광범위큰 B세포 림프종은 비호지킨림프종의 대표적인 아형으로 공격적 림프종이며 원발성으로 담낭에 발생한 림프 종은 일부 증례를 통한 보고가 있지만, 담낭에 단독 재발한 광범위큰 B세포 림프종은 국내에서 보고된 바가 없다. 본 증례는 상복부의 통증과 황달의 임상증상 및 복부컴퓨터단층 촬영 그리고 양전자 방출 단층촬영에서 만성 담낭염과 담낭 암으로 추정하여 수술 후 조직검사를 통해 재발한 광범위큰 B세포 림프종으로 진단할 수 있었다. 저자들은 과거 회장에 발생한 광범위큰 B세포 림프종으로 치료를 시행하여 완전완 화가 유도된 이후 다른 장기 혹은 림프절 전이 없이 단독으로 담낭에 재발한 광범위큰 B세포 림프종 1예를 경험하였기에 문헌 고찰과 함께 보고하는 바이다.

Background : This study examined EC in soil depending on leaking water rate of sun shading facilities and conducted experiments to establish the proper leaking water rate for ginseng depending on rainfall. Methods and Results : For leakage examination, rainfall flowing into a ridge. As sun shading facilities of ginseng to examine leakage, four kinds such as Blue-Pe-sheet, Pe4 (four–layered polyethylene net) + Pe2 (two–layered polyethylene net), Pe4, Pe2 were installed. As for leakage, a plastic box (23 × 30 × 30 ㎝) was installed on the ridge of ginseng field and outside, rainfall into the box during precipitation was examined, and the leakage quantity was calculated as the ratio of the quantity into the ginseng field regarding rainfall outside. The leakage quantity was examined a total of six times on July 2, July 3, August 24, August 30, August 31, and September 4. Regarding EC in soil, WT–1000n (www.rfsenser.co) which is a EC measuring instrument was used, and the average was calculated through 3 repeated examinations. There are little differences in the leakage quantity depending on the sun shading with 0.1% of the Blue-Pe-sheet, 2.3% of Pe4 + Pe2, 4.3% of Pe4, and 30.7% of Pe2. At the leakage rate of 0.1%, EC decreased from 1.52 ds/m on July 3 to 1.04 ds/m on August 8, and increased again to 1.54 ds/m on September 3 At the leakage rate of 2.4%, EC changes were lower than that of the leakage quantity of 0.1%, and similar results depending on periods were found. At the leakage rate of 4.3%, salt concentration was measured at 0.92 ds/m on July 3, decreased since then, increased to 0.90 ds/m on September 3, and overall concentration was less than 1.0 ds/m. At the leakage rate of 30.7%, EC was the lowest at 0.46 ds/m and similar results were found since then. Conclusion : The differences in leakage quantity depending on sun shading facilities of ginsengs affected EC in soil, and EC became lower with more leakage quantity. As for the leakage quantity to maintain the EC in soil proper for ginseng growth and development lower than 1.0 ds/m, it was found to be effective to control the leakage quantity at 30% in May - June, and September - October when there are less rainfall, and at 2 - 5% in July - August when there are heavy rainfall.

