), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Multiple linear regression was used with wet analysis data and spectra for developing the calibration and validation mode1. Wavelength of 400 to 2500nm and near infrared range with different critical T outlier value 2.5 and 1.5 were used for developing the most suitable equation. The important index in this experiment was SEC and SEP. The R2 value for moisture, CP, CA, CF, Ash, ADF, NDF in calibration set was 0.86, 0.94, 0.91, 0.88, 0.48 and 0.93, respectively. The value in validation set was 0.66, 0.86, 0.83, 0.71, 0.35 and 0.88, respectively. The results of this experiment indicate that NIRS is a reliable analytical method to assess forage quality for CP, CF, NDF except ADF and moisture in permanent pastures when proper samples incorporated into the equation development.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of microbial inoculation as additive consisting of novel lactic acid bacteria on quality and fermentation characterization of Miscanthus sinnensis silages.The contents of crude protein, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber in treatments of additive of lactic acid bacteria (ALAB) inoculation had similar to control. pH of Miscanthus sinnensis (MS) silage in treatments of ALAB inoculation significantly decreased as compared to control (p<0.05). The content of lactic acid in in treatments of ALAB inoculation significantly increased (p<0.05), but the content of acetic acid in treatments of ALAB inoculation decreased. In addition, number of lactic acid bacteria in treatments of ALAB inoculation significantly increased as compared to control (p<0.05). Therefor, we suggest that MS silage improved by inoculation of additive consisting of novel lactic acid bacteria.

This study was conducted to find out the effects of over seeding using new grass varieties orchardgrass ‘Kordione’ and ‘Onnuri’, and tall fescue ‘Greenmaster’ on botanical composition and dry matter productivity from 2013 to 2016 in low productivity hilly pasture, middle area of Korea. There were used 3 grass seed mixture types made of different compositions and amounts {T1: control - no over seeding, T2: tall fescue (TF) ‘Greenmaster’ 18 kg ha-1, orchardgrass (OG) ‘Kordione’ 9 kg ha-1, Perennial ryegrass (PRG) ‘Linn’ 5 kg ha-1, and Kentucky bluegrass (KBG) ‘Kenblue’ 2 kg ha-1, T3: TF ‘Greenmaster’ 9 kg ha-1, OG ‘Kordione’ 18 kg ha-1, PRG ‘Linn’ 5 kg ha-1, and KBG ‘ Kenblue’ 2 kg ha-1, T4: TF ‘Greenmaster’ 9 kg ha-1, OG ‘Onnuri’ 18 kg ha-1, PRG ‘Linn’ 5 kg ha-1, and KBG ‘Kenblue’ 2 kg ha-1}. In the botanical composition of grassland, T1 nearly remained constant in other seasons while ratio of weeds were increased in summer season. T2 was better than control (T1) in portion of grass ratio, which has increased by 80%. In the early time of establishment, the portions of OG were increased in T2, but TF rate was increased after 3 years later when grass was established. T3 and T4 showed a very similar patterns, grass ratio had increased by 80% and the portion of KBG had increased as time passed. T2 (129,763 kg ha-1) was showed the highest dry matter yield than other treatments (T1: 6,756 kg ha-1, T3: 9641, and T4: 10,738) in 2016.

This experiment was carried out to study the effect of rice black-streaked dwarf virus(RBSDV) infection rate on forage productivity of corn varieties in Cheonan of chungcheongnamdo from 2006 to 2008. Forage corn varieties of 10 were cultivated with first cropping(seeding in the last ten days of April) and second cropping(seeding in the last ten days of May) system in field and tested the infection rates of RBSDV and productivity of forage. The Infection rate of RBSDV was significant difference between corn varieties in middle district of Korea. Resistant corn varieties for RBSDV were ‘Kwanganok’, ‘P3156’, ‘Kwangpeyongok’ and ‘P3394’ but susceptible varieties were ‘Suwon19’, ‘DK697’, ‘GW6959’ and NC+7117. Dry matter(DM) yield of forage corn according with infection rates of RBSDV in field was significant difference between varieties(p<0.05). DM yield of susceptible varieties, ‘Suwon 19’, ‘DK697’ and ‘GW6959’ was lower about 20% than that of resistant varieties, ‘Kwangpeyongok’ and ‘P3156’. For increasing the productivity of forage corn, recommend of resistant varieties for RBSDV and control of seeding time are very important in middle district of Korea.

