Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by Fusarium graminearum is a major disease problem on wheat and barley in Korea. The objectives of this study were to evaluation of korean wheat cultivars for Type I and Type II resistance to FHB. We screened for Type II resistance in the greenhouse using single floret inoculation and for Type I resistance in the field using spray inoculation. Sumai 3 was used the FHB resistant check. Thirty-two korean wheat cultivars were evaluated for resistance to spread of symptoms within spike. The 2013 field screening with wheat cultivar was located in Kimjae-si Joeonbuk Korea. All plots were inoculated twice. Mist-irrigation was applied to facilitate FHB development. FHB severity was assessed visually 21 days after inoculation on 20 arbitrarily selected spikes per plot. FHB severity was determined as the percentage of symptomatic spikelets from the total of all spikelets. For FHB resistance, the average of FHB severity of Type I exhibited ranging from 21.9% to 77.2% and FHB severity of Type II ranging from 20.8% to 100%. Namhae, Milseong, Geuru, Joen, Anbaek and Sukang were the moderately resistant cultivars while Gobun, Alchan, Dajoong, Eunpa, Shinmichal1, Eunpa and Uri were the most susceptible cultivars for Type II resistance.

본 연구는 질소 추비 시용수준을 달리한 비배관리가 수발아에 미치는 영향을 구명코자 금강밀과 조경밀을 공시하여 질소 추비 처리 수준별로 출수기, 생육, 종실특성 및 수발아 관련 형질을 비교하였다. 질수수준 증가에 따라 간장,수장, 경수 및 영화수가 증가했으나, 임실율은 2010년에는질소 50% 증비(108 kg N/ha)에서 가장 높은 수치를 나타냈고, 2011년에는 100% 증비(144 kg N/ha)에서 가장 높은 수치를 나타냈다. 밀 종실 특성 중 천립중, 리터중 및 수분함량은 질소수준에 따라 큰 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 종실 수량은 질소 수준이 증가함에 따라 계속 증가하여 50% 증비에서 가장 높게 나타났으며 그 이후부터는 감소하였다. 종실의 단백질 함량을 살펴보면 질소수준이 증가함에 따라 점차 증가는 경향을 보였으며 100% 증비에서 가장 높은 함량을 나타냈고, 금강이 조경보다 높은 단백질 함량을 보였다.밀 종자의 수발아 관련 형질간 비교에서는 질수수준이 증가함에 따라 발아율, Germination index 및 ABA sensitivity가점차 감소했는데, 이는 종자의 수발아율을 낮추는 결과를가져왔다. 밀 종자의 Germination index는 금강의 경우 무비(추비)에서 가장 높게 나타났으며 그 이후에는 조경의 경우와 마찬가지로 질소 수준이 증가함에 따라 점차 감소하였다. 밀 종자의 수발아율은 조경의 경우 50% 감비에서24.7%, 금강의 경우 무비(추비)에서 19.6%로 가장 높게 나타났으나, 질소 처리 수준이 증가함에 따라 수발아율은 점차 감소하였다. ABA sensitivity와 수발아율 간에는 정의상관을 나타내어 ABA sensitivity를 간이 수발아 검정법으로 활용 가능할 것으로 보였다.

밀 친환경 재배를 위해 화학비료 사용을 줄이고 밀 품질을 향상하기 위한 유기질비료와 미생물퇴비의 적정 사용량을 설정하고자 시험한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다.1. 밀 생육특성 중 간장은 시비량이 많을수록 보리복합비료 처리에서는 컸으나 미생물퇴비와 유기질비료 처리에서는 뚜렷한 차이를 보이지 않았고, 수장은 보리복합비료 > 미생물퇴비 > 유기질비료 순으로 길었으나시비량 간에는 일정한 경향을 보이지 않았다.2. 밀 수량구성요소 중 수당입수는 비료 종류나 시비량간에 차이가 없었고, m2당 경수는 비료 종류 간에는복합비료 > 유기질비료 > 미생물퇴비 순으로 많았으며,시비량은 200% 시용에서는 많아 차이를 보였으며, 천립중은 금강밀은 41.1～42.7 g, 조경밀은 41.0～42.9 g으로 처리 간에 일정한 경향을 보이지 않았다.3. 비료의 종류에 상관없이 시비량이 증가 할수록 생육및 수량은 좋았으며, 비종간에는 유기질비료가 미생물퇴비보다 수량성은 높으나 보리복합비료(관행 4.12 Tonha-1) 대비 2～6%가 감수되었으나 통계적으로 유의성이 없었다.4. 친환경 자재의 적정 사용량은 표준시비 수준인 유기질비료은 800 kg ha-1, 미생물퇴비는 2,000 kg ha-1 시용으로 95%이상의 수량을 얻을 수 있었다.5. 밀가루의 품질은 밑거름 50% 감비구에서 다소 떨어지는 경향을 보였으며, 단백질함량과 침전가는 관행복합비료 > 미생물퇴비 > 유기질비료 순이었으나 회분함량은 0.40～0.38%로 일정한 경향을 보이지 않았다.

Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by Fusarium graminearum is a major disease problem on wheat and barley in Korea and around the world. We screened for Type II resistance in the greenhouse using single floret inoculation and for Type I resistance in the field using spray inoculation. Sumai 3 was used the FHB resistant check. Three hundred and seventy lines were evaluated for resistance to spread of symptoms within spike (type II). The 2012 field screening with 300 wheat lines was located in Kimjae-si Joeonbuk Korea. All plots were inoculated twice. The first inoculation was applied at anthesis for wheat. The second inoculation was applied three days after the initial inoculation (dai) for each plot. The inoculum was F. graminearum (GZ3639) prepared at a concentration of 100,000 macroconidai/ml with Tween 20 added as a wetting agent. Mist-irrigation was applied from the first inoculation on May 7 till June 7 to facilitate FHB development. FHB severity was assessed visually 21 days after inoculation on 20 arbitrarily selected spikes per plot. FHB severity was determined as the percentage of symptomatic spikelets from the total of all spikelets observed in these 20 spikes. Based on the field test, we could observe four categories of FHB severity: resistant (R: 0-20%), moderately resistant (MR: 21-40%), moderately susceptible (MS: 41-60%), and susceptible (S: 61-100%). The results showed that forty four lines showed the resistant category on FHB severity between 2.7% and 19.8%. In addition, ten lines showed similar FHB severity compared to Sumai 3 (9.9%).

Whole grain wheat bread and bakery products is highly considered as a functional food due to the high amount of vitamins, minerals, and dietary fiber in whole wheat flour. However, as the lower end-use properties of whole wheat products limit consumer selection, it is required to measure the functionality of whole wheat flour. Thus, it is observed the fermentation properties of bread dough from the composite flour of whole grain and white wheat flour. Whole grain cv. Chokyeong developed in the NICS was ground using a hammer mill with 0.5 mm sieve. The composite flour was prepared by substituting wheat flour with whole grain flour at 15, 30, 45% levels. Breads were prepared using the 100 g composite flour according to a basic straight-dough mehtod (AACC 10-10A) with slight modification. A rheofermentometer was used to measure the maximum dough height (Hm) and the maximum gas formation (H’m) during fermentation. Also, total CO2 production was recorded. The Hm decreased from 38.8 to 27.5 (mm) with increasing whole wheat flour from 15 to 45%. Whereas, the H’m was increased from 61.7 to 60.8 (mm) with whole wheat flour increment. Total CO2 production was also decreased with increasing whole wheat flour ranging 1312∼1164 (ml). The fermentation results could be useful to partly predict the effect of substituting whole wheat flour on the end-use quality of pan-breads.