Background : Among registered fungicides for controlling ginseng disease, the disease occurrence rate from the mixed use of a single ingredient, mancozeb WP, and copper sulfate basic WP was examined, and experiments were conducted to establish safe disease control system. Methods and Results : As for the medicines used for the experiments, besides registered Pyraclostrobin WG as a single ingredient for ginseng disease control, 14 kinds were used for experiments. The fungicide was sprayed 5 times on June 21, July 4, July 16, August 2 and August 24. The examination was conducted 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, and 20 days after the final fungicide treatment. Anthracnose occurrence rate 5 days after the final fungicide treatment was 0.0 - 61.3% which was different depending on fungicides, and in a single treatment, the occurrence rate was less than 1% in 6 fungicides. In the single treatment, the occurrence rate was more than 1%, but 9 kinds of fungicides which had less than 1% occurrence rate in the case of mixed use with mancozeb, and one kind in the case of mixed use with copper sulfate basic 10 days later, the occurrence rate was 0.0 - 100% and there were lots of differences in the disease occurrence rate depending on fungicides. 10 kinds of fungicides showed the disease occurrence rate of more than 10.0% in the case of a single treatment. Among them, 9 fungicides showed the disease occurrence rate of less than 1.0% in the case of mixed use with mancozeb, indicating the effect of lowering disease occurrence rate in the case of mixed use. 15 days later, 9 fungicides showed disease occurrence rate of more than 2%, 1 kind of fungicide had the disease occurrence rate of less than 1%, and the overall disease occurrence rate increased. Among them, 7 kinds of fungicides showed the disease occurrence rate of less than 1% from the mixed use. 20 days later, 12 kinds of fungicides showed the disease occurrence rate of more than 50%, and only 1 kind of fungicide showed the disease occurrence rate of less than 1%. In the case of mixed use with mancozeb, 2 kinds had the disease occurrence rate of less than 10% and 1 kind of fungicide had the disease occurrence rate of less than 1%. Conclusion : For prevention of anthracnose disease of ginsengs during a rainy season, the disease occurrence rate from a single or mixed use was examined, and the examination found that rather than a single use, mixed use decreased the disease occurrence rate. In particular, the mixed use with mancozeb showed low disease occurrence rate and prevented the disease occurrence rate for a long time.

Background : Ginseng sometimes develops physiological disorders as EC of soil accumulates in sun shading facilities with no leaking water. In addition, it is difficult to make moisture content of soil and EC stably suitable for ginseng growth and development in the same sun shading facility. Accordingly, this study examined EC in soil depending on leaking water rate of sun shading facilities and conducted experiments to establish the proper leaking water rate for ginseng depending on rainfall. Methods and Results : For leakage examination, rainfall flowing into a ridge. As sun shading facilities of ginseng to examine leakage, four kinds such as Blue-Pe-sheet, Pe4 (four–layered polyethylene net) + Pe2 (two–layered polyethylene net), Pe4 , Pe2 were installed. As for leakage, a plastic box (23 × 30 × 30 ㎝) was installed on the ridge of ginseng field and outside, rainfall into the box during precipitation was examined, and the leakage quantity was calculated as the ratio of the quantity into the ginseng field regarding rainfall outside. The leakage quantity was examined a total of six times on July 2, July 3, August 24, August 30, August 31, and September 4. Regarding EC in soil, WT-1000n which is a EC measuring instrument was used, and the average was calculated through 3 repeated examinations. There are little differences in the leakage quantity depending on the sun shading with 0.1% of the Blue-Pe-sheet, 2.3% of Pe4 + Pe2, 4.3% of Pe4, and 30.7% of Pe2. At the leakage rate of 0.1%, EC decreased from 1.52 ds/m on July 3 to 1.04 ds/m on August 8, and increased again to 1.54 ds/m on September 3 At the leakage rate of 2.4%, EC changes were lower than that of the leakage quantity of 0.1%, and similar results depending on periods were found. At the leakage rate of 4.3%, salt concentration was measured at 0.92 ds/m on July 3, decreased since then, increased to 0.90 ds/m on September 3, and overall concentration was less than 1.0 ds/m. At the leakage rate of 30.7%, EC was the lowest at 0.46 ds/m and similar results were found since then. Conclusion : Differences in leakage quantity depending on sun shading facilities of ginseng affected EC in soil, and EC became lower with more leakage quantity. For the leakage quantity to maintain the EC in soil proper for ginseng growth and development lower than 1.0 ds/m, it was found to be effective to control the leakage quantity at 30% in May - June, and September - October when there are less rainfall, and at 2 - 5% in July - August when there are heavy rainfall.

