본 연구는 질소(N) 시비가 부존 조사료자원인 갈대(Phragmites communis)의 생육과 수량 및 사료가치에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 2012년에 충남 천안과 경기 안산지역에서 실시되었다. 천안 국립축산과학원 갈대 재배지에서는 N 무시비구, N 50 kg/ha구, N 100 kg구 등 3처리를 두고 4월 30일 시비, 6월 21일 수확하였으며, 안산 시화간척지 갈대 자생지에서는 N 무시비구, N 60 kg/ha구 등 2처리를 두고 5월 1일 시비, 8월 1일 수확하였다. 갈대의 초장과엽색은 N 시비구에서, 그리고 N 시비수준이 높을 때 양호하였다. 건물률은 N 시비구에서 약간 낮아지는 경향으로 천안지역은 무시비구 39.8%, N 시비구 37.6%, 36.7%, 안산지역은 무시비구 39.4%, N 시비구 37.6%였다. 천안지역의건물수량, 조단백질 수량 및 가소화 건물수량은 무시비구에서 ha당 각각 4,026 kg, 235 kg, 1,850 kg, N 50 kg 시비구는 각각 4,658 kg, 306 kg, 2,388 kg, N 100 kg 시비구는 각각 5,622 kg, 446 kg, 3,143 kg으로 유의적으로 증가하였으며(p<0.05), 안산지역은 무시비구에서 각각 2,802 kg, 177 kg,1,288 kg, N 60 kg 시비구는 각각 3,876 kg, 294 kg, 1,853kg으로 유의적으로 증가하였다 (p<0.05). 천안지역의 조단백질 함량, 건물 소화율 및 상대사료가치 (RFV)는 무시비구에서 각각 5.85%, 45.96%, 64.0 (품질 5등급), N 50 kg 시비구는 각각 6.58%, 51.27%, 72.3 (5등급), N 100 kg 시비구는각각 7.94%, 55.91%, 72.7 (5등급)로 높아졌으며, 안산지역도 무시비구에서 각각 6.30%, 45.98%, 70.2 (5등급), N 60kg 시비구는 각각 7.59%, 47.80%, 78.3 (4등급)으로 높아지는 경향이었다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때, 갈대 생육지는 시비가 가능한 조건이라면(하천변이나 강변 수질 오염이 우려되는 지역이 아닌), ha당 N 60∼100 kg을 생육기에 시용해 주는 것이 생산량과 사료가치를 크게 개선시켜줄 수 있어 바람직하였다.

본 연구는 부존 조사료자원인 갈대(Phragmites communis)의 가을철 수확관리가 이듬 해 생육과 사료가치에 미치는 영향을 구명하였다. 시험 1은 경기 안산 시화간척지 갈대 자생지에서2010년 10월 28일 수확 시 예취높이를 3 cm,15 cm, 25 cm, 무예취구 등 4처리를 두고 2011년 10월 7일에 수확하였으며, 시험 2는 천안국립축산과학원 갈대 재배지에서 2010년 10월13일 예취높이를 10 cm, 20 cm, 무예취구 등 3처리를 두고 2011년 7월 7일에 1차, 10월 7일에 2차 수확을 실시하였다(시험 1). 이듬 해수확한 갈대의 건물수량은 무예취구에서 ha당3,092 kg으로 예취구에 비해 많은 경향이었으나, 가소화 건물수량은 무예취구에서 1,236 kg 으로 15 cm 예취구(1,234 kg)와 25 cm구(1,241kg)와 같은 수준이었고, 3 cm구의 수량은 가장낮은 경향이었다. 무예취구의 건물 소화율과RFV는 각각 39.98%와 65.3으로 예취구의 건물소화율 42.36~46.40%, RFV 67.8~72.5에 비해낮았으며 조사료(건초) 등급은 5등급(불량)이었다. 건물률은 무예취구가 50.67%로 예취구(45.31~47.60%)에 비해 높았다(시험 2). 이듬해 1차 건물수량은 무예취구에서 ha당 10,441kg으로 예취구에 비해 많은 경향이었으나 가소화 건물수량은 예취높이 20 cm구에서 3,885 kg으로 무예취구(3,693 kg)와 유의적 차이 없이많았으며, 10 cm구의 수량은 가장 적은 경향이었다. 사료가치는 예취구에서 양호하여 20 cm구에서 건물 소화율과 RFV는 각각 43.23%와64.1로 높았다(p<0.05). 조사료(건초) 등급은예취구는 5등급(불량), 무예취구는 6등급(부적합)이었다. 재생 갈대의 수량과 사료가치는 처리 간 차이 없이 조사료(건초) 등급은 4등급(다소 불량)이었다. 연간 건물수량과 조단백질수량은 무예취구에서 많았으나, 가소화 건물수 20 cm구에서 ha당 5,354 kg로 무예취구(5,178 kg)와 차이가 없었으며, 10 cm구(4,531kg)는 가장 적었다. 1차 건물수량은 연간 수량의 75%, 조단백질 수량은 72%, 가소화 건물수량은 69%로 대부분을 차지하며, 재생 수량의비율은 낮았다. 결론적으로, 수확기에 있는 갈대는 가을철이라도 한 번 수확해 주는 것이 사료화 이용과 함께 이듬 해 생육에 유리하였으며, 수확 시 예취높이는 15~20 cm가 권장되었고, 장기적으로 갈대 자원의 안정된 생산성을유지하기 위해서는 연 1회 수확이 바람직하였다.

