This study was carried out to develop an effective seed propagation method for Thalictrum rochebrunianum var. grandisepalum (H. Lev.) Nakai by analyzing seed dormancy types and germination characteristics. Seeds were collected between September to October at Gangwon province, and well-selected seeds were used while being dry-stored at 4±1℃. The seed size ranged 4.52 × 1.58 ㎜ and the weight of thousand seeds were 1,603.5 ± 0.02 ㎎. The moisture content was 7.2%. Seeds were achene type, and morphology characters showed an elliptical shape and rough texture, and light brown in color. Moist-chilling treatment was conducted for dormancy breaking because the seeds had an undeveloped embryo of liner type. The embryo had developed during a moist-chilling period, constantly, and fully developed in 10 weeks. Consequently, it seemed to be non-deep complex or intermediate complex type of morphophysiological dormancy, and embryo dormancy was broken by wet-chilling for 10 weeks. After 10 weeks of wet-chilling treatment, seed germination began. Germination percentage was higher in dark condition raher than light condition and recorded the maximum at 25℃ in the dark (16.3%). A pre-soaking treatment with a combined plant growth hormones promoted germination and shortened T50. Specifically, seed germination of 84.5% was achieved by pre-soaking of seeds with a combined solution of 500 ㎎/L GA3 and 10 ㎎/L kinetin for 24 h after a wet-chilling treatment for 10 weeks. Thus the effect of plant growth hormones coupled with chilling temperature on seed breaking dormancy provide asubsequent growth of seedlings for successful plantation.

Background : Clematis trichotoma is a deciduous climber belonging to the family Ranunculaceae. This study was carried out to survey the effect of shading levels on growth characteristics in Clematis trichotoma seedling. Methods and Results : Seeds were collected from plants growing in the Mt. Kariwang Jeongseon, Gangwon-do in October 2013, and they were sown to 96 cell plug tray filled with Peatmoss (TKS-2) soil at March, 2015. The experiment was performed with four different shading levels (0, 30, 60, 90%) at July, 2015. According to the experiment, plant height was the highest under 90% of shading. It was found that fresh weight and dry weight of clematis trichotoma were the highest under 90% of shading. The leaf number was the highest under 30% of shading. The leaf number decreased as the shading level increased. Root number and length were the highest under 90% of shading. Conclusion : According to the results, Clematis trichotoma seedling showed the highest growth under 90% shading.

Background : Scrophularia koraiensis is a herbaceous perennials belonging to the family Scrophulariaceae. This study was carried out to survey the effect of soil types on growth characteristics in Scrophularia koraiensis seedling. Methods and Results : Seeds were collected from plants growing in the Mt. Kariwang Jeongseon, Gangwon-do in September 2014, and they were sown to 128 cell plug tray filled with Peatmoss (TKS-2) soil at March, 2015. The experiment was performed with four different soil types (Peatmoss, Peatmoss + Perlite, Peatmoss + Granite soil, Commercial soil). According to the experiment, stem diameter was the highest under commercial soil. The leaf width and length were the highest under commercial soil. Main root diameter and lengh were the highest under commercial soil. Conclusion : According to the results, Scrophularia koraiensis seedling showed the highest growth in commercial soil.

Background : Scrophularia koraiensis is a herbaceous perennials belonging to the family Scrophulariaceae. This study was carried out to survey the effect of LED on root develop characteristics in Scrophularia koraiensis seedling. Methods and Results : Seeds were collected from plants growing in the Mt. Kariwang Jeongseon, Gangwon-do in September 2014, and they were sown to 128 cell plug tray filled with Peatmoss (TKS-2) soil at March, 2015. The experiment was performed with three different LED (Blue, Red, Blue + Red) at July, 2015. Morphological characteristics of root (total root length, root projet area, root surface area, root diameter and root volume) were analyzed with WinRHIZO software. Seedling root growth of scrophularia koraiensis was surveyed to be the highest at the Blue + Red LED in all measuring. Total root length was measured high in the order of Blue + Red, Red, Blue LED. Conclusion : According to the results, Scrophularia koraiensis seedling showed the highest root growth in Blue + Red LED.