Background : The insufficient soil moisture due to spring drought causes the germination rate of ginseng seeds to be remarkably lowered and the low seeding depth causes the roots not to be settled but remain in the surface soil containing moisture, resulting in the ill-shaped ginseng. Especially, in the case of paddy soil, the soil environment is often over-humidified or over-dried, resulting in high rate of occurrence of physiological disorders such as rough skin, yellow-colored root and red-colored root, etc. compared to the upland soil, requiring more care in managing the soil. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim to investigate the effects of stamping treatment on the direct seeding cultivation in the paddy soil and to investigate the survival and growth characteristics according to the seeding method. Methods and Results : We investigated the effects of stamping on the emergency rate and growth by using rollers (15, 20, 25, 30 ㎏), and also investigated the growth characteristics according to the direct sowing methods (broadcast planting, motorized seeder, semi-automatic seeder, manual seeder, hoop-type seeder). In the emergency rate of 1-year-old ginseng group directly sowing and treated with trampling, the group treated with 25 ㎏ & 30 ㎏ showed the highest emergency rate & growth, and above-ground & underground parts growth of 1-year-old ginseng by sowing method, there was no significant difference between sowing methods, the emergency rate of motorized seeder and semi-automatic seeder was high. Conclusion : In the paddy soils, the 25 – 30 ㎏ stamping after direct seeding showed superior above-ground growth and emergency rate, and there was no significant difference in growth, but motorized seeder and semi-automatic seeder had a higher rate of emergency in 1-year-old ginseng.

Background : Ginseng is perennial, frequently damaged by various diseases and insect pests, due to this, quantity and quality decreases. Particularly, Alternaria blight greatly damages the stem in its germination and the leaves after leafing. Here, this research conducted a test by investigating the control effect of lime-sulfur mixture in the market on 5 ginseng Alternaria blight, in order to utilize it as the disease control measure for disease and pest for eco-friendly cultivation of ginseng. Methods and Results : This research investigated the control effect of 5 types of lime-sulfur mixture in market on ginseng spotting disease by distributing the solvents to 5-years ginseng by 100 times and 200 times on April 29, May 15, and May 27. Also, this research investigated spore germination inhibition effect on Alternaria panax, Colletotrichum sp. and Botrytis cineria spore germination inhibition effect was investigated with spore germination inhibition ratio by manufacturing 100 times’ culture and 200 times’ culture per lime-sulfur mixture medium. There were two materials among 5 lime-sulfur mixture products to control over Alternaria blight using eco-friendly ginseng material, which didn’t damage during the leafing period of ginseng, and this research selected Sulfur 153, effective for Alternaria blight. Sulfur 153 was effective for Alternaria blight control due to its 82.2% control effect when treating by 200 times. Sulfur 153 was effective for spore germination inhibition of Alternaria panax, Colletotrichum sp. and Botrytis cineria and the rates of spore germination inhibition were 71.5, 100, 19.5% respectively. Conclusion : There were 2 materials among 5 lime-sulfur mixture products to control over Alternaria blight using eco-friendly ginseng material, which did not damage leafing period, and sulfur 153 was selected as the material effective for Alternaria blight. Sulfur 153 appeared to suppress germination of spore of Alternaria panax and Colletotrichum sp.

Background : For ginseng breed development, mostly the pure-line separation method that registers excellent varieties after performing the regional adaptation test with the varieties selected through the preliminary and main productivity tests on selected excellent individuals cultivated in farms or excellent lineages for growing from collected lineages is used. Recently, the quality of ginseng is degrading while the yield decreases by 15 - 20% due to the high-temperature injury, the physiological disorder and/or the diseases caused by the climate warming so that development of disaster tolerant varieties strong against high temperatures, salts and diseases are demanded. For such reason, three lineages showing excellent overground and underground growing were selected from the gene resources collected from 1997 to 2000. And the productivity test has been conducted with these lineages having Chunpoong and Yunpoong, the existing varieties as the reference varieties. For the lineages excellent in growing, the variety registration will be performed after the regional adaptation test. Methods and Results : The results of productivity tests on the 3 lineages (GS98-3-4, GS00-58 and GS97-69) selected for excellent growing while having Chunpoong and Yunpoong as the reference varieties show that on the 2-years-old dormant roots, all of the selected 3 lineages are better in growing compared to the reference varieties. Especially, GS98-3-4 shows excellent leaf lengths and stem lengths while GS97-69 shows excellent leaf widths. On the overground growing of 3-years-old ones, GS00-58 and GS97-69 lineages are exceedingly more excellent compared to the reference varieties while the selected 3 lineages showing superb underground growing. Especially, GS98-3-4 lineage shows great root weights and diameters. Conclusion : According to the productivity tests on the 3 lineages selected for excellent growing, the selected lineages are excellent in both overground and underground growing compared to the reference varieties of Chunpoong and Yunpoong. On the 2-years-old ginsengs, GS98-3-4 shows excellent overground growing while GS97-69 shows excellent underground growing. On the 3-years-old ginsengs, GS00-58 and GS97-69 show excellent overground growing while GS98-3-4 shows excellent underground growing.