본 연구는 부존 조사료자원의 활용으로 수입 사료를 줄이고 사료비 절감에 기여하고자 갈대(Phragmites communis)를 공시하여 생육시기별사료가치와 재생 및 생산성을 구명하였다. 시험 1은 경기 안산 시화간척지 갈대 자생지에서2009년 5월부터 2010년 4월까지 7생육시기별사료가치를 분석하였으며, 시험 2는 천안 국립축산과학원 갈대 재배지에서 2011년 5월부터11월까지 10시기별로 수량과 사료가치 및 재생특성을 조사하였다. (시험 1) 5월부터 갈대의생육이 진행될수록 사료가치는 크게 낮아졌다.조단백질 함량은 2009년 5월, 7월, 9월, 2010년 4월 말에 수확하였을 때 각각 7.7%, 4.6%, 3.7%, 2.2%로, 상대사료가치 (RFV)는 각각 80.2,65.1, 61.8, 52.8로, 건물 소화율은 각각 59.3%,46.9%, 42.2%, 36.4%로 감소하였다. 반면 리그닌 함량은 7.1%, 9.9%, 12.0%, 13.2%로 크게증가하였다. (시험 2) 1차 수확한 갈대의 생육과 수량은 6월 하순에서 7월 중순 수확시 양호하였으며, 조단백질, RFV, 건물소화율 등 사료가치는 시험 1과 마찬가지로 생육이 진행될수록 낮아졌다. 1차 수확이 빠를수록 갈대의 재생은 양호한 경향이나 7월 말 이후는 차이가작았고, 8월 이후 재생은 매우 부진하였다. 연간 수량은 2011년 5월, 6월, 7월, 8월, 9월, 10월, 11월 말에 수확하였을 때 건물수량은 각각7,329 kg/ha, 12,527 kg, 9,593 kg, 8,279 kg, 7,649kg, 5,822 kg, 5,540 kg으로, 조단백질 수량은 각각 1,067 kg/ha, 1,201 kg, 1,046 kg, 533 kg, 377kg, 258 kg, 175 kg으로, 가소화 건물수량은 각각 3,924 kg/ha, 5,264 kg, 4,273 kg, 3,322 kg,3,352 kg, 2,195 kg 및 1,887 kg으로 낮아졌다(p<0.05). 본 연구에서 RFV를 기준한 갈대의조사료 (건초) 품질등급은 5월 갈대는 4등급 (다소 불량), 6~9월 갈대는 5등급 (불량), 10월, 11월 및 이듬 해 4월 갈대는 6등급 (부적합)이었으며, 재생 갈대는 모두 4등급 (다소 불량)으로분류되었다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여볼 때, 갈대는 늦어도 7월 안으로 수확․사료화 하는 것 이 양호한 가소화 건물수량과 볏짚 이상의 사료적 가치를 기대할 수 있어 권장되었다. 아울러 갈대의 재생은 전반적으로 불량하였고 1차수량이 연간 수량의 70% 이상을 점유하였으며,갈대는 연 1회 수확하여 사료화 이용이 바람직하였다.

