This study was carried out to produce more Parasenecio firmus in forest farming. In order to achieve thispurpose, it was surveyed the growth and photosynthetic characteristics of P. firmus. Relatively light intensity was controlledby 100%, 60%, 30% and 5% of full sunlight. Height was the highest under 5% of full sunlight. Shoot diameter was the high-est in full sunlight. Fresh weight (leaf, stem, root and total) and dry weight (leaf, root and total) were the highest under 30%of full sunlight. S (leaf+stem)/R (root) ratio was the lowest under 30% of full sunlight and the highest under 5% of full sun-light. In leaf characteristics, leaf area, SLA and LAR were getting higher in the lower light level and the highest under 5% offull sunlight (176.1㎠, 420.5㎠•g−1 and 123.5㎠•g−1). Especially, leaf area was surveyed higher under 30% of full sunlightin the next. Leaf thickness was getting lower in the lower light level and the lowest under 5% of full sunlight (overall0.14~0.24㎜). As a result of surveying the whole experiment, P. firmus grows well under 30% and 5% of full sunlight inforest farming.

This study was carried out in order to investigate the early growth and root development characteristics ofAtractylodes japonica container seedling. Experiment was performed by light intensity (100%, 60%, 25% and 10% of fullsunlight). Height was surveyed well under 25% of full sunlight (overall 11.013.0%). Root collar diameter was the highest inthe full sunlight (7.52㎜). It was the highest fresh weight (1.52g, 0.92g, 0.90g and 3.34g) under 25% of full sunlight, rootdry weight was getting higher in the higher light level and the highest in the full sunlight (0.13g). Total root length, rootproject area, root surface area and root volume were the highest under 25% of full sunlight (434.7㎝, 17.4㎠, 54.7㎠,0.55㎤, respectively) and the lowest under 10% of full sunlight. As a result of surveying the whole experiment, A. japonica isjudged nicely by maintaining 25% of full sunlight, excepting 10% of full sunlight. And light levels during the early growthare overly important to improve early growth.

Recent years, there is increasing demand for seedlings of Daphniphyllum macropodum. However, the bare-root nursery of the species has been reported to be challenging due to meteorological disasters caused by climate change. The study aims to investigate the appropriate levels of shade and fertilization of container-grown D. macropodum, which has shade tolerance in seedling stage. The shading treatment was regulated with the shading level of full sun, and 35%, 55%, 75% of full sun. The fertilizing level was made by regulating Multifeed 19 (N:P:K =19:19:19, v/v) with 1000mg·L-¹, 2000mg·L-¹, 3000mg·L-¹, together with the control. The height was indicated to be the highest in 3000mg·L-¹ under 55% of shading. The root collar diameter was surveyed to be the highest in 1000mg·L-¹ and 3000mg·L-¹ of full sun. A case of the whole dry mass production was surveyed to be the highest in 3000mg·L-¹ under 55% of shading and 2000mg·L-¹ under 35% of shading. Moreover, the study is to explore the possibility of production and sound growth of D. macropodum seedlings by container nursery; consequently, the result is expected to provide the production method of the seedlings of D. macropodum that is to overcome meteorological disasters from bare-root nursery.

This study was carried out in order to examine the germination characteristics of Atractylodes japonica seeds, and it was to develop the more efficient pre-treatment and production system of the seeds. Experiment was performed by two ways-temperature control (10, 15, 20, 25℃) and shading treatment (full sunlight, 35, 50, 75, 95% of full sunlight). Seed pre-treatment before the each experiment was carried out by temperature (with low temperature and wetting treatment (LTW) for 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days) and shading treatment (with drying at room temperature (DRT), drying at low temperature (DLT) and water soaking (WS) for 48 hours). Seeds of A. japonica were germinated well under temperature control (overall 85.3~100%), especially high temperature. And, the seeds pre-treated with LTW for 45 days germinated with a 100% success rate. Under the surveying shading treatment, the highest germination rate was 95.8% with DRT and overall 63.2~95.8%. Germination rate under seeds with WS was 63.2~7.8%. As a result of surveying the whole experiment, A. japonica seeds don't need to pre-treat cause of high germination, but if it is performed with LTW for a certain period of time, it would be more productive.

We described the associated variation in site index of Pinus densiflora for. erecta in responses to site variables of soil properties. Additionally, this study was conducted to estimate site index in unstocked land by the physico-chemical properties derived from stocked forest soil and to investigate the effects of the physico-chemical properties by soil layers on site index of surveyed area, totally 77 sites in central Korea. At each site, there were surveyed 14 items of the physico-chemical properties, namely, content of sand, silt and clay, soil pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, available P2O5, cation exchange capacity, exchangeable K+, Na+, Ca++, Mg++, and base saturation. The multiple regression equations using stepwise regression method were applied to this study. In the degree of contribution of the variables to site index by soil horizons, the highly effective variables were Base Sat., Exch. Ca++, T.N., Exch. Mg++, and C.E.C. in A horizon and Base Sat., Exch. Mg++, C.E.C., Soil pH, and O.M. in B horizon of P. densiflora for. erecta stands. As a result, it was concluded that the regressive prediction induced by significant soil site factors by forest soil horizons had useful guidance for finding out the best suitable area especially in unstocked land and further more for establishing successful stands of this species.