Background : In recent, a nationwide decrease in ginseng cultivation area and production is observed, and as the sales of ginseng decreases due to the economic downturn, the ginseng industry in Korea is going through more and more difficulties. However, sales of young ginseng, which are ready for the market after a short-term cultivation - 25 to 45 days - of 1 year old ginseng seedlings or 2 - 3 year old young ginseng in greenhouses and plant factories without using any chemical fertilizers, in large grocery chains and online shops is increasing. However, proper studies on cultivation of young ginseng in greenhouses are yet to be conducted, and thus, experiencing several issues including the cost burden of bed soil and disease occurred from reuse of the soil. Therefore, this study is to provide solutions for farmers cultivating young ginseng by determining the optimal type and amount of bed soil for box culture. Methods and Results : To determine the optimal type of bed soil for cultivation of young ginseng, six types of bed soil were produced by blending bed soil specialized for ginseng, granite residual soil and leaf mold in different ratios. To determine the optimal amount of bed soil for box culture of young ginseng, 1 year old ginseng seedlings are planted in three boxes - each in size of 52 ㎝ × 36.5 ㎝ × 9 ㎝ (W × L × H) filled with soils of 6 ℓ, 7 ℓ and 8 ℓ for an experimentation. Growth and development of 45-day old young ginseng showed satisfactory progress in the following order: 100% commercially available bed soil > 80% commercially available bed soil + 20% granite residual soil > 60% commercially available bed soil + 20% granite residual soil + 20% leaf mold, while the gross weight of below-aerial parts showed the same result. Conclusion : The optimum type of bed soil for greenhouse cultivation of young ginseng is the commercially available bed soil specialized for ginseng cultivation. However, the young ginseng showed relatively satisfactory growth and development in mixed bed soil - 60% commercially available bed soil + 20% granite residual soil + 20% leaf mold - and the growth and development of young ginseng were most satisfactory when the box (52 ㎝ × 36.5 ㎝ × 9 ㎝, W × L × H) was filled with 8 ℓ bed soil.

Background : With the recent increase in the area of ginseng cultivation in greenhouses, demand for studies of proper cropping patterns in direct seedling of ginseng and varieties of cultivation are increasing, and the needs for clean production of quality ginseng in greenhouses are emerging in connection with the consumer demand for pesticide-free ginseng and the supply and demand of ginseng seedling for cultivation of young ginseng. Therefore, this study is to provide baseline data in improving of quality of ginseng cultivated in greenhouses by examining the contents of ginsenoside in ginseng cultivated in different cropping patterns and different varieties. Methods and Results : As a result of examining the contents of ginsenoside in 3-year old, direct seedling ginseng cultivated in greenhouses in different depths – 10 ㎝, 20 ㎝ and 30 ㎝ - and width – 90 ㎝, 100 ㎝, 110 ㎝ and 120 ㎝ - of furrows, the contents of ginsenoside showed little differences by the depths of furrow in the furrow width of 90 ㎝ but, the highest content of ginsenoside Rb1 was observed in the furrow width of 120 ㎝ and depth of 20 ㎝, while the ginsenoside contents were high in the furrow depth of 20 ㎝ and width of 100 ㎝ and 120 ㎝. The contents of ginsenoside in different varieties of direct seedling cultivation in greenhouses were greater in the following order: Geumgin > Geumsun > Chunpoong, while the contents of ginsenoside Rb1 were observed to be superior in Sunhyang, Gopoong and Geumseon and the contents of ginsenoside Rb2 were greater in the order of Geumgin > Guemsun >　Cheonpoong. Conclusion : Based on the results, the contents of ginsenoside in different cropping patterns of direct seedling cultivation in greenhouses were higher in lower depths of furrow - 10 ㎝ and 20 ㎝ - at furrow widths wider than 100 ㎝. The contents of ginsenoside in different varieties of direct seedling cultivation in greenhouses were higher in varieties of Geumjin, Geumsun and Chunpoong.

