Bark beetles are recently considered as important forest insect pests in several countries. Damage of bark beetles has increased in Korea, and monitoring of these beetles become important. However, there has been no study on development of monitoring skill on bark beetles in Korea. In this study, we tested the attractiveness of (-)-α-pinene, ethanol, (-)-α-pinene+ethanol for monitoring of bark beetles. Some bark beetles strongly attracted to (-)-α-pinene or (-)-α-pinene+ethanol. Some ambrosia beetles strongly attracted to ethanol. Our results indicated that (-)-α-pinene, ethanol, or (-)-α-pinene+ethanol could be useful infochemicals for the monitoring of bark beetles.

 ,  , The larvicidal activities of Piper nigrum fruit methanol extracts and its constituents against larvae of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, were investigated using the leaf dipping method. Administering the P. nigrum methanol extract resulted in 100 and 97% mortality against diamondback moth larvae at 5.0 and 2.5 mg/mL concentrations, respectively. Larvicidal activities of the P. nigrum fruit-derived piperidine alkaloids, piperine, and N-isobutylamide, as well as pellitorine, guineensine, pipercide, and retrofractamide A against P. xylostella varied according to test compound. Based on the 48 h LC50 values, the most toxic compound to diamondback moth larvae was guineensine (0.013 mg/mL) followed by retrofractamide A (0.020mg/mL), pipercide (0.033mg/mL), and pellitorine (0.046 mg/mL). The LC50 value of piperine was >, 0.5 mg/mL.

We evaluated insecticidal and acetylcholine esterase inhibition activity of 11 Apiaceae plant essential oils and their constituents against male and female adults of Blattella germanica. Of 11 Apiaceae plant essential oils tested, dill (Anethum graveolens), carvi (Carum carvi), and cumin (Cuminum cyminum) essential oils demonstrated > 90 % fumigant toxicity against male adults of German cockroach at 5 mg/filter paper. In contact toxicity test, dill (Anethum graveolens), carvi (Carum carvi), cumin (Cuminum cyminum), and ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi) essential oils produced strong insecticidal activity against male and female adults of German cockroach. Among test compounds, carvone, 1,8-cineole, trans-dihydrocarvone, cuminaldehyde, trans-anethole, p-cymene, and γ-terpinene demonstrated strong fumigant toxicity against male and female adults of B. germanica. In a contact toxicity test, carveol, cuminaldehyde, (S)-(+)-carvone, trans-anethole, thymol, and p-cymene showed the strong contact toxicity against B. germanica male and female adults. IC50 values of α-pinene, carvacrol, and dihydrocarvone against female acetylcholine esterase were 0.28, 0.17, and 0.78 mg/mL, respectively. The toxicity of blends of constituents identified in 4 active oils indicated that carvone, cuminaldehyde, and thymol were major contributors to the fumigant or contact toxicity of the artificial blend.

The larvicidal activity of 12 Apiaceae essential oils and their constituents was evaluated against third instar larvae of mosquitoes, Aedes albopictus. Of the 12 Apiaceae essential oils, Dill (Anethum graveolens), Caraway seed (Carum carvi), Cumin (Cuminum cyminum), Carrot seed (Daucus carota), Parsley (Petroselinum sativum) and Ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi) oils at 0.1 mg/ml exhibited 90% larval mortality after 2 days. Analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry led to identification of 8, 3, 13, 12 compounds, respectively. in the oils of Dill (Anethum graveolens), Caraway seed (Carum carvi), Cumin (Cuminum cyminum), Ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi). The compounds thus identified were tested individually for their larvicidal activities against Aedes albopictus. At this same concentration, the individual constituents tested, α-phellandrene, α-Terpinene, ρ -cymene, (+)-Limonene, γ-Terpinene, Thymol, Carvacrol resulted in 100% mortality after 2 days. At this same concentration, the individual constituents tested, (+)-carvone, cuminaldehyde, neral, trans-anethole resulted in 80% mortality after 2 days.