Factors affecting germination of seeds in the forms of various environment and chemical compounds. The present study was aim to produced effective seed propagation method of Astilbe koreana (Kom.) Nakai which had expected high value for the cut flower, ornamental and pharmaceutical material. Seed width and length ranged 0.62, 2.22 ㎜, respectively, and weight of thousand seeds was 40.5 ㎎. As result of imbibition test, showed moisture content of fresh seed (2.57%) increased rapidly by water-soaking treatment under 24 hours, recording to maximum value of 29.8%, and expansion of the seed coat was observed. Seed germination was the best at 15℃ and light conditions (40.8%) among temperature and light conditions treated. Percent germination of seeds was improved under the low (15, 20℃) than high temperature (25, 30℃). In addition, the seed was not germinated at dark condition regardless of temperature. Seeds of A. koreana thus seemed that it had low temperature germinability conditions. To improve germination rate, seeds were submerged in various concentrations of growth regulators such as GA3 and kinetin, and minerals as KNO3 and KCl. As a results, KNO3 treatment, regardless of concentrations, promoted germination compared to control. Especially, percent of germination (77.8%), germination energy (96.1%), mean germination time (11.3 days) and T50 (6.5 days) were effectively improved by treatment of KNO3 20 mM.

비소의 농도에 따른 봉의꼬리의 생육 반응 및 비소 축적능을 분석하기 위해 As(III)와 As(V)의 농도를 달리하여 봉의꼬리를 12주간 재배하였다. 연구의 결과 비소의 종류에 관계없이 50, 500mg·kg-1 처리구는 비소 무처리구와 생육이 비슷하였으나, 비소의 농도가 증가할수록 초장이 감소되는 경향을 보였다. 비소의 농도를 50, 500mg·kg-1 처리하여 재배한 봉의꼬리 지상부의 비소 축적능은 As(III) 처리구가 각 802.7, 2,956.0mg·kg-1 DW로, As(V) 처리구(622.6, 2,841mg·kg-1 DW)에 비해 높았다. 그러나 고농도 처리구인 1,000과 2,000mg·kg-1에서는 As(V) 처리구(3,883.3, 5,250.6mg·kg-1 DW)에서 As(III) 처리구(3,347.8, 4,272.7 mg·kg-1 DW)에 비해 비소 축적능이 더 우수하였다. 지하부의 축적능은 2,000mg·kg-1 농도 처리구를 제외한 모든 농도에서 sodium arsenate 처리구가 sodium arsenite 처리구에 비해 높았다.

본 연구는 관중속(Dryopteris) 3종인 관중(D. crassirhizoma), 참지네고사리(D. nipponensis)와 주저리고사리(D. fragrans var. remotiuscula)의 성엽 및 관중, 참지네고사리의 근경의 α-glucosidase 억제활성을 분석하여 천연 α-glucosidase 저해제의 개발을 위한 천 연소재를 탐색하기 위하여 수행하였다. 관중속 3종의 성엽 및 근경 을 동결건조하여 분쇄한 다음 100% 메탄올을 용매로 42kHz의 초 음파 수조에서 30분간 초음파 추출하여 얻은 조추출물을 사용하여 분석하였다. 관중속 3종의 α-glucosidase 억제활성을 분석한 결과, 성엽 및 근경에서 IC50 값은 참지네고사리가 각 4.13, 2.19μg·mL-1로 가장 높았으며, 대조구로 사용한 acarbose(IC50=1413.70μg·mL-1) 에 비해 억제활성이 각 342.30, 645.53배 높았다. α-glucosidase 활 성의 50%를 억제하기 위한 필요 생체량은 참지네고사리의 성엽 및 근경이 각 0.04, 0.05mg의 가장 적은 양을 필요로 하였다. 조추출물 에서 α-glucosidase 억제활성이 높고 필요 생체량이 적었던 참지네 고사리를 선발하여, n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol 및 water 순으로 용매별 분획한 다음 각 분획물에 대한 α-glucosidase 억제활성 및 필요 생체량을 비교 분석하였다. 참지네고사리의 성엽 은 n-butanol 분획물(1.09μg·mL-1), 근경은 water 분획물(9.36μ g·mL-1)에서 높았으며, acarbose에 비해 각 1296.97, 151.04배의 높은 억제활성을 나타냈다. 필요 생체량을 분석한 결과에서도, 참지 네고사리의 성엽과 근경은 각각 n-butanol, water 분획물에서 가장 높았다. 본 연구의 결과, 참지네고사리의 조추출물은 적은 생체량으 로도 높은 α-glucosidase 억제활성을 나타내기 때문에 항당뇨제 천 연소재로써의 개발가치가 매우 높은 것으로 생각되었다.

