The survey was carried out to obtain some fundmental data to improve the dietary life and to establish the nutritonal education and policy on inhabitants lived in isle area near by demilitarized zone in Korea. For this, 33 families in the area of Kyodong island located at Kanghwa-Gun, Kyungki province were randomly selected. Trained surveyors visited each house to survey the food and nutritional status in summer during 3 days in August, 1987. The results are summarized as follows; The number of foods they were taking totalled 17 categories and 134 kinds of which 104 kinds were vegetable foods. The average amount of food intake was 1465.3g per person per day, animal food occupied 9.6% only. The intake amount of fruit among vegetable foods, and fishes, shells, milk and eggs among animal foods was lower than the national average. Each proportion of carbohydrate, fat and protein to the total energy intake was 70.4%, 9.7% and 19.9%. The foods they used to take a lot were rice, potatoes, cucumbers, cabbage KIMCHIE and YULMOO KIMCHIE in order of their intake amount. The energy intake was 3064㎉ which is higher than nutritional requirements, and the energy ratio of cereals to the total energy in take is 76%. If the amount of fat intake is fixed to 20% of total energy intake, the amount of fat intake is 68g, but the actual amount of fat intake was only 33g. With an increase of total energy intake, supply of calcium and vitamin A should be increased much more.

Background : Carotenoids are pigments that are found in plants, fruits, bacteria, and fungi. β -carotene and canthaxanthin are orange pigments among thousands of carotenoids that possess potent antioxidant activity. The objective of this study was to determine β-carotene and cantaxanthin in 55 Kimchi cabbage germplasm using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method. Method and Results : 55 Kimchi cabbage accessions were sown in plug trays in the end of August, 2016. All the tissue samples were freeze-dried for 1 week and ground into fine powder and stored at -20℃ until analysis. Crude carotenoids from freeze-dried materials (100 mg) were extracted using 1 ㎖ of 100% (v/v) hexane in 10 minutes by using sonication bath followed by centrifugation. The average β-carotene contents was 1.43 ㎎·㎏-1 and ranged from 0.76 (IT 120045) to 2.25 ㎎·㎏-1 (IT 100378). The average canthaxanthin content in the entire domain of sample was 0.59 ㎎·㎏-1 with a range between 0.36 (IT 32746) and 1.08 ㎎․㎏-1 (IT 100386). Canthaxanthin content was significantly positively correlated with β-carotene (r = 0.65**) and leaf length (r = 0.63**). However, canthaxanthin was negatively correlated with cotyledon color (r = -0.41**). Principal component analysis results of the first two components (PC1 and PC2) explained 44.53% of the point variability. Conclusion : The resources with the highest β-carotene and canthaxanthin content are IT 100378, 100386, 100391, and 110828. This study could be useful to select a potential sources of health beneficial carotenoids (β-carotene and canthaxanthin) in Kimchi cabbage germplasm in nutraceutical formulations and for further applications as a breeding material and other research activities.

Background : Alpha-linolenic acid is a type of omega-3 fatty acid and has been reported to be found at a remarkably high content in seeds of perilla (Perilla frutescens). The purpose of this study was to investigate the fatty acid compositions in 45 perilla accessions collected from Russia and recommend the potential genetic resources related to their fatty acid compositions. Methods and Results : The 45 accessions of perilla seeds which were collected from Russia were used for the study. Perilla seed oil was recovered using hexane in a soxhlet extraction method. The fatty acid compositions were analyzed using gas chromatography. The total oil content was ranged between 28.39 and 46.89%. The compositions of palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acid ranged from 5.57 to 7.09%, 1.16 to 2.27%, 11.83 to 19.55%, 11.92 to 16.71%, and 59.19 to 67.28%, respectively. Cultivars 'Dayu', 'Daeyu' and 'Anyu' showed lower linolenic acid composition compared to the average value of linoleic acid in perilla germplasms collected from Russia. Cluster analysis based on the fatty acid composition of the 45 perilla accessions segregated into three groups. Group Ⅰ characterized as higher palmitic, stearic and oleic acid compositions compared to other groups. Group Ⅱ which contained 12 accessions had high total oil and linoleic acid composition. Group Ⅲ characterized as a higher linolenic acid composition compared to other groups (p < 0.001). Oleic acid showed a significant negative correlation (r = -0.825) with linolenic acid. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the first two principal components together explained 74.4% total variation. Conclusion : Our results indicated that accessions IT235818, IT235820, IT226739 which exhibited high linolenic acid composition could be useful to develop new functional vegetable oil materials.