This study was conducted to ameliorate the productive performance of Hanwoo cow using hill pasture grazing system. Twenty seven animals aged 9 were designed to divide with 3 groups which were Control (restricted concentrate and hay for 5 months), T1 (restricted concentrate and pasture grazing ad libitum for 5 months) and T2 (restricted concentrate, 30 g/head of mineral nutrients and pasture grazing ad libitum for 5 months). Average daily gains increased higher in the order of T2, Control and T1. The conception rate of Control, T1 and T2 after artificial insemination during post-grazing period were 88.9%, 100%, 100%, respectively. In conclusion, the results indicated that hill pasture grazing system might enhance not only the productive performance of Hanwoo cow but also profit for conventional feeding system.

This study evaluated the effect 3 types of conditioning (Untreated, Impeller, Roller) and the number of times for tedding (rake-teder) performed in one day on the drying rate of tall fescure hay. The experiment was performed at The forage site of Cheonan-si seongwhan-eup National Institute of Animal Sciencee. It took 3 days to make tall fescue hay. The Impeller and Roller conditioning types shortened the haymaking period by 1 day compared to untreated hay. Impeller and roller samples had less than 20% of water content by the 23rd-day at 13 o’clock. Tedding frequency failed to affect haymaking. There was no correlation between the three types of conditioning or tedding frequency and acid digestible fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), total digestible nutrients (TDF), crude protein (CP), or relative feed value (RFV) in tall fescue hay. CP was 12.5~12.9% for the three types of conditioner with 1 or 2 times of tedding a day, Threrfore, conditioner types and gedding frequency had no significant effect on CP.

This study was conducted to determine the effect of rainfall after cutting on nutritive value of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) hay. Fresh Italian ryegrass was treated with 3 days natural rainfall (56.5, 14.0 and 1.6 mm) after cutting without tedding. Rainfall effect on Italian ryegrass quality was evaluated based on Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF), crude protein (CP), crude fat (CF), crude ash (CA) and non-fiber carbohydrate (NFC). The quality of Italian ryegrass was decreased with extending raining days. The content of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) was increased from 0.4 to 4.7% by 1 day advancement in raining. CF content was decreased from 8.1 to 32.8%. CP and CA contents did not change, but NFC content was decreased from 0.5 to 8.4%. The quality damage by the number of raining days after cutting Italian ryegrass was the lowest on the first day from exposure to rain.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the moisture content and pellet mill type on the physical and chemical characteristics of Italian ryegrass (IRG) pellet. Moisture content of raw material significantly (p<0.05) affected IRG pellet formation. Moisture content at 25% was the best condition for IRG pellet formation in terms of shape, power load and temperature changes. The hardness of pellet was decreased when moisture content was increase. However, the hardness of pellet was not affected by pellet mill type. Moisture content at 30% dramatically (p<0.05) decreased the durability compared to moisture content at 25%. Dry matter content of IRG pellet was increased (p<0.05) after pelleting. Total count of microorganism was decreased in pellet due to pressure heat and moisture losses during the pelleting process. These results indicated that the proper moisture content of Italian ryegrass pelleting would be at 25%. In addition, Roll & flat die type would be more suitable than Ring die and Die & flat die type in IRG pelleting. Pelleting works would be beneficial for improving forage quality and long storage.