“Joah”, a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar was developed by the National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, Iksan, Korea, during the period from 1997 to 2011. The heading and maturing dates of this variety were April 26 and June 8 in upland, and April 28 and June 6 in paddy field, respectively. It is an awned, semi-dwarf and soft winter wheat. Culm and spike length of “Joah” were 78 cm and 8.4 cm. It had lower test weight (763g/L) and l,000-grain weight (43.0 g) than “Keumkang”. It showed moderate to pre-harvest sprouting, which lower rate of pre-harvest sprouting (12.3%) than “Keumkang”. “Joah” had lower flour yield (66.3%) and ash content (0.33%) than “Keumkang”. It showed higher lightness (92.29) of flour color than “Keumkang”. It showed lower protein content (11.5%) and gluten content (10.7%) and lower SDS-sedimentation volume(29㎖) and mixing time of mixograph than “Keumkang”. It was showed higher amylose content and high viscosity than “Keumkang”. It showed different compositions in HMW-GS compositions (2.2+12), PPO 18 (876bp) and Puroindolines composition compared to “Keumkang”. “Joah” showed similar firmness (2.20N) and higher volume of sponge cake to “Keumkang”. Average yield of “Joah” in the regional adaptation yield trial was 6.44 ton/ha in upland and 5.26 ton/ha in paddy field. “Joah” would be suitable for the area above -10℃ of daily minimum temperature in January in Korean peninsula.

“Joongmo2008”, a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar was developed by the National Institute of Crop Science, RDA. It is an awned, semi-dwarf and hard winter wheat. The heading and maturing date of “Joongmo2008” were similar to “Keumkang”. Culm and spike length of “Joongmo2008” were 87 cm and 8.6 cm. It had similar test weight (800g/L) and higher 1,000-grain weight (46.7g) than “Keumkang”. It showed resistance to winter hardiness and moderate to pre-harvest sprouting, which lower rate of pre-harvest sprouting (9.8%) than “Keumkang”. “Joongmo2008” had higher flour yield (73.5%) and higher ash content (0.49%) than “Keumkang”. It showed similar lightness (90.01) of flour color than “Keumkang”. It showed higher protein content (16.4%), gluten content (13.4%), SDS-sedimentation volume(59㎖) and mixing time of mixograph than “Keumkang”. “Joongmo2008” had lower amylose contetn (24.5%) and higher viscosity (153BU) than “Keumkang”. It showed same compositions in HMW-GS compositions(5+10) and Puroindolines composition compared to “Keumkang”. “Joongmo2008” showed lower firmness (0.74N) of and higher bread volume of baked pan-bread to “Keumkang”. Average yield of “Joongmo2008” in the regional adaptation yield trial was 4.54 ton/ha in upland and 3.67 ton/ha in paddy field. “Joongmo2008” would be suitable for the area above -10℃ of daily minimum temperature in January in Korean peninsula.

Flour characteristics and end-use quality of 10 commercial flours produced from Korean wheat (Kcom) were evaluated to utilize information for assessment consumer's satisfaction with Korean wheat compared with commercial flour from imported wheats (com). Two types of Kcom, whole wheat flour and white wheat flour, were found in market. Whole wheat flours showed higher ash and protein content, lower lightness and higher water absorption in mixogram than white wheat flours. Amylose content of Kcom was similar to that of com, but peak viscosity and breakdown of Kcom was lower than those of com. Noodle dough sheet prepared from white flours of Kcom was thinner thickness and higher lightness than those of whole wheat flours. Compared to com, Kcom showed lower lightness of noodle dough sheet. Hardness of cooked noodles of Kcom was similar to com for making noodle flours. In bread baking, Kcom showed lower loaf volume and lightness of crumb and higher firmness of crumb compared to com for baking bread.

Flour physicochemical properties of 26 Korean wheat cultivars, 7 imported wheat and 5 commercial wheat flours were evaluated to determine making for yellow alkaline noodles (YAN) in this study. In physical characteristics of YAN, ash and damaged starch content was 0.42% and 3.79%. Flour color of YAN was 92.17 in L*, -1.45 in a* and 9.77 in b*. Protein content, SDS-sedimentation based on a constant flour weight (SDSSF), on a constant protein weight (SDSSP) and dry gluten content was 11.97%, 59.00 mL, 48.00 mL and 8.20%. Water absorption, mixing time and tolerance of mixograph was 61.50%, 3.75 min and 24.00 mm. In starch characteristics, amylose and total starch was 23.72% and 76.10. L* value of flour decreased when ash, damaged starch, protein content of flour increased. Protein content of wheat flour was positively correlated with SDSSP, dry gluten and mixograph water absorption. SDSSF showed positively correlated with SDSSP, mixograph mixing time and mixing tolerance (r = 0.641, P < 0.001, r = 0.464, P < 0.05 and r = 0.618, P < 0.001, respectively) and SDSSP positively correlated with dry gluten, mixograph water absorption, mixing time and mixing tolerance (r = 0.550, P < 0.05, r = 0.520, P < 0.01, r = 0.396, P < 0.05 and r = 0.552, P < 0.01, respectively).

