Appropriateness of the minimum detectable activity in the analysis of gamma radionuclides is very important. This is reason determine the time factor among the conditions of the analysis when it is rationally determined has the advantage that radioactivity analysis can be performed accurately and quickly. In this study, 100 mL of an unknown sample was diluted in Marinelli Beaker 1L to obtain, review data on gamma radiation analysis results and minimum detectable activity for each measurement time. The measurement was used High Purity Germanium detector, target nuclides are Co-57, Co-58, Y-88 and Cs-137. Since the radioactivity analysis sample will be expected to be the waste subject to selfdisposal or less during the radioactive waste classification, the minimum detectable activity standard was set based on the detection of less than the permissible activity for self-disposal for each nuclide. The measurement methods were measured by classifying it into seven categories: 1000 seconds, 3600 seconds, 10000 seconds, 30000 seconds, 80000 seconds, 100000 seconds, and 150000 seconds. The radioactivity from this measurement are Co-57 2.89 Bq·g−1, Co-58 0.19 Bq·g−1, Y-88 0.20 Bq·g−1, Cs-137 0.15 Bq·g−1, the measurement results under all conditions were similar. On the other hand, the minimum detectable activity showed values above the allowable activity for self-disposal in not but Co-58 at 1000 and 3600 seconds. Only after taking the measurement time of 10000 seconds, the result was derived Co-57 0.0095 Bq·g−1, Co-58 0.0068 Bq·g−1, Y-88 0.0052 Bq·g−1, Cs-137 0.0062 Bq·g−1, which was confirmed to less than the allowable activity for self-disposal by nuclide. Reasonably determining the measurement time in gamma radionuclide analysis is a very important issue in terms of economy of time and accuracy of measurement. Although this study cannot be said to be able to determine a reasonable measurement time for all gamma radionuclide analysis, it is hoped that research on various samples will be made to contribute to the efficient measurement of gamma radioactivity.

인슐린(insulin)과 insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)은 척추동물에서 대사, 생장, 수명 등의 여러 생리대사를 조절하는 중요한 호르몬 이다. 곤충에서도 IGF-1과 구조적으로 유사한 insulin-like peptide (ILP)들이 존재하며 이들이 곤충 생리 조절에 중요하게 관여함이 밝혀졌다. 이번 총설에서 곤충 ILP 및 초파리(Drosophila melanogaster) 유전체 분석을 통해 척추동물에 존재하는 인슐린 및 IGF-1 수용체 신호전달계와 유 사하다고 확인된 ILP 수용체 신호전달계에 대해 설명하고자 한다. 추가적으로, 곤충 체내의 영양 상태에 따라 조절되는 뇌에서의 ILP의 합성과 분비, ILP에 의한 대사의 생리적 조절에 대해 논한다. 또한 ILP가 생장, 발달, 생식, 휴면에 기여하는 바도 논의하고, 마지막으로 ILP 수용체 신 호전달계 제어를 통한 해충 방제에의 이용 가능성에 대해 제안하고자 한다.

Consumers exposed to aesthetic brands can not only experience sensory pleasure but also lead to strong customer loyalty. Furthermore, aesthetic brands can expect to lead to the overall experience of the brand. They include the brand's sensory, emotional, behavioral and intellectual experience. Since aesthetic brands related to the sensory representation of customers, consumers exposed to aesthetic brands can expect to have a meaningful impact on the overall experience of the brand. The study will select aesthetic brands that distributed in Korea and then compare the aesthetic characteristics of each brand. It also seeks to verify the brand attractiveness, consistency, prominence and influence of brand motifs on the brand's sensual, emotional, behavioral and intellectual experience. To verify the influence between variables proposed in this study, we would like to conduct a multiple regression analysis. SAS 9.4 used to verify the hypotheses proposed in this study. Cronbach's ɑ measure to verify reliability of each measurement item. In particular, brand attractiveness and brand motif can verify empirically to confirm that they play an important role in inducing brand experience.