This study amied to determine the effect of species and seed mixture on productivity, botanical composition and forage quality in middle mountainous region (Geosan) pasture. Total seven experimental pastures (T1 : Orchardgrass, T2 : Timothy, T3 : Tall fescue, T4 : Perennial ryegrass, T5 : Kentucky bluegrass, T6 : Timothy + Orchardgrass + Tall fescue + Alfalfa, T7 : Timothy + Orchardgrass + Kentucky bluegrass + White clover) were established in autumn, 2014 and evaluated for productivity and agronomic characteristics for 2015. Plant heigh was high in Orchardgrass and Perennial ryegrass pasture. Dry matter (DM) content was high in Kentucky bluegrass. Botanical composition in 1st harvest was high in shrub, but the grass composition was high in 2nd and 3rd harvest. Fresh and DM yield were higher in Orchardgrass and Perennial ryegrass (p<0.05); whreras, Kentucky bluegrass was the lowest. In seed mixture pasture, yields of T6 plot (Tall fescue) were higher than those of T7 (Kentucky bluegrass). Average CP (crude protein) content of 2nd and 3rd cutting time was 16.91 and 14.79%, respectively and Kentucky blue grass was the highest in 3rd cutting time by 17.57%. IVDMD (in vitro dry matter digestibility) showed low in 1st cutting and Kentucky bluegrass was the lowest in every cutting time. TDN (total digestible nutrient) content was the highest in 3rd cutting and the lowest in 1st cutting. These results indicated that Orchardgrass, Perennial ryegrass and T6 are recommendable for productivity and Timothy, Perennial ryegrass and T7 are recommendable for forage quality.

This study was conducted to find out the effects of Improvement of Botanical Composition Technology (IBCT) on the forage production and ecological characteristics in a Rumex acetosella-dominated hilly pasture in Pyeongchang, in a period from August 2013 to the end of growing season in October 2015. 2MT ha－1 limestone was applied in August 2013 and April 2014. Liming significantly increased soil pH from 4.69 to 5.47 and then the soil pH consistently hovered at 4.91~4.98. For every grazing time, plant height was found to be higher with the application of IBCT as compared with the control. After grazing, no significant difference in plant height was found between the IBCT group and the control. Changes in the botanical composition of grassland can be affected by a lot of circumstances, but application of IBCT decreased Rumex acetosella from 12% to 2%, while also increasing the proportion of pasture. In relation to the botanical composition of grass, orchardgrass and timothy showed the highest percentages throughout the whole study period. The proportion of Kentucky bluegrass increased over time while tall fescue steadily decreased. The totals for grazing days were 58 in 2014 and 55 in 2015. Average herbage dry matter intake was 7,848 kg ha－1 in 2014 and 6,941 kg ha－1 in 2015. Due to the application of IBCT, dry matter productivity showed a significant increase of 59% during the first grazing period in 2014 (3,437 kg ha and 5,460 kg ha in control and IBCT). In 2015, the total dry matter yield of the IBCT group was 51% greater than the control (5,742 kg ha－1 and 8,685 kg ha－1 in control and IBCT). Under acidic soil conditions, red sorrel can grow more strongly than grasses because it has better tolerance in dry and acidic conditions. Therefore, constant management is required in order to keep red sorrel from dominating the hilly pasture. In this study, the application of IBCT was able to effectively control weeds at all points. As a result, total management, including improvement of soil, overseeding, and application of selective herbicide and fertilizer, is needed to maintain excellent grassland conditions due to the limiting effects of environmental factors on grassland productivity.

