The operation of nuclear facilities involves the potential for on-site contamination of soil, primarily resulting from pipe leaks and other operational incidents. Globally, decommissioning process for commercial nuclear power plants have revealed huge-amounts of soil waste contaminated with Cs-137, Sr-90, Co-60, and H-3. For example, Connecticut Yankee in the United States produced approximately 52,800 ton of contaminated soil waste, constituting 10% of the total waste generated during its decommissioning. Environmental remediation costs associated with nuclear decommissioning in the US averaged $60 million per unit, representing a significant 10% of the whole decommissioning expenses. Consequently, this study undertook a preliminary investigation to identify important factors for establishing a site remediation strategy based on radionuclide- and site-specific media- characteristics, focusing the efficiency enhancement for the environmental remediation. The factors considered for this investigation were categorized into physical/environmental, socioeconomic, technical, and management aspects. Physical/environmental factors contained the site characteristics, contamination levels, and environmental sensitivity, while socio-economic factors included the social concerns and economic costs. Technical and management factors included subcategories such as technical considerations, policy aspects, and management factors. Especially, technical factors were further subdivided to consider the site reuse potential, secondary waste generation by site remediation, remediation efficiency, and remediation time. Additionally, our study focused the key factors that facilitate the systematic planning for the site remediation, considering the distribution coefficient (Kd) and hydrogeological characteristics associated with each radionuclide in specific site conditions. Therefore, key factors in this study focus the geochemical characteristics of site media including the particle size distribution, chemical composition, organic and inorganic constituents, and soil moisture content. Moreover, the adsorption properties of site media were examined concerning the distribution coefficient (Kd) of radionuclides and their migration characteristics. Furthermore, this study supported the development of a conceptual framework, containing the remediation strategies that incorporate the mobility of radionuclides, according to the site-specific media. This conceptual framework would necessitate the spatial analysis techniques involving the whole contamination surveys and radionuclide mobility modeling data. By integrating these key factors, the study provides the selection and simulation of optimal remediation methods, ultimately offering the estimated amounts of radioactive waste and its disposal costs. Therefore, these key factors offer foundational insights for designing the site remediation strategies according the sitespecific information such as the distribution coefficient (Kd) and hydrogeological characteristics.

When aluminum is in an alkaline state, the aluminum oxide film surrounding aluminum is dissolved and moisture penetrates the exposed aluminum surface, causing corrosion of aluminum. At this time, hydrogen gas is generated and there is a risk of explosion due to the generated hydrogen gas. Aluminum radioactive waste is difficult to permanently dispose of because it does not meet the standards for the acquisition of low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste cave disposal facilities currently managed and operated by the Korea Nuclear Environment Corporation. However, because of this risk, it is necessary to study how to safely treat and dispose aluminum waste. In this study, overseas cases were investigated and analyzed to ensure the safety of aluminum waste disposal, and the current status of aluminum radioactive waste generated during decommissioning of the Korea Research Reactor 1&2 and a treatment plan to secure disposal suitability were presented. The process of removing a little remaining oxygen in molten steel during the reduction of iron oxide in the iron refining process is called deoxidation, and a representative material used for deoxidation is aluminum. In the case of metal melting decontamination, which is one of the decontamination processes of radioactive metal waste, a method of treating aluminum waste by using aluminum as a deoxidizer is proposed.

In the decommissioning site of Korean Research Reactor 1&2 (KRR-1&2), according to Low and Intermediate-level Radioactive Waste Disposal Acceptance Criteria of the Korea Radioactive Waste Agency (WAC-SIL-2022-1), characteristics of radioactive waste was conducted on approximately 550 drums of concrete and soil waste for a year starting from 2021. Among them, 50 drums of concrete waste transported and disposed to Gyeongju LILW disposal facility at the end of 2022. For the remaining approximately 500 drums of concrete and soil waste stored on-site, they were reclassified into two categories: permanent disposal grade and clearance grade. This classification was based on calculating the sum of fractions (SOF) per drum for each radionuclides. The plan is to dispose of around 200 drums in the permanent disposal grade and about 300 drums in the clearance grade by the end of 2023. Since concrete and soil decommissioning wastes are generated in large quantities over a short period with similar origins, they were grouped within five drums as suggested by the acceptance criteria. Mixed samples were collected from each group and used for radionuclide analysis. When utilizing mixed samples, three distinct samples are collected and analyzed for each group. The maximum value among these three radionuclide analysis results is then uniformly applied as the radionuclide concentration value for all drums within that group. Radioactive nuclides contained in similar types of radioactive waste with similar origins can be expected to have some statistical distribution. However, There has been no verification as to whether the maximum value among the three mixed samples exists within the statistical distribution or if it deviates from this distribution to represent a different value. In this study, we confirmed characteristics of radionuclide concentration distribution by examining and comparing radionuclide concentration distributions for radioactive wastes drum grouped for nuclear characteristic among 50 concrete wastes drum disposed in year 2022 and 500 concretes & soils drum scheduled for disposal (clearance or permanent disposal) in year 2023. In particular, when comparing tritium to other nuclides, it was observed that the standard deviation for the distribution of maximum values was approximately 318 times larger.