The purpose of this study was to empirically investigate the relationship among fashion brand experience, brand loyalty, relationship quality, and repurchase intention. The 420 survey questionnaires were distributed among the consumers in their 30s and 40s who had experience buy fashion brands products through convenience sampling in Seoul. Due to the reliability of data, 120 samples were discarded and 300 samples were put to actual analysis. By using SAS 9.4, data were analyzed for frequency analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis. The results of the study are as follows. First, the fashion brand experience which is consist of sensory, affective, behavioral and intellectual experience had positive effects on brand satisfaction and brand trust. Second, brand trust and brand commitment and the relationship quality of brand satisfaction, only satisfaction and commitment affects brand loyalty significantly. Lastly, brand loyalty had significantly effect on repurchase intention. It presented the potential to use the brand as a strategic tool to build strong brand assets, along with providing specific ways to secure differentiated competitiveness in the fashion brand market. It is also thought to be meaningful in that we presented a practical strategy to build and strengthen a lasting bond with consumers by looking at the impact on the quality of the relationship.

This study is about pressure-accepting behavior of consumers attached to brands. Previous studies of the situation focused on time pressure and scarcity pressure, focusing on scarcity. The results of the study are as follows. First, consumers attached to brands were found to be relatively blunt in time pressures. This indicates that brands of consumers are attached to do not buy on impulse because of time pressure. Second, consumers attached to brands were found to be relatively under social pressure. This indicates that consumers who are attached to the brand do not buy with social pressures such as quasi-family groups. Third, consumers attached to brands were found to be relatively sensitive to scarcity pressures. Thus, a quantity-limited marketing strategy is generally more effective for consumers with high marketing effectiveness but high brand attachment. Fourth, unlike the one presented, consumers attached to the brand were found to be relatively insensitive to place pressure.

This paper presents two social and academic studies on the boundary between cultural production and consumption. The first line of the study on cultural omnivore analyzes the choice of heterogeneous audiences in the face of various cultural offerings. The second line is a study of market categories, which analyzes the responses of peer audiences to objects with different levels of category code compliance. As such, this paper developed a heterogeneous audience model to evaluate objects of different types. This allows us to consider two dimensions of cultural preference: diversity and orientation of selection. To this end, this paper proposes a new analytical frame work to map consumption behavior on these two dimensions. The results suggest that one type of target that values diversity and transformation is particularly resistant to those that span boundaries. We test this argument in the analysis of two large data sets on film and restaurant reviews. Overall, our findings can extend beyond cultural consumption. Outline variability of contextual individuals or individuals in the same situation can cross cultural boundaries even if they are not intentionally pursuing such hybridism.

The 2018 amendment of the KORUS has made an important stride in the investment chapter of the agreement. In particular, the amendment introduced new provisions to regulate multiple, subsequent or parallel ISDS proceedings involving the same governmental measures. The new provisions, however, arguably contain inherent limitations. They will be able to address only some of the multiple, subsequent or parallel proceedings. They then leave open a possibility where essentially the same investor raises a series of ISDS proceedings against essentially the same measures by an advance planning on the scope of ‘measures’ and/or form of ‘control.’ This means that the new provisions will not be able to fully prevent multiple, subsequent or parallel proceedings in the same context or circumstances from taking place, as was originally intended by the drafters. More detailed wordings and elaborations would have helped to achieve the objective. Future Joint Committee discussions or additional amendments should consider such clarification or elaboration.

The concept of self-defense takes such an important place in the UN Charter and international law. The concept of collective self-defense should also be interpreted and applied within the clear parameters of stated principles of the UN Charter. This is not a concept that can be elastically applied so as to cover a wide range of instances that require military action by like-minded States acting in response to contingent situations. The discussion of collective self-defense within the specific context of Japan at the moment, however, seems to involve issues larger than or beyond the traditional concept of self-defense. Arguably, some aspects of the issues posed seem to fall under the collective security realm which is reserved to the authority of the UN Security Council or which at least requires authorization or delegation from the Security Council. Using the term collective self-defense to address a wide spectrum of military contingencies to be tackled by collective security regime may not square with the provisions of the UN Charter.

When a State becomes the contracting parties to multiple FTAs concurrently, the State has to face serious challenges since all these different FTAs present different rules in certain segments of the agreements. All the participants are thus forced to walk a tightrope as one government is now supposed to play by many different playbooks. It is time to understand the real impact of the FTAs on the current trade regime, so that the States can take an informed decision when they devise their respective FTAs. Given the continued failure to complete the deals in the Doha Development Agenda, it is necessary that the States purport to negotiate and conclude bilateral or regional trade agreements with like-minded countries, and apply new rules of trade through such agreements. But the consequence of such regional experiments of fragmented rules should not be forgotten, in particular, concerning the long-term impact on the multilateralism. This article argues that the real impact of FTAs, particularly multilateral ones, does not lie in mere preferential tariff concessions, but rather gradual dismantling of multilateralism through incorporation of fragmented rules of trade. In this respect, China’s role is critical in devising and implementing FTAs in a way that can also help preserve the multilateralism.