This study was conducted to determine the effect of mathematical transformation on near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) calibrations for the prediction of chemical composition and fermentation parameters in corn silage. Corn silage samples (n=407) were collected from cattle farms and feed companies in Korea between 2014 and 2015. Samples of silage were scanned at 1 nm intervals over the wavelength range of 680~2,500 nm. The optical data were recorded as log 1/Reflectance (log 1/R) and scanned in intact fresh condition. The spectral data were regressed against a range of chemical parameters using partial least squares (PLS) multivariate analysis in conjunction with several spectral math treatments to reduce the effect of extraneous noise. The optimum calibrations were selected based on the highest coefficients of determination in cross validation (R2 cv) and the lowest standard error of cross validation (SECV). Results of this study revealed that the NIRS method could be used to predict chemical constituents accurately (correlation coefficient of cross validation, R2 cv, ranging from 0.77 to 0.91). The best mathematical treatment for moisture and crude protein (CP) was first-order derivatives (1, 16, 16, and 1, 4, 4), whereas the best mathematical treatment for neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) was 2, 16, 16. The calibration models for fermentation parameters had lower predictive accuracy than chemical constituents. However, pH and lactic acids were predicted with considerable accuracy (R2 cv 0.74 to 0.77). The best mathematical treatment for them was 1, 8, 8 and 2, 16, 16, respectively. Results of this experiment demonstrate that it is possible to use NIRS method to predict the chemical composition and fermentation quality of fresh corn silages as a routine analysis method for feeding value evaluation to give advice to farmers.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of moisture content on the physical and chemical characteristics of Italian ryegrass cube. Cube quality according to moisture contents (15, 20, 25, and 30%) was determined. Cubes made with 15 to 20% moisture showed a little cracks. But, the amount of powder generate from these cubes were lower by 10 to 16% compared to other cubes made with 25 to 30% moisture contents. The highest hardness at 159 kg/f was obtained when the cube was made with 15% moisture content and the lowest was 70 kg/f when the cube was made with 30% moisture content. The electrical loading and surface temperature were increased when moisture content was decreased. The chemical compositions of cube were differ from those of raw materials. Crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE) contents were increased after cubing works. However, crude fiber (CF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents were decreased after cubing. The crude ash content was not significantly (p > 0.05) different between raw material and cube. Higher moisture content resulted in higher crude protein content. However, crude fiber and crude ash content were not significantly (p > 0.05) different between each other. The contents of ADF and NDF were the lowest in cubes made with 30% moisture content. Our results suggest that the proper moisture content of Italian ryegrass cubing is recommended to be 15 to 20% and that cubing works should help increase forage quality.

The present study was carried out to explore the potential effects of novel lactic acid bacteria Pediococcus penticeous KCC-23 (KCC-23) and Lactobacillus plantarum KCC-24 (KCC-24) on rye haylage fermentation at National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan province in Korea. The experiment contains three different groups such as control without lactic acid bacteria, rye haylage with KCC-23 and rye haylage KCC-24. After experimental periods, the content of crude protein, acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), the activity of total digestible nutrient (TDN) and In-vitro digestibility (IVD) was similar in control and LAB treated haylage (p<0.05). The pH was reduced in KCC-23 and KCC-24 treated rye haylage as compared to control (p<0.05). The lactic acid concentration in haylages was increased by L. plantarum KCC-23, and KCC-24 supplement. Whereas, the less amount of acetic acid and butyric acid was noted in KCC-23 and KCC-24 treated haylage as compared with control (p<0.05). The KCC-23 and KCC-24 were dominantly grown in experimental haylage as compared with control. It indicates, the addition of KCC-23, and KCC-24 enhances fermentation quality of haylages as compared control. The present study suggests that KCC-23 and KCC-24 are potent strains that were improving the fermentation process in rye haylage

The growth of Italian ryegrass (IRG) after wintering was very low in 2015 when IRG was broadcasted under growing rice in fall of 2014. To determine growth inhibitory factors of IRG, we examined the growth conditions of IRG in Nonsan region and meteorological conditions in Daejeon nearby Nonsan. Minimum temperature and maximum instantaneous wind speed on Feb. 8th and 9th of 2015 after wintering of IRG were 8.8℃, 10.7 m/s and 12.4℃, 9.6m/s, respectively. Air temperature was suddenly dropped due to strong wind with snow showers, which had unfavorable effect on root growth of IRG exposed at the soil surface. The minimum temperature and maximum instantaneous wind speed on Feb. 12th, 13th, and 14th of 2015 were 4.1℃, 11.6 m/s, － 5.6℃, 10.3 m/s, and －4.7℃, 7.5 m/s, respectively. The growth circumstance of IRG was not good because soil was dried due to drought continued from January. The minimum temperature and maximum instantaneous wind speed on Feb. 26th, 27th, and 28th of 2015 were 1.8℃, 13.7 m/s, －3.5℃, 10.6 m/s, and 4.1℃, 6.8 m/s, respectively. The number of wilting of IRG was more than 59% until Mar. 3rd of 2015. IRG faced irreparable environment (low minimum temperatures and extreme instantaneous wind speeds) for 9 days from Mar. 4th to Mar. 12th of 2015. The main reason for the decrease of IRG productivity was collection delay of rice straw after rice harvest because there was continuous rain between Oct. and Nov. of 2014. For this reason, weakly grown IRG under rice straw was withered after wintering. IRG was withered by frost heaving, drought, and instantaneous wind speed in the spring. Furthermore, the root of IRG was damaged while growing in excess moisture in the surface of paddy soil during the winter season due to rain.