We evaluated insecticidal activity of 11 Apiaceae plant essential oils and their constituents against rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae.. Of 11 Apiaceae plant essential oils tested, dill (Anethum graveolens), carvi (Carum carvi), caraway seed (Carum carvi) and cumin (Cuminum cyminum) essential oils demonstrated strong fumigant toxicity against adults of rice weevil. Components of 4 active compounds were analyzed by GC and GC-MS, and fumigant toxicity of individual compound was also tested. Among test compounds, carvone, dihydrocarvone, carveol, linalool oxide, neral, cuminaldehyde, and anethole demonstrated the strong insecticidal activity. The toxicity of blends of constituents identified in 4 active oils indicated that carvone, and cuminaldehyde were major contributors to the fumigant toxicity of the artificial blend.

The pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is a serious forest pathogen in many countries including Japan, China and Korea. To minimize the environmental problems caused by synthetic chemicals broadly utilized in the control of B. xylophilus, we estimated the nematicidal potency of 97 phytochemicals (49 monoterpenes, 17 phenylpropenes, 16 sesquterpenes and 15 sulfides) against B. xylophilus by measuring their inhibition activity against acetylcholinesterases (ACE, EC 3.1.1.7) of B. xylophilus (BxACEs). In the primary inhibition assay using B. xylophilus crude protein, (+)-α-pinene, (-)-α-pinene and 3-carene in the monoterpenes, ο-anisaldehyde and coniferyl alcohol in the phenylpropenes and cis-nerolidol in the sesquterpenes were observed the > 50% BxACE inhibition rate and they were subsequently estimated the inhibition rate against three recombinant BxACEs. The (+)-α-pinene and coniferyl alcohol showed the high inhibition rate against BxACE-1 and BxACE-2. Interestingly, coniferyl alcohol also exhibited the high inhibition rate against BxACE-3 which would be insensitive to ACE inhibitors.

The box tree pyralid, Glyphodes perspectalis, was reared on an artificial diet based on dried powder of box tree leaves, Buxus microphylla var. koreana, and INSECTA F-II (Nihon Nosan Co., Ltd) at a ratio of 3:7 (w:w) and analyzed in their developmental characteristics from 1st to 4th generation. The developmental period of larva reared on artificial diet was longer than that of larva reared on host plant. Significant difference in larval period was also observed between 1st and other generation groups. Pupation rate was the highest in 4th generation followed by 3rd, 2nd, 1st and host plant group. Significant difference in pupal period was noted between 1st and 3rd generation group. Emergence rate was the highest in 4th generation group followed by 3rd, host plant, 1st and 2nd generation group. There is a significant difference in male and female size between 1st and 4th generation group. Our result indicated that stable rearing of box tree pyralid through the year is possible by artificial diet, and the best adaptation to artificial diet was achieved at 4th generation. The pheromone components of this moth have been identified as (Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z11-16:Ald), (E)-11-hexadecenal (E11-16:Ald), and (Z)-11-hexadecenol (Z-11-16:OH). We did several field tests, and found that there was a difference between Korea and Japan population.

Histeridae is a family of beetles commonly known as clown beetles and hister beetles and approximately 3,900 species in 11 subfamily have been described to date. In Korea, up to days, 53 species of 22 genera of 6 subfamily of them have been recorded. They can be easily identified by their shortened elytra that leaves two of the seven tergites exposed, and their elbowed antennae with clubbed ends. Most members of hister beetles are predators and found in most kinds of decaying organic matter, such as droppings, decomposing bodies of animals, compost piles and other decaying plant materials. Some species are also used to control livestock pests that infest dung or to control house flies (Ôhara, 1994). Recently, we have collected several histerid species with Lindgren funner trap for the ecological research on the bark beetles. As a result of this study, we added three newly recorded species, Niponius osorioceps Lewis, 1885, Plegaderus (Plegaderus) marseuli Reitter, 1877 and Trypeticus fagi (Lewis, 1884) to Korean fauna. In this presentation, diagnosis and photographs of characters for each species are presented.