Global trading regimes are currently undergoing significant changes. It is most vividly shown in the recent spread of FTAs and the surge of protectionism. These fast changes pose new challenges to many countries in terms of formulating and implementing their respective trade policies. The increasing confrontation between the United States and China in trade sectors now operates as a multiplier and accelerator of this fast-changing global trade landscape. Recent disputes between the two have underscored fundamental differences in understandings of the legal framework of the WTO Agreements and the nature of the obligations as Members, thereby further raising questions about the reinvigoration of multilateralism. The two countries’ retaliatory initiation of trade disputes against each other also involves third countries because of legal requirements and other considerations. The Sino-US trade disputes are thus not merely confrontation between the two largest trading partners; instead they carry wider systemic implications for both other countries and global trading regimes in transition.

We describe the preparation of superparamagnetic nanoclusters (SNCs) by fine-tuning of the seed Fe3O4 nanoparticle sizes to enhance and their T2 relaxivity can be increased by > 4-fold. Therefore, with 11 nm seed core and PVA coating, SNC-11 exhibit a higher T2 relaxivity than other cluster condition. So fabricating the cluster, seed size is the most important influence the T2 relaxivity. As well as, in vitro cellular imaging results demonstrated the strong potential of SNCs for clinical applications by targeting affinity. According to the experiments, with 11 nm seed core and PVA coating, SNC-11 exhibited the highest T2 relaxivity of 454 mM-1s-1 due to the strong seed size effect on their magnetic sensitivity, indicating superior magnetic resonance (MR) contrast efficiency. Further in vitro cellular imaging results demonstrated the strong potential of SNCs for clinical applications.

There has been a sudden surge in simultaneous legal disputes between Samsung and Apple in domestic courts of multiple States since 2011 concerning patent infringements involving their new digital products. The intensity of these confrontations between the two digital giants has come to exert significant influence over the lives of many people all over the world. In a sense, they are not competing to protect or increase the market share in a given domestic market, as other large corporations usually do; rather, they are now competing in a single, integrated global digital market where borders and boundaries have virtually disappeared. The emergence of the dominant digital entities is a showcase example of the increasing role of the MNCs in the international community, an issue that has already attracted a significant amount of attention from scholars of international law. At the same time, the unprecedented clash between the two corporations in multiple jurisdictions also raises an important issue of how conventional jurisdictional principles under international law are and will be implicated in this regard.

건조한 아선약을 80% 메탄올로 침지 추출하여 얻어진 추출물에 대해 Diaion HP-20 수지를 충진제로 사용한 칼럼크로마토그래피를 수해하여 6종의 용리액을 얻었으며, 얻어진 추출물에 대하여 MMP-1 저해 및 type-1 procollagen 합성 촉진 활성을 평가하였다. 먼저 MMP-1 저해활성은 총페놀성 화합물의 함량이 상대적으로 높은 40% 메탄올 용리액에서 IC50값이 15.6±1.3 μg/mL으로 positive control로 녹차의 주름개선 성분인 (-)-EGCG의 IC50값인 38.4±2.3 μg/mL 보다 우수한 활성이었다. 또한 type-1 procollagen 합성 촉진 활성은 총페놀성 화합물 함량이 가장 높은 40% 메탄올 용리액에서 우수한 EC50값이 6.9±0.7 μg/mL을 나타내었으며, 양성대조구인 (-)-EGCG의 효능과 동등한 활성이었다. 본 실험에 사용된 아선약 시료의 경우 다양한 화합물이 공존하는 추출물 및 용리액 상태이며 이들 시료에 우수한 효능의 성분의 존재 및 추출물에 존재하는 화합물의 우수한 상승효과의 가능성을 시사하였다. 향후 각종 칼럼크로마토 그래피를 활용한 이들 주름개선 효능 관련 물질의 분리를 통한 활성물질의 구조 결정 및 활성 기작에 대한 연구를 수행할 예정이며, 본 연구결과는 천연물 유래의 우수한 MMP-1 저해 및 type-1 procollagen 합성 촉진 활성을 가지는 새로운 천연 소재 발굴을 위한 기초자료로 활용 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