The isolated single coronary artery is a rare congenital anomaly, in which both coronary arteries arise from a solitary ostium. Diagnosis of coronary anomalies and identification of the exact anatomy of coronary arteries has significant clinical importance, hence, myocardial ischemia or sudden cardiac death is usually related to its course of anomalous coronary artery. Most patients with a single coronary artery are asymptomatic and have normal electrocardiogram and negative stress tests. However, if the patient has other structural abnormalities, for example, ventricular hypertrophy, the exam is determined. This report describes a case of single coronary artery, where the right coronary artery originated from the distal left circumflex artery in a patient with hypertrophic ardiomyopathy.

Rice is one of the most important cereal crops in the world and a model plant for functional genomics of monocotyledon. Recently, rice crop loss is estimated to be approximately 30% of the total yield due to herbivorous pests, mainly insects. Cry1Ac toxin is a protein produced by the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis and has insecticidal properties. CryBP1 toxin also is an insecticidal protein produced by the bacterium Bacillus popilliae. These two toxic genes derived bacteria, which were inserted into a binary vector, have been introduced into rice plants by Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation in order to enhance resistance to insects. Here, we utilized anthers to regenerate transgenic rice plants when it has been plated on the callus induction media as a callus-inducing material. Anther culture has a benefit in terms of being apt to produce doubled haploids in short term in plants breeding compared to seed culture. However, anther culture method in generating transgenic rice still has low productivity of plant regeneration in some genotypes of Japonica rice. Therefore, we examined the efficiency of callus induction and transformation with three different cultivars of Japonica rice, Haiami, Ungwang and Dongjin. In this study, our results showed that Haiami is the best genotype among three cultivars of Japonica rice as callus inducing material in anther culture to produce transgenic rice plants conferring resistance to insects.

본 연구는 중금속 오염지역의 토양정화에 적합한 식물을 선발하기 위해 양치식물 12종을 중금속으로 오염된 토양에 8주 동안 재배한 다음 생육반응과 부위별 비소, 카드뮴, 구리, 납, 아연 등의 중금속의 축적능을 분석하였다. 봉작고사리(Adiantum capillus-veneris)를 제외한 양치식물 11종의 생육은 비교적 양호하였다. 봉의꼬리 (Pteris multifida, 66.9mg․kg-1 DW)와 사다리봉의꼬리(P. vitata, 62.2mg․kg-1 DW)의 지상부에서 비소 축적능이 가장 우수하였으며, 사다리봉의꼬리(13.6mg․kg-1 DW)는 지하부의 비소 축적능도 가장 높았다. 반면, 카드뮴 축적능은 양치식물 12종 모두가 저조하였다. 구리의 축적능은 창날봉의꼬리(P. ensiformis)의 지하부가 44.4mg․kg-1 DW로 가장 높았으며, 지상부는 봉작고사리(26.8mg․kg-1DW)가 가장 우수하였다. 양치식물 12종의 지상부는 1.2(뱀고사리, Athyrium yokoscens)∼8.8mg․kg-1 DW(봉의꼬리)의 납이 축적되었으며, 지하부는 1.2(창날봉의꼬리)～10.3mg․kg-1 DW(반쪽고사리, P. dispar)가 축적되어 있었다. 아연의 축적능은 푸른각시고사리(Thelypteris viridifrons)의 지상부(96.8mg․kg-1 DW)에서 가장 높았으며, 지하부는 봉의꼬리(63.6mg․kg-1 DW)에서 가장 우수하였다.

The genetic diversity was evaluated using RAPD and ISSR among natural populations and Korean wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum). Understanding the genetic diversity of putative parental and wild stocks would be useful in wheat breeding programs. Ninety three populations were evaluated with fifty RAPD and three ISSR primers. A total of 185 RAPD and ISSR polymorphism were produced. These markers were considered to estimate the genetic distance among accessions. The genetic similarity ranged from 0.41 to 0.86. The dendrogram were constructed by using the UPGMA clustering algorithm based on genetic similarity. The genetic diversity within and among accession was assessed through Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for statistics analysis. In cluster analysis, four groups were clustered and 17 accessions were not clustered. The PCA was corresponded well to the result. This study provides basic information about the genetic relationships for breeding purposes.