The decommissioning of Korea Research Reactor Units 1 and 2 (KRR 1&2), the first research reactors in South Korea, began in 1997 and the decommissioning status is currently proceeding with phase 3. It is expected that more than 5,000 tons of dismantled wastes will be generated as the contaminated building is demolished. Since these dismantled wastes must be disposed of in an efficient method considering economic feasibility, it is desirable to clearance extremely low-level wastes whose contamination is so minimal that the radiological risk is negligible. In Korea, in order to approve the clearance of radioactive waste, it must be proven that the nuclide concentration standards are met or that the dose to individuals and collectives is below the allowable dose value. At the KRR 1&2 decommissioning site, dismantled wastes have been steadily being disposed of through clearance procedure since 2021. Clearance was approved by the Korean Institute of Nuclear Safety (KINS) for one case of concrete waste in 2021 and two cases of metal waste in 2022. In 2023, the clearance of metal waste and asbestos waste has been approved so far, and in particular, this is the first case in Korea for asbestos waste. In this study, we compared the dose assessment methods and results of clearance wastes at the KRR 1&2 decommissioning site from 2021 to present. Dose assessment was conducted by applying the landfill scenario for concrete and asbestos and the recycling scenario for metal waste. The calculation codes used were RESRAD-onsite 7.2 and RESRAD-recycle 3.10. The dose conversion factors (DCF) for each age group (infant, 1y, 5y, 10y, 15y, adult) of the target nuclide used the values presented in ICRP-72, and in particular, geo-hydrological data of the actual landfill site was used as an input factor when evaluating landfill scenarios. As a result of the dose assessment, when landfilling concrete wastes in 2020, the personal dose and collective dose were evaluated the most at 2.80E+00 μSv/y and 4.83E-02 man·Sv/y, respectively.

In this study, in relation to the demolition of the building as a research reactor, in order to establish a basic design for preparation for relocation and installation of the TRIGA Mark-II, the present conditions such as actual measurements and structural safety were investigated, as well as technologies and cases related to the relocation and installation of cultural properties. Based on this, the basic design for the relocation and installation of cultural assets was established by reviewing the disassembly and transport design of the TRIGA Mark-II and the basic plan for the relocation site. Although the structural safety of the current self-weight of the structure is judged to be reasonable, when lifting the structure, it is necessary to consider a method of lifting the foundation by reinforcing the foundation so that the tensile force can be minimized in the structure. As for the technology to be applied before TRIGA Mark-II, the technology before non-transplacement was confirmed as the most reasonable method in terms of preserving the original form, securing safety, and securing economic feasibility. Among the non-replacement technologies, the methods that can be applied before reactor 1 can be largely classified into three types. The three methods to be reviewed can be largely classified into the traditional rail movement method, the movement method using transport equipment, and the crane movement method. Each required period was calculated from the basic design results, and the modular trailer method was judged to be the most efficient. From the basic design results, the required period for each stage according to the mobile construction method was calculated. Depending on the calculation result, the modular trailer method is judged to be the most efficient. However, the final construction method should be selected according to the detailed design results. Overall, the results obtained through this study suggest that it is possible to create a memorial hall without the previous installation of TRIGA Mark-II if the structure foundation is composed independently of the building foundation after conducting a detailed characteristic investigation on the foundation of the TRIGA Mark-II structure.