In this study, we reared box tree pyralid, Glyphodes perspectalis, with artificial diet and identified sex pheromone. Insect F-II and leaf of box tree were used to make artificial diet. Box tree pyralid, Glyphodes perspectalis, is the most serious pest of box tree in Korea, and was recently introduced into Europe. The pheromone components of this moth have been identified as (Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z11-16:Ald), (E)-11-hexadecenal (E11-16:Ald), and (Z)-11-hexadecenol (Z-11- 16:OH) in Japan. In this study, we identified pheromone components of this species by using GC and GC-MS. Three same components, such as (Z)-11- hexadecenal (Z11-16:Ald), (E)-11-hexdecenal (E11-16:Ald), and (Z)-11-hexadecenol (Z-11-16:OH) were also indentified in Korean population, but there was a little difference in ratios. The ratios of these three compounds of Japanese population and Korean population were 5:1.25:1, and 5:0.96:0.2, respectively. The ratios of Z and E-11-hexadecenal were similar, but the ratio of (Z)-11-hexadecenol was lower compared to Japanese population. In field bioassay, (Z)-11-hexadecenal or (E)-11-hexadecenal alone was not attractive to males, but the mixture of Z11-16:Ald and E11-16:Ald was attractive to males. The most effective ratios of Z11-16:Ald and E11-16:Ald was 5:1. Other ratios such as 1:1 and 1:5 (Z:E) was not attractive to males. The attractiveness of Z:11-16:OH will be tested in near future.

In this study, we investigated the nematicidal activities of 102 Korean domestic plant extracts which have not been tested before against B. xylophilus. Nematicidal activity of plant extracts were varied according to plant species and extraction part. Among 102 plant extracts, 42 plant extracts in 22 families showed >50% nematicidal activity against pine wood nematode at 10 mg/mL concentration. Among 31 wood extracts, very strong nematicidal activity (100%) was produced from extract of Neolitsea aciculate, Prunus sargentii and Rhus chinensis at 10 mg/mL concentration. Extracts from Camellia japonica, Carpinus cordata, Daphniphyllum macropodum, Eucommia ulmoides, Ilex cornuta, Myrica rubra, Vaccinium bracteatum, and Zelkova serrata showed strong nematicidal activities (80-99%). The other samples exhibited activities <80%. In a test with leaf extracts, strong neamticidal activity was observed in extract of Machius japonica (100%) followed by Picea koraiensis (99.4%), Meliosma oldhamii (82.7%), and Zelkova serrata (81%). The other 37 plant species revealed <80% mortality. Strong nematicidal activity (>80%) was observed from bark extract of Carpinus cordata, Comus kousa, Cryptomeria japonica, Machius japonica, Quercus glauca and Zelkova serrata. Nematicidal activity of other 19 bark extracts was less than 80%. Twig extract of Smilax china and fruit extract of Forsythia koreana showed 86.6 and 81.4% nematicidal activity at 10 mg/mL concentration, respectively.

Mass mortality of oak trees has been reported at Sungnam city, Gyeonggi province, Korea in 2004, and spread to several areas of Korean peninsula. It seemed to be occurred by a possible pathogenic fungus Raffaelea sp. spread by an ambrosia beetle, Platypus koryoensis (Coleoptera: Platypodidae). P. koryoensis massively attacked healthy or stressed living Quercus mongolica. The numbers of damaged or died Q. mongolica by oak wilt disease has increased annually since its first report. Here, we introduce control methods recently developed for the control of this disease.

Trapping efficiency by trap types, colors and positions in the trunk was evaluated for monitoring and the integrated pest management of Playtpus koryoensis, known as a vector of Korean oak wilt disease. The experiments were conducted in oak forest located in Gwangtan-myeon, Paju-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea using two types of trap: sticky trap and multi-funnel trap. Trapping efficiency of two trap types was not significantly different. Trapping efficiency of the sticky trap was not affected by four trap colors: yellow, black, white and transparent. The number of caught by the traps, regardless of trap types, was higher in the traps facing upper slope than lower slope.