Background : Ginseng is a cold-adopting plant that likes cold climate. As the temperature of korea is increasing to the extent that makes it unsuitable for growing ginseng, there is a need arising for developing ginseng breed that can adapt to higher temperature. Out of 76 genetic lines of 4 years old ginseng owned by our research lab, 5 lines with good and high ginsenoside contents were selected. The test was performed to compare their ginsenoside contents and growth characteristics to the existing ones. Methods and Results : A study was done on the growth of 5 lines of ground part with high ginsenoside contents such as GS97-24-2. The results show that the growth of leaf length and width was best for GS98-4-5 and Geumsun. The root weight of the underground part was good, with the growth of 27.8g per ginseng. The root length did not vary across lines. Geumsun and GS97-24-2 showed the same total length. The growth of rootlet was best for GS98-4-5 lines, showing 5.4 rootlets. The total ginsenoside contents of the underground part was highest for American ginseng with 54.31mg/g, followed by GS98-4-5, GS97-24-2, and Geumsun. American ginseng was high in ginsenoside Re and Rb1 in contents compared to Korean ginseng. Although total ginsenoside contents were high, Rg2 and Rf were not detected in American ginseng while Korean ginseng contained good amount of Rg2 and Rf. Conclusion : Base on the results above, the best ground part among the high ginsenoside lines was GS98-4-5. For underground part, the growth of Americal ginseng and Gopoong were the best. American ginseng, which has good underground part growth even in hot season, contained high ginsenoside contents too. On the other hand, Korean ginseng had more variety of ginsenoside compared to American ginseng.

Background : New ginseng variety “Geumwon” is appropriate for the cultivation in Chungnam. As an effort to develop new ginseng variety for regional specialization, it was collected from the Geumsan ginseng fields, selected and fixed and then was registered as new ginseng variety in 2015 through the verification of production capacity, farm demonstration and regional adaptation test. It is excellent in underground growth, disease-resistance and yield-ability compared to candidate varieties. Methods and Results : Regional adaptation tests were conducted for new ginseng variety “Geumwon” in 3 regions(i.e. Geumsan, Gochang and Icheon). The results suggested that the leaf length and width of 2-year old ginseng was 7.9cm and 4.2cm in 3 regions on an average basis. Anthrax incidence rate was about 2.5%, which was smaller than that of candidate variety(3.6%), and the underground root weight was 5.6g, which was 34% higher than that of candidate varieties. The leaf length and width of 3-year old ginseng was 9.4cm and 4.5cm, and anthrax incidence rate and leaf soot incidence rate was 0.8% and 1.2% respectively, which was lower than that of candidate varieties. The the root weight, root diameter and hull length of “Geomwon” were superior to that of candidate varieties by about 24%, 6% and 9% respectively. In addition, red discoloration and root rot incidence rate were also lower than that of candidate varieties. The growth of 4-year old ginseng was also superior to that of candidate varieties in the order of Geumsan, Ichoen and Gochang, and the anthrax and leaf soot incidence rate was also lower than that of candidate varieties(about 2.2.% and 2.3 %, respectively). Conclusion : The results of this study suggested new ginseng variety “Geumwon” is easy to cultivate in Chungnam because of its superior underground growth and excellent quality, and it was also evaluated to be an excellent variety that would contribute to the specialization of the ginseng cultivated in Geumsan.