‘'Morningpurple’' is a new sweetpotato variety developed by Mokpo Experiment Station, National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), RDA in 2007, for flowering. This variety was selected from the cross between Sinchunmi and Hi-dry in 2004, seedling and line selections were practiced from 2005 to 2006. ‘'Morningpurple’' has morning glory type flowers with purple color. It has triangular leaf, green with purple vine and petiole, elliptic storage root, red skin and yellow flesh color of storage root. The average yield of storage root was 15.0 ton/ha. Number of storage roots over 50 gram per plant was 2.6, and the average weight of storage root was 143 gram.

“aegjoong” a white winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar was developed by the National Institute of Crop Science, RDA. It was derived from the cross “eumkang”“lgeuru”during 1996. “aegjoong”was evaluated as “ksan307”in Advanced Yield Trial Test in 2004. It was tested in the regional yield trial test between 2005 and 2007. “aegjoong”is an awned, semi-dwarf and soft white winter wheat, similar to “eumkang”(check cultivar). The heading and maturing date of “aegjoong” were similar to “eumkang” Culm and spike length of “aegjoong”were 77 cm and 7.5 cm, similar to “eumkang” “aegjoong”had lower test weight (802 g) and lower 1,000-grain weight (39.8 g) than “eumkang”(811 g and 44.0 g, respectively). It had resistance to winter hardiness, wet-soil tolerance and lodging tolerance. “aegjoong”showed moderate to pre-harvest sprouting (23.9%) although “eumkang”is susceptible to pre-harvest sprouting (38.9%). “aegjoong”had similar flour yield (72.4%) and ash content (0.41%) to “eumkang”(72.0% and 0.41%, respectively) and similar flour color to “eumkang” It showed lower protein content (8.8%) and SDS-sedimentation volume (35.3 ml) and shorter mixograph mixing time (3.8 min) than “eumkang”(11.0%, 59.7 ml and 4.5 min, respectively). Amylose content and pasting properties of “aegjoong”were similar to “eumkang” “aegjoong”had softer and more elastic texture of cooked noodles than “eumkang” Average yield of “aegjoong”in the regional adaptation yield trial was 5.88 MT ha-1 in upland and 5.35 MT ha-1 in paddy field, which was 13% and 17% higher than those of “eumkang”(5.21 MT ha-1 and 4.58 MT ha-1, respectively). “aegjoong” would be suitable for the area above the daily minimum temperature of -10℃ in January in Korean peninsula.

Sweetpotato fields in Korea are highly infected with virus and virus like diseases that greatly diminish both yield and quality as indicated by field observations and laboratory tests. In order to solve this problem, there is an urgent need to produce and mass propagate virus-free planting materials for distribution to the farmers. These experiments were conducted, firstly, to determine the most appropriate culture media, nutrient solution, and cutting intervals to maintain growth and vigor of tissue cultured plantleta as mother plants for propagation in insect-proof greenhouse. And as a labor saving method, the production efficiency of plug trays for rapid propagation of stem cuttings as a source of planting materials was likewise evaluated. Results showed that plants grown in medium B supplied with 0.5 and 1.0 strength of MS nutrients had high growth rate, and 20-day cutting interval was the best. 72-plug tray was better than 128-plug. Secondly, it was to develop a technique for the production of first-generation seed roots using hydroponics cultivation system. The yield of virus-free plants propagated in the non-insect proof and open-field cultivation was 2,402 kg/10a, 6% higher than those in the insect-proof cultivation, and the rate of virus re-infection was 18% higher compared to 3.3% with insect-proof cultivation. Lastly, it was to investigate the growth performance of virus free plants in farmers' field. Differences were existed in the yield depending on the variety used, but virus free plants showed an increase of 6~24% over virus infected plants.