Background : Sclerotinia rot, caused by a fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is one of the serious and unpredictable yield losses in perilla (Perilla frutescens) leaf production in Korea. Screening disease resistant genetic resources is necessary to develop disease-resistant cultivars and conduct related research. Methods and Results : A Total of 150 perilla accessions, including 123 Korean landraces and 27 cultivars developed in Korea, were evaluated for resistance to Sclerotinia rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) using detached leaf inoculation technique. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum isolate KACC40457 was inoculated at the seedling stage (five to six leaves). For detached leaf method, a mycelial plug was placed fungus-side down on the main leaf vain and incubated at 22 ± 1℃ on moistened paper towel in a plastic box. Three Korean landraces, including IT117036, IT117106, and IT117110, and cultivar IT229431 showed 100% of resistance ratio (no. of plants showed below 1 ㎝ of lesion size/total evaluated plants × 100). Seven accessions including five landraces, IT117080, IT117107, IT117048, 117042, 117029, and two cultivaers, IT276225 and IT213781, showed high level of resistance that is higher than 80% of resistance ratio Conclusion : 11 accessions which showed strong and moderate level of resistance to Sclerotinia rot could be possibly used by breeders, farmers, and researchers to produce new disease resistant cultivars and use them commercially. However, research related to the exploration of appropriate materials (accessions) for breeding cultivars with good quality, high functional components, high consumer acceptability, etc. should be continued, considering pathogenicity test was conducted in young stage.

Background : Perilla (Perilla frutescens) seed oil is known to contain high omega-3 fatty acid than other plant oils. This study was aimed to investigate the fatty acid composition in seeds of 255 perilla accessions from South Korea and recommend the potential genetic resources rel ated to their fatty acid composition. Method and Results : Total oil was extracted by soxhlet extraction apparatus and the fatty acid compositions were analyzed by gas chromatography (GCMS QP2010 ULTRA, SHIMADZU, JP). Total oil contents ranged from 22.41 and 47.62% with an average content of 34.20%. Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acid contributed 4.46 to 7.67%, 1.64 to 4.11%, 9.15 to 26.39%, 11.89 to 28.76%, and 50.24 to 64.16% to the total oil content, respectively. Seeds from Jeollabuk-do showed the highest average total oil content (41.14%) compared to other regions (p < 0.05), while the linolenic acid composition was the highest in the samples from Chungcheongnam-do (59.48%) (p < 0.05). The cluster analysis segregated the perilla seed accessions into two major clusters. ANOVA revealed that there was a significant difference between group Ⅰ and group Ⅱ (p < 0.05). Group Ⅰ (86 accessions) characterized as higher palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linolenic acid compositions than group Ⅱ (169 accessions). The highest content of linolenic acid were recorded in accessions K126190, K135903, and IT283646 from group Ⅰ, and accessions IT108680, IT208894, and IT111050 from group Ⅱ had high total oil content. Linoleic acid content showed a strong negative correlation with palmitic acid (r = -0.726*) and oleic acid (r = -0.678*) content. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the first two principal components together explained 68.75% total variation. Conclusion : Our results showed that accessions K126190, K135903, IT283646 which exhibited high linolenic acid composition and accessions IT108680, IT208894, IT111050 which exhibited high total oil composition, could be useful to develop new functional oil materials.

Background : Perilla leaves (Perilla frutescens) are known to possess antioxidant activity and have long been used to treat a variety of health related issues. The present study was conduct ed to compare the antioxidant activity among perilla accessions collected from Russia. Method and Results : The leaves of a total of 46 accessions of perilla were collected from Russia. Crude extracts were obtained from 2 g of oven-dried perilla leaves using ASE-350 extractor. Total phenolic content (TPC) was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method and antioxidant activities were estimated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (A BTS) radical scavenging activities, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and reducing power (RP). TPC was ranged from 88.70 to 148.85 ㎍ gallic acid equivalent (GAE) /㎎ dried extract (DE). DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and RP were ranged from 59.49 to 94.80 ㎍ ascorbic acid equivalent (ASCE) /㎎ DE, 73.01 to 190.59 ㎍ ASCE /㎎ DE, 98.73 to 326.39 ㎍ ASCE /㎎ DE, 82.58 to 264.88 ㎍ ASCE /㎎ DE, respectively. Cluster analysis based on antioxidant assay results of 46 perilla accessions divided into three major groups. Group Ⅰ (9 accessions) characterized as higher antioxidant activity accessions than other group (p < 0.001). The correlations between antioxidant assays were strong and positive (r ≧ 0.78). Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the first two principal components together explained 92.96 % total variation. Conclusion : Among the perilla accessions collected from Russia, group accessions clustered in group Ⅱ showed high antioxidant activity. Our results indicated that accessions IT274300, IT226732 and IT274293 could be used as a source of valuable natural antioxidant materials.