Background : In recent years, as the ginseng cultivation area using vinyl house is increasing, the demand of farmhouses for the studies of appropriate direct seeding cultivation and ginseng varieties for vinyl house cultivation is increasing, and there is a necessity to produce high quality clean ginseng in vinyl house in tandem with the consumers’ demand for pesticide-free ginseng and the supply-demand of ginseng seedling for sprout ginseng. Thus, the authors of this study analyzed the change of photosynthetic properties according to the cropping pattern and varieties with the aim to use the results of this study as the primary date for improving the quality of ginseng cultivated in vinyl house. Methods and Results : The authors analyzed the change of photosynthetic properties for the 3-year old ginseng cultivated through direct seeding according to the ginseng field levee height (10, 20, 30cm) and width (90, 100, 110, 120cm). The results suggested that with an increase in light intensity, the photosynthesis tends to increase regardless of levee height and width. When the levee width was 90cm, the photosynthesis increased as the levee height was reduced and it increased as the levee height increased when the levee width was 100cm. The photosynthesis was high when the levee height was 20cm for the levee width of 110cm and 120cm. The photosynthesis was analyzed for 11 varieties of 3-year old ginseng cultivated through direct seeding. The results suggested that the photosynthesis tends to increase as the light intensity increased in all 11 varieties, and the photosynthesis was the highest at 500PAR(ray source: 3.23umolCO2m-2s-1㎛ol) in the order of Cheonpoong, Yeonpoong, Cheongson and Sonwoon. Conclusion : The results of this study suggested that the photosynthesis according to the direct seeding cultivation in vinyl house increased as the levee height decreased for the levee width of 90cm and it was high when the levee height was 20cm for the levee width of 120cm. For the ginseng variety, Sonwon and Cheonpoong showed the highest photosynthesis.

This study was performed to investigate the growth characteristics and inorganic components of Codonopsis lanceolata regarding regional differences. The plant height of Japanese Codonopsis lanceolata was 373.6 cm, so it’s revealed that it has more vigorous growth than Korean won. The flowering time of Korean Codonopsis lanceolata was 2 weeks faster than Japanese one. Total fresh weight of root was 41.0 g and 39.0 g for Korean and Japanese respectively, thus, no significance difference was found. However, regarding fresh weight, Korean one had a more fresh weight (35.4 g) of main root parts, but Japanese one had a more fresh weight (9.6 g) of the lateral root part. Each inorganic component was found more in the aboveground parts, regardless of the region and the content of K was the largest. Regarding the content of macroelements for each part of Codonopsis lanceolata, the content of Na, Mg, P, S, and Ca in Korean Codonopsis lanceolata was found the highest on the leaf, followed by stem and root. In the case of Japanese Codonopsis lanceolata, same result was found on the content of Mg and Ca, however, the highest content of Na and P was found in the stem.

This study was conducted to compare the growth, inorganic components, and proximate components of Codonopsis lanceolata grown in 10 regions of Korea for selecting superior species and breeding by crossing. Among the all tested lines, the shortest plant height (217.12 cm) was observed from the Ulleungdo region line (No. 4) while the longest (273.9 cm) was observed from Hwasun region line (No. 9). In addition, the lines of central and northern region (No. 1~No. 7) tend to have shorter plant height than those of southern region (No. 8~No. 9) except Jejudo region line (No. 10). Flowering tends to be late towards southern region, and lines in central and northern regions were started flowering about 2 weeks earlier than those in southern regions. However, the heaviest root weight was 13.1 g, found in only Jejudo line (No. 10) whereas there was no significant difference found in the other regions which have a range of 8.3~11.0 g. The inorganic components were varied in each line, however, proportion of macroelements, such as K, Ca, and P, was the largest for every line. Especially for Heongseong region line (No. 2), had larger proportion of macroelements than the others. There was a difference of proximate compositions of Codonopsis lanceolata, except the moisture content, among all regions, however, it was generally shown that the content of crude protein (1.31~3.76%) and crude fiber (2.18~3.12%) was the highest.

This study was conducted to obtain basic information of growth, chlorophyll, and Na+~;and~;K+ content of rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings after transplanting in different NaCl conditions. Plants grown in pots for 8 days after germination were grown for 10 days after transplanting in 50 and 100 mM NaCl concentrations. At higher NaCl concentration, plant height, root length, dry weight and chlorophyll content were reduced with NaCl stress. Among rice cultivars, the shoot dry weight of Gancheokbyeo, Janganbyeo and Hwasungbyeo, and the root dry weight of Janganbyeo, Gancheokbyeo and Juanbyeo showed relatively low reduction compared to the other rice cultivars at 100 mM NaCl stress. The Na+ content in seedling rapidly increased with the increase of NaCl concentration but K+ contents decreased. There was a significant relationship between Na+ content and shoot and root dry weight after transplanting rice seedlings to saline conditions. The shoot and root dry weight showed highly negative relationship with the Na+/K+ ratio in saline conditions.