The decommissioning of Korea Research Reactor Units 1 and 2 (KRR-1&2), the first research reactors in South Korea, began in 1997. Approximately 5,000 tons of waste will be generated when the contaminated buildings are demolished. Various types of radioactive waste are generated in large quantities during the operation and decommissioning of nuclear facilities, and in order to dispose of them in a disposal facility, it is necessary to physico-chemically characterize the radioactive waste. The need to transparently and clearly conduct and manage radioactive waste characterization methods and results in accordance with relevant laws, regulations, acceptance standards is emerging. For radioactive waste characterization information, all information must be provided to the disposal facility by measuring and testing the physical, chemical, and radiological characteristics and inputting related documents. At this time, field workers have the inconvenience of performing computerized work after manually inputting radioactive waste characterization information, and there is always a possibility that human errors may occur during manual input. Furthermore, when disposing of radioactive waste, the production of the documents necessary for disposal is also done manually, resulting in the aforementioned human error and very low production efficiency of numerous documents. In addition, as quality control is applied to the entire process from generation to treatment and disposal of radioactive waste, it is necessary to physically protect data and investigate data quality in order to manage the history information of radioactive waste produced in computerized work. In this study, we develop a system that can directly compute the radioactive waste characterization information at the field site where the test and measurement are performed, protect the stored radioactive waste characterization data, and provide a system that can secure reliability.

It is essential to provide a safe working environment for radiation workers. At a research reactor decommissioning site in Seoul (KRR1 & KRR2), radioactive waste drum disposal work is in progress. Before performing radiation work, it is necessary to determine the radioactivity of the waste drum to ensure safety. In this reason, we conducted a study to determine the detection efficiency of waste drums using the EXVol code. Determination of the full energy absorption peak efficiency (detection efficiency) is one of the important processes of the gamma-ray activation analysis. For the large voluminous gamma-ray sources like waste drum, the geometrical and attenuation effect should be considered. EXVol (Efficiency calculator for eXtended Voluminous source) code is a detection efficiency calculation code using the effective solid angle method. EXVol can calculate both coaxial and asymmetric structure. In addition, the introduction of a collimator made it possible to reduce the radiation intensity of a high radiation source. And it is possible to determine the precise detection efficiency according to the energy of a gamma ray at a specific position of the volume source. To verify the performance of the EXVol, a high resolution gamma spectroscopy system was constructed and measurement and analysis were performed. Measurements were performed on coaxial, asymmetric and collimated structures with standard point source, standard 1 L liquid volume source and HPGe detector. The measured results were compared with the calculation results of EXVol. The relative deviation of the measurement and calculation in the coaxial and asymmetric structures was 10%, and that of the collimation structure was 20%. Results can be available in analysis of waste drums’ radioactivity determination at a specific position.

Korea Research Reactor 1&2 (KRR-1&2), Korea’s first research reactor, began dismantling in 1997. As of 2022, the demolition of general areas such as offices has been completed, and contaminated areas such as reactor rooms remain. On the other hand, construction waste generated in contaminated areas of nuclear facilities cannot be disposed of as general industrial waste. It is predicted that about 5,000 tons of construction waste will be generated if the contaminated area of KRR-1&2 is demolished. In this study, the application plan for the demolition of contaminated area of KRR-1&2 was reviewed through a review of laws and cases related to domestic and overseas disposal. The only method for disposing of construction waste in contaminated areas that can be applied in Korea is clearance in accordance with Nuclear Safety Commission Notice No. 2020-06. In addition, there has been no case of demolishing large-scale nuclear facilities in Korea. Therefore, there are limitations in domestic laws and standards to be applied to the dismantling of contaminated areas of KRR-1&2. The IAEA and the United States specify comprehensive matters such as optimization of radiation protection and minimization of waste products. The EU recommends demolition after decontamination by removing contaminated areas before demolition of buildings. It also presents three options for reuse, recycling, and disposal of buildings and building waste. In particular, in the case of Germany, detailed radioactivity measurement methods for deregulation of buildings and building waste are presented in accordance with the EU’s guidelines. As a result of synthesizing this, it is judged that the EU and Germany building clearance plan will be suitable for domestic application.