Momordica charantia L. is a valuable food and medicinal plant of the gourd family (Cucurbitaceae) that is cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Physicochemical properties of M. charantia based on cultivars, parts and growing stage were investigated. Crude protein contents of leaf were 27.5%, 26.9%, and 23.6% in native leaf (NL), cv. Erabu leaf (EL), and cv. Dragon leaf (DL), respectively. In particular, the crude protein content was the highest in leaves. The crude fat content was in the order of developmental stage 1 of cv. Erabu fruit (EF1) and developmental stage 1 of native fruit (NF1) with values of 4.0%, and 3.9%, respectively. There was also high amount of crude fiber in stem of all three cultivars. The crude ash content was in the order of cv. Erabu leaf, cv. Dragon leaf, and developmental stage 3 of native fruit (NF3) with values of 23.2%, 17.4%, and 13.6%, respectively. The major minerals found in M. charantia were K, Ca, and Mg. The potassium contents of developmental stage 3 of native fruit (NF3), developmental stage 3 of cv. Dragon fruit (DF3), cv. Dragon stem (DS), and developmental stage 2 of native fruit (NF2) were 498.37, 339.21, 314.30, and 307.34 ㎎ /100g, respectively, while the calcium contents were decreased of EL, DL, and NL with values of 513.45, 371.69, and 209.43 ㎎/100g, respectively. The calcium content was higher in leaves and stems than fruits. On the otherhand, the highest magnesium content was measured in EL (69.92 ㎎/100g). The highest contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll were found in NL (442.9 ㎎/100g dw), EL (759.6 ㎎/100g dw), and EL (1164.9 ㎎/100g dw), respectively. The vitamin C contents from developmental stage 2 of cv. Erabu fruit (EF2), NF3, developmental stage 3 of cv. Erabu on fruit (EF3), and NF2 were found with values of 2849.9, 2330.5, 1985.1, and 1844.5 ㎎/㎏, respectively, and found to be higher in Korean cultivar and Erabu fruit than in Dragon. The charantin contents of leaf were higher than the fruit found to be 547.71, 506.04 and 395.62 ㎍/g dw in DL, EL and EF2, respectively. According to the results, mineral contents, total chlorophyll and charantin contents of M. charantia were higher in the leaves (EL and DL) than the fruits. And, vitamin C content was the highest in the fruit (EF2 and EF3). Therefore, much more research needs to be undertaken to use of the leaves as well as fruits. The data showed that M. charantia can be considered a good source of nutrient for application in food system.

토마토는 남아메리카 서부 고원지대가 원산지이며 전 세계에 널리 재배되고 있는 가지과 작물이다. 최근 토마토의 건강 증진 효과에 대한 연구와 소비의 다양성으로 인해 재배 및 생산량이 증가함과 동시에 다량으로 발생하는 부산물 활용 방안 수립에 대한 관심이 증가하였다. 따라서 토마토 42자원 잎 추출물의 항산화 활성과 flavone aglycones를 분석하여 기능성 소재의 활용 가능성을 보고자 하였다. 토마토 잎 추출물의 DPPH 라디칼 소거 활성 검정 결과, IT191046 (CHN, 130.9 ± 1.2 ug/ml)이 가장 높았고 IT207234 (BTN, 376.7 ± 14.1 ug/ml)가 가장 낮았으며 ABTS의 경우 IT189949 (IND, 1348.6 ± 36.4 ug/ml)이 가장 높았고 IT259255 (TWN, 3789.3 ± 84.4 ug/ml)가 가장 낮았다. 총 폴리페놀 함량은 IT207214 (NPL, 59.9 ± 0.0 mg GAE g-1)이 가장 높았고 IT203262 (RUS, 16.8 ± 0.3 mg GAE g-1)가 가장 낮았다. 토마토 잎 추출물의 총 flavone aglycones 함량을 분석한 결과, IT229711 (KOR, 78.9 ± 1.0 ug/mg)가 가장 높았다. myricetin, quercetin, naringenin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin 함량은 각각 0.08 ~ 0.28 ug/mg, 0.6 ~ 24.1 ug/mg, 1.4 ~ 53.1 ug/mg, 0.19 ~ 4.73 ug/mg, 0.06 ~ 0.42 ug/mg 이었으며 특히 isorhamnetin은 88% (37 자원)가 검출한계치 (0.05 ug/mg) 미만이었다. 토마토 잎 추출물의 항산화 활성과 flavone aglycones 함량의 상관관계를 분석한 결과, DPPH와 ABTS 라디칼 소거 활성은 높은 정의 상관을 보였으며, 이 두 활성 모두 myricetin과 정의 상관을 나타냈다. 또한 총 flavone aglycones 함량은 quercetin, naringenin, isorhamnetin과 높은 정의 상관을 보였다. 이 연구 결과를 토대로 토마토 잎의 기능성 소재로의 이용 가능성을 확인 할 수 있었고 토마토 부산물 활용을 위한 다양한 활용 방안 수립에 도움이 될 것으로 사료 된다.