본 연구는 부존 조사료자원 이용으로 수입사료를 줄이고 사료비를 절감하고자 2010년도에 전남 해남(간척지), 강원 평창(강변), 원주(섬강변), 전남 영광(와탄강변) 등 4개 지역에서 갈대와 억새 등 야초 자생지를 탐색하고,수확 이용실태 조사와 함께 사료가치를 분석하였다. 전남 해남 해남목장 내 갈대(Phragmitescommunis) 위주의 야초 자생지는 300 ha로 예년에는 2회 곤포작업하여 연간 사일리지로2,300~2,500톤(ha당 8톤)을 생산하였으나 2010년도는 1회 곤포조제로 사일리지 2,000톤(ha당7톤)을 생산하였다. 유통가격은 롤 당 53천원으로 kg당 110원이었다. 곤포는 전량 자가소비하며, 외부 작업단에 롤 당 26천원의 작업비를지불하였다. 연간 조수입은 2억 2,260만원이며,소득은 1억원 수준(345천원/ha)이었다. 초장150 cm의 갈대는 조단백질 8.4%, 상대사료가치71.9 (건초 5등급), 건물 소화율 60.1%로 사료가치는 볏짚에 비해 약간 나은 것으로 평가되었다. 갈대 사일리지의 사료가치와 유기산 함량은 동일 지역에서 동일한 재료로 사일리지를조제하더라도 수확시기에 따라 차이가 컸으며(CP 4.7~6.4%, RFV 62.2~78.9, 건물 소화율41.9~53.9%), 갈대 사일리지의 품질은 수단그라스에 비해 불량하였다. 강원 평창 강변 자생갈대의 사료가치는 초장이 79, 117, 121, 142cm로 생육이 진행됨에 따라 낮아져, 조단백질은 각각 13.9%에서 7.6%로, 상대사료가치는90.7 (건초 3등급)에서 76.1 (건초 4등급)로, 건물 소화율은 72.9%에서 54.7%로 감소하였다.원주 섬강 주변 야초류는 곤포수확 작업에 어려움이 있었으며, 초장 130 cm의 갈대는 조단백질 8.5%, 상대사료가치 82.3 (건초 4등급), 건물 소화율 70.2%로 사료가치는 높았으며, 220cm의 성숙한 갈대는 조단백질 10.2%, 상대사료가치 65.1 (건초 5등급), 건물 소화율 48.9%로볏짚 대비 조금 나은 것으로 평가되었다. 전남영광지역에서는 와탄천 주변에 자생하는 갈대를 수거 이용하고자 시도하였으나 경제성이 없어 중단하였다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여볼 때,갈대, 억새 등 야초류는 현 상태에서 최대한수거 이용하되, 사료가치를 유지하고 가축 기호성이 양호한 시기에 수확하는 것이 중요하며, 최소한 볏짚과 비슷하거나 그 이상의 사료가치를 기대하기 위해서는 7월 중순 이전(늦어도 7월까지)에 수확 이용하는 것이 권장된다.

본 연구는 국내 생산 사료용 볏짚 곤포사일리지의 수확 후 저장기간 동안 생성된 곰팡이 오염도 및 곰팡이 종류를 조사하고 mycotoxin 노출 유해성을 구명하고자 실시하였다. 곰팡이 및 mycotoxin 오염을 조사하기 위하여 곰팡이 발생이 육안 식별이 안 되는 정상적인 것부터 오염이 심한 것까지 다양한 상태의 농가에서 급여하고 있는 33점의 볏짚 곤포사일리지 시료를 수거하여 조사하였다. 오염된 곰팡이는 흰색, 회색, 푸른색 및 검은 갈색 등 다양한 색