In this study, a zygaenid speies, Artona martini Efetov, was reported for the first time from Korea. Recently we collected numerous larvae of the species, feeding on bamboo, Pseudosasa japonica (Siebold & Zucc. ex Steud.) Makino, in Hongneung arboretum of Korea Forest Research Institute, Seoul. This species is very similar to Artona (Balataea) funeralis (Butler) in appearance, which was recorded first from Korea by Witt (1985). Because the two species is very similar to each other in appearance and host plants, it will be need to examine and compare the Korean materials of the two species. But there is no available specimen of Artona (Balataea) funeralis (Butler), which was reported by Witt (1985) for the time being. They have two generations per year in Korea: The moths of first generation fly during the middle of May to middle of June and the second generation during the late of July to the early of August respectively. Also Sasa borealis (Hack.) Makino was recorded as host plants of the species from Japan (Yamaguchi & Arita, 1960). The external morphology was examined and illustrated. Materials examined herein are now preserved in the Korea National Arboretum.

A new species of Closterocerus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Entedoninae) is described from South Korea. The species is reported for the first time as an egg parasitoid of Pachynematus itoi Okutani (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), of which recent sudden outbreak caused severe damage in larch forests. In total 61 species in Chalcidoidea are recorded as primary parasitoids of various tenthredinid sawflies in the Palaearctic area. However, no chalcidoid parasitoids have previously been recorded from P. itoi. The genus Closterocerus is cosmopolitan in distribution, and with an extremely wide host range from Symphyta, leaf-mining and gall-inducing insects to scale insects and plant lice. In Korea, one species of Closterocerus, three Chrysonotomyia, two Desmatocharis, one Neochrysocharis and one Teleopterus were known; most of them, except Chrysonotomyia sudoensis Paik, now are placed under Closterocerus. The new species is compared with 13 other species of Closterocerus that are known from the Far East.

Platygaster robiniae Buhl and Duso (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) is a gregarious koinobiont endoparasitoid of Obolodiplosis robiniae (Haldeman) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). The life cycle and development of the parasite is described. P. robiniae proves to be an egg-larval parasitoid, parasitizing eggs of O. robiniae and emerging from host larvae, and eggs of the wasp develop monembryonically. Its egg and embryonic stages are prolonged to some extent. The parasitoid undergoes only one larval instar, and total development time from egg to adult takes about 28 days to complete. The life cycle of a parasitoid generation is perfectly synchronized with that of the host: the waps emerges near the emergence time of the host, so that they can parasitize host eggs.

Nematicidal activity of aliphatic compounds was tested against pien wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. There was a significant difference in nematicidal activity among function groups. In a test with alkanols and 2-alkenols, compounds with C8-C11 chain length showed 100% nematicidal activity at 0.5 mg/mL concentration. C6-C10 2-alkenals exhibited >95% nematicidal activity, but the other compounds with C11-C14 chain length showed weak activity. Nematicidal activity of alkanoic acids with C7-C11 chain length was strong. Whole compounds belonging to hydrocarbons, alkanals and alkanoic acetate showed weak nematicidal activity at 0.5 mg/mL concentration. Nematicidal activity of compounds which showed strong nematicidal activity at 0.5 mg/mL concentration was tested at a lower concentration. At 0.25 mg/mL concentration, whole compounds except C8 alkanol, C8 2-alkenol and C7 alkanoic acid showed >80% nematicidal activity. C9-C11 alkanols, C10-C11 2-alkenols, C8-C9 2-alkenals and C9-C10 alkanoic acids showed >80% nematicidal activity at 0.125 mg/mL concentration. Only C11 alkanol exhibited strong nematicidal activity at 0.0625 mg/mL concentration

Commercial plant essential oils from 27 plant species were tested for their nematicidal activities against the pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Good nematicidal activity against B. xylophilus was achieved with essential oils of coriander (Coriandrum sativum), styrax (Liquidamber orientalis) and valerina (Valeriana wallichi). Analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry led to identification of 26, 10 and 4 major compounds from coriander (Coriandrum sativum), styrax (Liquidamber orientalis) and valerina (Valeriana wallichi) oils, respectively. These compounds from three plant essential oils were tested individually for their nematicidal activities against the pine wood nematode. Among compounds, benzaldehyde, trans-cinnamyl alcohol, cis-asarone, octanal, nonanal, decanal, trans-2-decenal, undecanal, dodecanal, decanol, and trans-2-decen-1-ol showed strong nematicidal activity. The essential oils and their described herein merit further study as potential nematicides against the pine wood nematode.