This study aimed to examine the major domestic and foreign regulations related to the production of organic products. The production and consumption of organic products have been expanding due to the increase in consumer demand for safe food, as well as improved certification procedures and industry trends. In case of organic mushrooms, there were 405 certified farms nationwide in 2021, with a cultivation area of 3,886,628 m2 and a planned production of 6,011 tons. Jeollanamdo has 221 farms, a cultivation area of 2,923,402 m2, and a certification plan for 2,132 tons. Shiitake mushrooms are ranked first with 369 farms, a cultivation area of 3,805,636 m2, and a certification plan for 3,576 tons, representing 91% of the farms, 98% of the cultivation area, and 60% of the certification planning.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the current status of odor and to examine the application method of the odor emission standard in a restaurant environment. The complex odor dilution concentrations (“times”) and odor compounds were measured in 8 restaurants. The highest complex odor dilution times were 966 in outlets and 97 in site boundaries of C restaurants. The average complex odor dilution times were 632 in outlets and 29 in site boundaries, which exceeded the allowable odor discharge standard of residential areas. Eighteen of the 22 specified offensive odor substances were detected. Aldehyde-type substances showed high concentrations, and the highest concentration of ethanol was detected in addition to the designated odorous substances. Dichloromethane, benzene, and phenol, which are harmful air pollutants, were also detected. The odorant concentrations of restaurants were found to exceed the odor standard threshold in A, B, and F restaurants. Upon review of the Japanese-style odor index respective to restaurant odor, it is difficult to apply an equivalent emission allowance standard as the permissible emission standard of the workplace. It is necessary to regulate emission standards by different emission standards. In the future, it will be necessary to determine how to measure the odor index and how to apply the odor emission standard to everyday facilities, such as restaurants, grocery stores, etc.

Athetis dissimilis (Hampson) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) [뒷흰날개담색밤나방] was attracted to pheromone traps for Euzophera batangesis (Lepidoprera Pyrimidae) [밤알락명나방], when occurrence of E. batangesis was monitored in sweet persimmon orchard with its pheromone, (Z)-9-tetradecenol (Z9-14OH), (Z9,E12)-9,12-teradecadienol (Z9,E12-14OH) and their mixture. With the components, we monitored the seasonal occurrence of A. dissimilis, tested response of the moth to single or mixed components, and compared efficacy of three different types of traps. A. dissimilis was trapped on May 14 for the first time. First occurrence peak was observed during June 4-24 and second peak during August 20 – September 10. A. dissimilis was attracted to single component of Z9-14OH and Z9,E12-14OH and to their mixture at Jinju, Sancheong, and Sacheon. In trap efficacy tests, delta traps with white color caught most number of the moths significantly at Sacheon. However, at Sancheong, there was no statistical difference among the traps, although funnel trap caught most number of A. dissimilis. Pest status of A. dissimilis is not known eg. whether it is a pest of persimmon or other fruits. However, with Z9-14OH, E9,E12-14OH and their mixture, it is expected to be monitored and controlled.

Sensory system of insect is important for their fitness in the environment. Riptortus pedestris (Hemiptera: Alydidae) is a major pest of bean plants and some fruit trees in Korea, Japan, China, and South Asian countries. This study was conducted to investigate morphology and distribution of antennal sensilla of R. pedestris, using scanning electron microscopy. Antennae of R. pedestris was 11 and 9.84 mm in length in male and female, respectively, and consists of four segments; scape, pedicel, flagellum 1 and 2 (F1 and F2). Five types of sensilla (s.) trichodea, four types of s. basiconica, two types of s. chaetica, and one type of s. coeloconica were preliminary identified in both sexes of adult R. pedestris, based on their size, shape, presence of socket and surface structure. Three types of trichoid sensilla, four types of basiconic sensilla, one type of chaetic sensilla and coeloconic sensilla had numerous pores along the surface of the sensilla, suggesting their olfactory function. Eight types of sensilla (3 trichoid, 2 basiconic, a chaetic and a coeloconic) showed a distinct socket structure at the base of each sensillum. Different types of sensilla showed different distribution along the antennal segments. Two types of trichoid sensilla and two types of basiconic sensilla were distributed on scape, pedicel and F1 flagella subsegment. However, the distribution of eight other types of sensilla was limited to one of two flagella subsegments.

Spotted wing drosophila (SWD), Drosophila suzukii, is one of the most harmful pests causing serious damages to blueberries in Northern America and Europe. It is essential to seek alternatives to methyl bromide to ensure dis-infestation of this pest from agricultural products. We investigated the effect of X-ray irradiation (0, 50, 100, 200 and 300 Gy) on development and reproduction of SWD to meet this standard. When eggs were irradiated with the doses, some portion of the eggs hatched even at 300 Gy. The larvae hatched from the irradiated eggs did not pupate at 300 Gy, and they could not develop to adults even at 50 Gy. When larvae were irradiated, they developed up to pupa in some proportion. However above 100 Gy, there was no adult emergence. When pupae were irradiated, some of them emerged to adults. However, the adults could not produce eggs at all above 100 Gy. When adults were irradiated, oviposition occurred normally, but fecundity and hatchability were decreased as irradiation dose went up.

Spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii, native to eastern and southeastern Asia, has become one of the most harmful pests causing serious damage to fruits such as blueberry, cherry, and others in Northern America and Europe. For quarantine sanitary purpose, methyl bromide (MeBr) has been used for a long time. However, it is under regulation because of its adverse effect of ozone layer depletion. Thus, alternative strategies to MeBr are needed to meet the quarantine requirement. In this study, we investigated effects of gamma ray irradiation (0, 50, 100, 200 and 300 Gy) on the development and reproduction of D. suzukii to offer a guideline in using gamma ray for dis-infestation of this pest. The higher doses of gamma ray caused more adverse effects on development and hatchability of D. suzukii. Development and oviposition of D. suzukii was significantly depressed at above certain doses, respective to each developmental stage. When eggs were treated with the doses of gamma ray, eggs hatched in some ratios at all doses. Even though some larvae developed to pupae under 100 Gy irradiation, all these pupae did not emerge to adults at all doses. When larvae were treated with gamma ray, some of them pupated at each doses. However these pupae did not emerge to adults at all under all doses. When pupae were irradiated, the emerged adults did not oviposit eggs above 100 Gy. When adults were irradiated, oviposition occurred normally, but fecundity and hatchability of the eggs were reciprocal to the doses.