본 연구는 2014 / 2015년 동계 사료작물의 월동 후 생육 조사를 통하여 전국적인 작황을 파악함으로서 사료작물 생 육에 문제점이 있을시 근본 원인을 구명할 수 있는 기초자 료로 이용하거나 조사료의 연중 안정 생산, 공급에 도움을 주고자 수행하였다. 2015년도 전국 동계 사료작물의 월동 후 생육 상황은 전반적으로 저조하였는데, 월동률 분포에 따른 지역별 분포 상황을 살펴보면 월동률 80% 이상인 지 역이 66%, 월동률 79~50% 분포지역이 24.9%, 50%미만 지 역이 9.1%의 지역별 분포를 나타내어 전체적으로는 79%의 월동률을 나타냈다. 월동 후 월동률 및 피복률은 배수로가 설치된 논에서는 각각 83%와 80%로서 양호했으나 배수로 가 설치 안 된 습한 논에서는 각각 67%와 66%로 낮은 경 향을 나타냈다. 전국 동계작물 조사료 생산량은 강원, 충 북, 충남, 경남, 전남지역은 10~15%, 경기, 경북, 전북지역 은 약 30%의 수량감소가 예상되어 전국적으로 약 19%의 수량 감소가 예상되었다.

수확시 숙기와 조제방법이 호밀 라운드베일 사일리지의 건물 손실률과 형태변화에 대한 영향을 구명하기 위하여 3 가지 시험을 수행하였다. 호밀은 3번의 생육단계에 맞춰 수확하였으며 (수잉기, 출수기 및 개화기) i) 예건 (비예건,단기예건, 장기예건)에 따른 변화, ii) 유산균첨가제 (무처리, 첨가제 A 및 첨가제 B) 처리에 따른 변화, iii) 비닐색 (백 색, 흑색, 녹색)에 따른 변화를 관찰하였다. 수잉기 및 비예 건 처리구에서 저장 2개월 후의 형태 변화가 심하게 나타 났다. 그러나 출수기 이후의 수확 처리구에서는 변화정도 가 심하지 않았다. 첨가제 처리는 사일리지의 형태변화와 건물 손실률을 감소시켰다. 건물 손실률은 수확이 지연되 거나 첨가제 처리로 유의적으로 감소되었다. 수잉기 처리 에서는 형태변화가 심하게 관찰이 되었는데 첨가제 처리구 가 비 처리구보다 형태변화가 더 심하게 일어났다. 흑색비 닐 처리는 다른 비닐색에 비해 형태변화가 심하게 일어났 으나 건물 손실률은 비닐색에 따른 차이가 없었다. 상관관 계에서는 수확시 숙기와 예건기간이 형태변화와 정의 상관 이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때 건물함량은 사일리지의 형태변화에 영향을 주는 가장 큰 요인으로 나타났다.

본 연구에서는 호밀을 이용하여 사일리지 제조시 Lactobacillus plantarum KCC-10 및 KCC-19를 접종하여 사일리지의 사 료가치, 품질 및 미생물상의 변화를 조사하였다. 호밀 사일 리지에서 젖산균 접종구와 무접종구에서 사료가치는 크게 변화되지 않았다. 그리고 유산 함량은 젖산균 접종구가 현 저하게 높은 경향을 보였으나 초산과 낙산은 젖산균 접종 구가 약간 낮아지는 경향을 보였다. 젖산균 분포는 젖산균 접종구에서 현저하게 높았으며 효모와 곰팡이는 104CFU/g 에서 관찰되지 않았다. 호밀 사일리지 제조시 KCC-10 및 KCC-19 접종구의 조단백질 및 TDN 함량은 무접종구 보 다 약간 증가하였으나 섬유소 및 in vitro 건물소화율에서 는 비슷한 수준을 보였다. 이상의 결과를 요약해 보면 호 밀 사일리지 제조시 KCC-10 및 KCC-19 접종에 의해 사일 리지의 품질이 향상되었다.