토마토는 남아메리카 서부 고원지대가 원산지이며 전 세계적으로 재배 및 생산되고 있는 가지과 작물로 토마토에 함유된 steroid glycoalkaloids 화합물은 미생물이나 곤충에 독성을 나타내지만 최근 항염증, 항균 등의 생리활성을 나타내는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 따라서 토마토 42자원 잎 추출물의 항염증 활성을 검정하고 steroid glycoalkaloids 함량을 비교하고자 하였다. 토마토 잎 추출물이 RAW 264.7 세포주에 미치는 독성 효과를 알아본 결과, 추출물 처리 농도 범위 (20 ~ 100 ug/m)l 안에서 RAW 264.7 세포주가 50%이상 생존하였고, 추출물의 농도가 증가할수록 세포 생존율이 감소하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이것은 추출물 자체가 세포에 독성으로 작용하지 않아 세포가 생존 가능한 범위 안에서 실험이 가능함을 의미하여 같은 농도 범위의 추출물로 항염증 활성을 검정하였다. 20 ug/ml의 추출물을 처리한 경우 14.1%의 낮은 nitric oxide (NO) 생성 저해율을 보였고 50 ug/ml을 처리 시 79.4%까지 증가하였으며 100 ug/ml 처리 시 98.9%의 높은 저해율을 보였다. 각 자원의 IC50 값을 비교한 결과 IT173907 (BRA, 84.0 ± 0.1 ug/ml)이 가장 높은 저해 활성을 보였고 IT211836 (JPN, 130.7 ± 2.5 ug/ml)이 가장 낮았다. 또한 steroid glycoalkaloids를 분석한 결과, tomatine 함량은 IT203466 (AUS, 8.2 ± 0.6 100 ug/mg)이 가장 높았고 IT229711 (KOR, 2.5 ± 0.5 100 ug/mg)가 가장 낮았다. 또한 tomatidine의 경우, IT173906 (BRA, 1.41 ± 0.22 100 ug/mg)이 가장 높았고 IT235444 (THA, 0.28±0.07 100 ug/mg)가 가장 낮았다. 토마토 잎 추출물의 항염증 활성과 steroid glycoalkaloids 함량의 상관관계를 분석한 결과, tomatine과 tomatidine은 높은 정의 상관관계를 보였으나 두 물질과 nitric oxide (NO) 생성 저해 활성은 유의적 상관관계를 보이지 않았다. 본 연구의 결과를 통해 토마토 잎 추출물의 tomatine, tomatidine 함량과 항염증 활성의 상관관계를 확인할 수는 없었지만, 토마토 잎의 천연 항염증제로의 활용 가능성을 확인하였고 토마토 부산물의 다양한 활용 방안 수립에 도움이 될 것으로 사료 된다.

인삼 개갑종자의 초저온보존 효과 및 최적조건을 구명하기 위하여 건조 조건과 수분함량 및 액체질소 보존 전 동결처리와 보존 후 해동처리에 따른 초저온보존 효과를 조사하였다. 건조처리는 25℃ air flow 챔버(RH 10～12%)와 15℃ 건조실(RH 22～25%)을 이용하여 실시하였고 보존 전 동결은 –24℃에서 30일간 처리하였으며 보존 후 해동은 4℃에서 24시간, 40℃에서 2분 처리구를 각각 비교하였다. 그 결과 15℃에서 종자수분 8-12%로 건조된 종자가 보존 전 처리 없이 액체질소에 보존된 후 40℃에서 해동되었을 때 발아율이 가장 높은 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 종자수분이 2.2% 이하일 때 건조가 지속되면 발아율은 감소하는 것으로 나타났으며, 4% 이하에 이르면 보존 전후 처리효과는 나타나지 않는 것으로 조사되었다. 반면 25℃에서 건조된 종자는 상대적으로 높은 발아율을 유지하였다. 건조 및 초저온보존에 의한 인삼 개갑 종자의 유근 및 자엽 생장율을 조사한 결과, GA배지 치상 10일 후 무처리한 대조구에서 첫 유근이 출현하였으며 3주 후에는 자엽발달이 시작되었다. 30일째에는 자엽생장율이 유근발달과 함께 유의하게 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 치상 30일까지 초저온보존에 의한 생장율은 같은 양상을 보이면서 대조구보다 현저히 낮게 나타났으나 40일째에는 양상은 같았으나 회복율이 대조구보다 증가세를 보였다. 또한 보존 전 동결처리 없었던 종자는 동결처리한 종자보다 모든 처리구에서 높은 유근 및 자엽 생장율을 보였다.