신선한 곤드레를 메탄올로 침지 추출하여 얻어진 추출물 에 대해 n-hexane, EtOAc 및 n-BuOH로 극성별 순차 용매 분획을 실시하였고, 얻어진 결과물에 대하여 DPPH와 ABTS+ radical 소거능 및 최종당화물 생성 저해활성을 평가 하였다. 먼저 DPPH 라디칼 소거활성은 페놀성 화합물의 함량이 상대적으로 높은 n-BuOH 가용부에서 IC50값이 24.3±1.7 μg/mL 으로 우수한 DPPH 라디칼 소거능을 확인하였고, 곤드레 추출물에 존재하는 페놀성 화합물과 라디 칼 소거능과의 연관성을 시사하였다. 또한 ABTS+ 라디칼 소거능은 EtOAc 및 n-BuOH 분획층물의 IC50값은 각각 69.5±2.6 μg/mL, 25.0±3.3 μg/mL의 라디칼 소거활성이 확인 되었고, 우수한 라디칼 소거 활성물질의 존재가 시사되었 다. 또한, 최종당화물 생성 저해활성을 측정한 결과, n-BuOH 가용분획에서 IC50값이 46.0±1.5 μg/mL로 높은 생 성저해활성을 나타내었으며, 이는 positive control인 aminoguanidine의 IC50값인 90.2±3.2 μg/mL과 비교해볼 때 우수한 활성이었으며, 다양한 화합물이 공존하는 추출물 상태의 시료를 단일물질로 정제할 경우 더욱 우수한 효능의 화합물이 존재할 가능성을 시사하였다. 향후 이들 활성물 질 동정을 통한 활성물질의 구조 결정 및 활성 기작에 대한 연구가 필요하며 본 연구결과는 천연물 유래의 라디칼 소거 능 및 AGEs 생성 저해능을 가지는 새로운 천연 기능성소재 발굴을 위한 기초자료로 활용가능하리라 사료된다.

To evaluate therapeutic efficacy of aldose reductase (AR) inhibition, the leaves of Aster yomena were tested for inhibition of AR. The stepwise polarity fractions of A. yomena were tested. Among them, the n-BuOH fraction showed highest activities against AR inhibition. Our results demonstrated that A. yomena could be a worthy natural source source for curing against diabetic complications.

Content analysis of loliolide in the leaves of Boehmeria nivea (Bn) collected from different region during four months (June, July, August, and September) was conducted by HPLC. The content of loliolide was detected in the leaves of B. nivea from Bns-2, -7, -10, -23, -38, -41, -67, -76, and -90 in June (5.02, 6.35, 6.93, 5.89, 4.31, 4.24, 4.91, 5.12, and 5.46 mg/g, respectively), July (4.32, 6.42, 7.72, 7.97, 4.05, 4.32, 5.65, 6.67, and 5.39 mg/g, respectively), August (3.52, 5.17, 3.90, 4.27, 3.26, 4.72, 3.82, 3.30, and 3.31 mg/g, respectively), and September (7.04, 7.25, 7.43, 7.86, 6.76, 6.38, 7.60, 6.79, and 4.77 mg/g, respectively). Among them, the highest content of loliolide was found in Bn-23 and in September. These results may be useful in determining the optimal harvest time at which phytochemical reaches a maximum level.

To evaluate therapeutic efficacy of aldose reductase (AR) inhibition, the seeds of Perilla frutescens var. japonica (PF) were tested for inhibition of AR. The stepwise polarity fractions of PF were tested. The CH2Cl2 and EtOAc fractions showed highest activities (IC50 5.47 and 3.63 μg/mL, respectively). Compounds 1-5 were isolated from the CH2Cl2 and EtOAc fractions by silica-gel and LH-20 Sephadex. Their structures were elucidated as β-sitosterol (1), diosmetin (2), kaempferol (3), luteolin (4), and apigenin (5). Compounds 1-5 were exhibited AR inhibitory. Among them, luteolin (4) and apigenin (5) exhibited AR inhibitory activities (IC50 0.40 and 1.10 μg/mL, respectively). Our results demonstrated that PF could be a worthy natural source for curing against diabetic complications.