During the operation or decommission of nuclear facilities, a large amount of dry active waste and cable waste with various shape and material is generated. Most of these wastes have almost no radioactive contamination and can be disposed of by incineration, landfill, recycling, etc. under clearance regulation. For clearance of radioactive waste, it is necessary to verify the characteristics of radiological contamination and prove that it meets the criteria for clearance regulation. According to the domestic clearance regulation, if it is difficult to measure radioactivity of wastes due to their surface condition using direct or indirect measurement methods, representative samples should be collected and analyzed for radioactivity. When sampling, it is desirable to collect samples of about 1 kg that can represent waste contamination per 200 kg or per 1 m2, and the homogeneity of the samples also should be demonstrated. However, in the case of dry active wastes, it is very difficult to prove the homogeneity of the samples because of surface shapes and conditions of the wastes. In particular, considering cable waste generated during the decommission, it is hardly capable to prove the representativeness of the sample, even though the inner shell of the covering material and the copper wire are almost uncontaminated. In this study, we show the development of a treatment system that makes it easy to prove the representativeness of samples when disposing of dry active waste or cable waste generated in nuclear facilities. The treatment device is designed in such a way that it has different storage unit and cutting unit suitable for the material characteristics of each waste type (soft, hard and cable), and therefore optimizes the efficiency of the shredding or cutting process. In addition, it is expected that the work efficiency in the radioactive treatment site with a narrow area can also be improved by providing a moving part on the device.

This study investigated number of eggs, hatch rate, toxicities and LT (lethal time) values of Culex pipiens and Aedes albopictus using Aquatain™(Aqua mosquito film). Aquatain™ is a covering agent applied on the surface of water for the control of larva and pupa of mosquito. It forms molecule layer on the surface of the water to lower the surface tension of the water, to prevent flooding of the larva of the mosquito larvae, or to suffocate by obstructing breathing. Cx. pipiens and Ae. albopictus larvae observed 99.9% and 1% larvicidal effect after 24h, respectively. However, both mosquito pupae were showed 100% mortality after 24 h. The AMF™ was treated with three doses (0.5, 1, 2 folds) to observe the LT value in larvae and pupae stages of Cx. pipiens and Ae. albopictus. The LT values of Ae. albopictus pupa was similar regardless of dose, but the LT value of Cx. pipiens pupa decreased as the dose increased. However, Ae. albopictus larvae showed 18.6 folds longer LT90 time than Cx. pipiens larvae. Both species mosquito showed statistically significant differences in the number of eggs laid and hatch rate at recommended dose. Therefore, Aquatain AMF™ may be used to control mosquitoes, although the activity varies depending on the species of mosquito.

Acaricidal activities of 63 commecial pesticides against the longhorned tick, H. logicornis were investigated. Twenty-two pesticides (4 cabamates, 5 organophophates, 9 pyrethroids, 1 octopamine receptor agonists, 1 diamides, and 1 unknown) against adults H. logicornis showed >80% mortalities after 72 h of treatment. The residual effect of 22 pesticides was investigated at 1, 2, 3, 7, and 10 day intervals on grass for H. logicornis adults and nymphs. Eight and twenty pesticides in H. logicornis adults and nymphs showed >80% acaricidal activity at 3 days after the treatment, respectively. 7 days after the treatment, H. logicornis adults showed <60% acaricidal activity in all pesticides, but 7 pesticides (benfuracarb, gamma cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, lammda cyhalothrin, fenvalerate, cyantraniliprole, fluxametamide) showed >80% acaricidal activity in nymphs. all pesticides exhibited <60% acaricidal activity after 10 days of treatment both adults and mymphs, except benfuracarb showed 96.7% mortality in H. logicornis nymph.

The distribution of mosquitoes collected in Cheongju area in 2016 and 2017 were compared. The collection sites wereestablished from residential area, migratory bird sanctuary, and cattle feedlot using BL trap and BG trap. Culex pipienswere the most collected in residential area, and Aedes vexans were the most collected in migratory bird sanctuary andcattle feedlot in both years. BG trap was more collected than BL trap in residential area and migratory bird sanctuary.However, cattle feedlot was more collected in BL trap. A variety of mosquito species were collected from BG trap thanBL trap. However, the number of Anopheles sinensis collected in cattle feedlot showed significant differences betweenBL trap and BG trap. Based on the results of this study, it is considered that effective monitoring of mosquitoes mightbe done by using appropriate trap type according to the region