In order to ensure good animal health and performance, it is essential to produce forages with high feeding value and good hygienic quality. However, huge amounts of forages consumed by ruminants are contaminated with mold prior to harvest or during storage as hay, straw or silage. These mold can grow in forages only when nutrients are available, correct temperature exist, oxygen is present, and unbound water is available. Fungal 'species can be divided into two groups: field fungi and storage fungi. Field fungi invade the forages while the crop is still in the fíeld, require high moisture conditions, and are such as species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Clodosporium, Diplodia, Gibberrella and Helminthosporium. Storage fungi invade forages during storage and need less moisture than fíeld fungi. These such as species of Aspergillus and Penicillium usually do not occur any problem before harvest. Mold growth can spoil the nutritional aspects of the forages and also results in secondary metabolites that are highly toxic to animal, humans and plants. Moldy feeds are less palatable and may reduce dry matter intake. This, in turn, leads to a reduction of nutrition intake, reducing weight gains or milk production. Performance losses of 5 to 10 percent are typical with moldy feeds. Mycotoxins are toxic substances produced by fungi (molds) growing on crops in the field or storages. While greater than 400 mycotoxins have been chemically identified, the biological or veterinary medical impact of only several mycotoxins is known. Mycotoxins have attracted considerable attention as potential causes for poor performance and health disorders in domestic livestock. They can be carcinogenic, hepatotoxic, hematotoxic, immunosuppressive, estrogenic, or mutagenic. So, feeding moldy forages has adverse effects on animal health and milk consumers. AIso, this author reported that rice straw hay was contaminated mycotoxigenic fungi such as Penicillium roqueforti and Fusarium culmorum in Korea. Therefore, it is an urgent need to develop an improved post harvest storage method to reduce nutrient loss and mycotoxin contamination of forages, which will have a positive impact on human health.

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of varieties and quality of winter crop on palatability of calves for two years. Four Italian ryegrass variety(Kospeed, Kogreen, Kowinearly and Hwasan 101ho), two barley(Youngyang, Yuyeon), and a rye (Winter green) were cultivated at experimental field of National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan. Four early varieties(Kospeed, Kogreen, Kowinearly and Winter green)were harvested at 20th Dry matter yield of "Hwasan 101 ho" was l8,629㎏/㏊(12,141 + 6,488) and Yeongyang, Youyeon and Winter green were 14,182, 12,487 and 10,935㎏/ha, respectively. Moisture content of Hwasan 101 ho was 81.5% in harvesting time, but wilting for 24 hours might bedecrease moisture content by 65.5%. The relative intake of Hwasan 101 ho, Kowinearly, Kospeed and Kogreen were 34.5, 60, 19.8, 15.7%, respectively. Among forage crop species, relative intake of Italian ryegrass(Hwasan 101 ho), barley(Yeongyang and Youyeon), and Rye(Winter green) were 43.1, 20.9, 20.5 and 15.5%, respectively.

In the present study, we have developed a high-frequency plant regeneration system for Italian ryegrass via callus culture using mature seeds as explants. Optimal embryogenic callus induction was found to occur in MS medium containing 5 ㎎ 1?¹ 2,4-D, 0.5 ㎎ 1?¹ BA, 500 ㎎ 1?¹ L-proline, 1 g 1?¹ casein hydrolysate, 30 g 1?¹ sucrose, 7 ㎎ 1?¹ AgNO₃, 2 ㎎ 1?¹ CuSO₄ and solidified with 3 g 1?¹ Gelrite. The highest regeneration rate was obtained in MS medium containing 1 ㎎ 1?¹ 2,4-D, 5 ㎎ 1?¹ BA, 500 ㎎ 1?¹ L-proline, 1 g 1?¹ casein hydrolysate, 1 ㎎ 1?¹ thiamine-HCl, 30 g 1?¹ sucrose, 7 ㎎ 1?¹ AgNO₃, 2 ㎎ 1?¹ CuSO₄ and solidified with 3 g 1?¹ Gelrite. By using the most effective treatment determined for each parameter, the highest rates of embryogenic callus formation (48.9%) and regeneration (47.6%) were obtained with the Hwasan 101 cultivar. The overall plant regeneration rates of the examined cultivars ranged from 7.5% to 23.2%. Thus, optimization of regeneration frequency using mature seeds as explant material may offer a simple and efficient protocol for Italian ryegrass that may improve molecular breeding of this species.

In the present study, genotypic variation of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Korean Italian ryegrass has been evaluated. Mature seed-derived calli of a total of seven cultivars were infected and co-cultured with Agrobacterium tumefaciens carrying the binary vector pCAMBIA1301, which contains a reporter gene (gus) and a plant selectable marker gene conferring resistance to hygromycin (hpt) in the T-DNA region. The effects of several factors such as callus type and callus age on transformation frequency and the expression of the GUS gene were investigated. The highest transformation frequency (6.7%) was obtained with the Hwasan 101 cultivar when 9-week-old calli (type-I) were inoculated with Agrobacterium. The overall transformation rates of the examined cultivars ranged from 0.4% to 6.7%. GUS histochemical assays, PCR, and southern analysis of transgenic plants demonstrated that transgenes were successfully integrated into the genome of Italian ryegrass. Thus, optimization of transformation frequency and selection of a suitable cultivar of Italian ryegrass may improve molecular breeding of this species.

The experimental work was conducted to investigate the effects of the application level of composted cattle manure (CCM) on forage productivity using whole crop barely (WCB)-whole crop rice (WCR) double cropping system for 3 years. Main plot was consisted of application level of CCM such as 150%, 200% and control plot. The total DMY of forages under WCB and WCR in treatment of CF significantly decreased as compared with that of treatment of CCM 150%. However, NDF, ADF and CP content of WCB and WCR were hardly influenced by CCM application.

The experimental work was conducted to investigate the effects of the application level of composted cattle manure (CCM) on forage productivity using rye-whole crop rice (WCR) double cropping system for 3 years. Main plot was consisted of application level of CCM such as 150%, 200% and control plot. The total DMY of of rye-WCR in treatment of CCM 150% significantly decreased as compared with that of treatment of CF and CCM 200%. However, NDF, ADF and CP content of rye and WCR were hardly influenced by CCM application.

Mycotoxin producing moulds are commonly in contact with forage in the field before harvest, during harvesting, drying and transport and during storage. Therefore, this study was to isolate and identify fungi contaminated rice straw in the earlier spring of Korea. The pure fungi colony was isolated from normal rice straws in the tree dairy farms. The fungi were cultured on MEA and PDA agar plate and confirmed by sequencing the ITS region. Fungal contamination was found in all samples of rice straws and mold counts averaged 4.6×10⁴ per gram. The mycotoxigenic fungi found were Penicillium roqueforti and Fusarium culmorum. Other several fungi were determined Gibberella moniliformis, Ascomycota sp., Myrothecium sp. When the rice straw samples were analyzed mycotoxins by HPLC, it was not found aflatoxins, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, fumonisin, ochratoxins A and T-2 toxin. The results suggest t㏊t the mold contaminated rice straw is not activated in the spring of cool season but is able to develop in the coming warm and humidly summer, specially mycotoxigenic fungi such ase Penicillium roqueforti and Fusarium culmorum.

In this study, we conducted to select the promising crops for both uses in the bioethanol and forage production in Korea. The result indicated t㏊t Natsukaje (guinea grass), Gwangpyeongok (corn), Jumbo (sorghum×sudangrass hybrid), SS405 (sorghum×sorghum hybrid), Millex32 (pearl millet), Jeju barnyard grass), Alamo (switch grass) and Selection75 (klein grass) showed the production of biomass from the highest to the lowest in order. However, the order of the production of quality forage was, from the highest to the lowest, Natsukaje (guinea grass), Jumbo (sorghum×sudangrass hybrid), SS405 (sorghum×sorghum hybrid), Gwangpyeongok (corn), Millex32 (pearl millet), Selection75 (klein grass), Jeju (barnyard grass), and Alamo (switch grass). We concluded the Natsukaje (guinea grass) was the best bioethanol crop, and also the Natsukaje (guinea grass) was the best for forage production.

Although winter rye is now widely grown as a silage crop in Korea, but silage quality of the winter rye produced from farmer's fields have not been published. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to evaluate forage quality of winter rye which was participated in Forage Quality Contest in 2008. These data were classified by resign, forage production, added inoculants, planting date, and harvest date. Difference on lactic acid of rye silage was detected in forage production (p＜0.01), however, there were no significant differences among the rye silage tested. The moisture and lactic acid were significant differences in dry matter yield of rye silage. There is all the difference between silage added inoculants and control. The pH, ash, CP, NDF and ADF of rye added with inoculants were higher t㏊n those of control silage, however, the TDN and lactic acid were increased in silage added with inoculants. The ash and CP were significant differences in planting date, but lactic acid was significant differences in harvest date. This experiment indicates t㏊t lactic acid of silage was good indicator for evaluation of rye silage. Differences in forage quality were also observed among winter rye silage. Therefore, nutritional quality as well as lactic acid is important in silage quality contest of winter rye silage.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate forage yield and feed value of warm season grass in subtropical area. The species having the fastest heading date was bermudagrass 'ecotype' (24th April) while the heading date of bahia grass 'Argentine' was the latest as 13th August. Plant height and dry matter of switch grass was the highest. Dry matter yield of switch grass was usually greater t㏊n the other entries in Jeju and Wando. Bermudagrass cultivars had higher CP concentration t㏊n the other entries. NDF and ADF concentration in switchgrass was higher t㏊n in bermudgarss and bahiagrass cultivars.

Although whole crop barley are now widely grown as a silage crop in Korea, but silage quality of the whole crop barley produced from farmer's fields have not been published. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to evaluate forage quality of whole crop barley which was participated in Korean quality contest in 2008. These data were classified by region, forage production, added inoculants, planting date and harvest date. Difference on lactic acid of barley silage was detected in the region (p＜0.05), however, there no significant differences in other chemical composition. The moisture and lactic acid were significant differences in dry matter yield of barley silage. There is all the difference between silage added inoculants and control. Differences between planting dates in ash and crude protein (CP) were detected in barley silage (p＜0.05). From comparison within harvest date, lactic acid ㏊d significant differences among barley silage. Differences in forage quality were observed among whole crop barley for silage. Therefore, nutritional quality as well as lactic acid is important in silage quality contest of whole crop barley.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of seeding rate on the quality and yield of whole crop rice variety, "Nokyang". Whole crop rice variety, "Nokyong", was direct seeded at 25 April. The seeding rate were four level(30, 60, 90, and 120㎏/㏊). There was not found significantly difference plant height and dry matter(DM) content among seeding rate. The average DM content was 44.1%. Dry matter yield of 30㎏/㏊ seeding rate plot was decreased compared to others treatment. The CP yield of 60㎏/㏊ seeding rate plot was the highest among treatments. Acid detergent fiber(ADF) and neutral detergent fiber(NDF) content have not been affected in relation to seeding rate. The content of TDN(total digestible nutrient) increased with increased seeding rate until 90㎏/㏊ seeding rate. The highest fresh and DM yield showed at 120㎏/㏊ seeding rate. But there was not found significantly difference among 60, 90 and 120㎏/㏊ seeding rate. Although high seeding rate increase the DM yield, 60㎏/㏊ seeding rate will be recommendable as proper seeding rate for whole crop rice.

To know adaptability and production of silage corn, we studied on paddy field experiment. Heading date of 'Kwangpyongok' and 'P32P75' Hybrids was on 15th July, 14th July respectively. The dry matter yield of 'P32P75' hybrid (20.4ton/㏊) was the highest among 10 hybrids and that of 'Kwangpyongok' hybrid (19.1ton/㏊) showed high in domestic corn hybrids and other characters as like feed vales is almost same in 10 hybrids.

This experiment was carried out to find out the optimum variety of com hybrids and to find out alternative crops in the rice black-streaked dwarf virus(RBSDV) prevalent area. Productivity of 4 Korean improved and 6 introduced com hybrids and RBSDV infection rate were tested for 3 years in both Cheonan(middle part of Korea) and Gochang(southern part of Korea). Percentage of RBSDV diseased plants differed depending on the hybrid and region.