This paper aims to analyze the cognitive-semantic properties of Greek preverbs derived from ancient Greek prepositions and proposes a vocabulary teaching method utilizing them. Vocabulary acquisition plays a crucial role in foreign language learning, yet traditional methods often rely on simple interpretation or context-based understanding, leaving learners to fill in knowledge gaps independently through dictionary use. In this study, a method for mastering preverbs derived from ancient Greek prepositions to enhance modern Greek vocabulary is presented. These morphemes, evolved from ancient Greek prepositions into modern Greek preverbs, are paired with various verbs, primarily those with spatial connotations. The focus centers on 15 preverbs: anti-, apo-, dia-, eis-, en-, epi-, kata-, meta-, para-, peri-, pro-, pros-, syn-, yper-, and ypo-. The usage of these preverbs in vocabulary construction is analyzed, and they are employed for instructional purposes. Each preverb’s semantic domain is delineated, accompanied by a schematic representation to aid learners in conceptualization by establishing a central meaning. By engaging in conceptualization, learners can grasp preverb meanings, comprehend new vocabulary utilizing these preverbs, and progressively expand their vocabulary to encompass peripheral meanings associated with each preverb.

South Korea’s first commercial nuclear reactor, Kori Unit 1, was permanently shut down in 2017, and preparations are currently underway for its decommissioning. After the permanent shutdown, the spent nuclear fuel from the reactor core is removed and stored in a spent fuel storage facility. Subsequently, steps are taken for its permanent disposal, and if a permanent disposal site is not determined, it is stored in an interim storage facility (or temporary storage facility). Therefore, the activation criteria for radiation emergency plans vary depending on the movement of spent nuclear fuel and the storage location. In this study, it reviewed emergency plans in the U.S. NRC Regulatory Guide (Draft) titled ‘Emergency Planning for Decommissioning Nuclear Power Reactors’ to determine the requirements for radiation emergency plans needed for decommissioned nuclear power plants. Additionally, by examining emergency plans applied to decommissioning nuclear power plants in the United States, this study identified emergency plan requirement that could be applicable to future decommissioned nuclear power plants in South Korea. This study will contribute to the establishment of appropriate radiation emergency plans for decommissioning nuclear power plants in Korea for providing accurate information on overseas cases and relevant guidelines.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is frequently observed in intact middle-aged or older male dogs with symptoms ranging from asymptomatic to various symptoms such as urination, dyschezia, dysuria, tenesmus, and intermittent serosanguinous or clear serous exudate. A 4-year-old, intact male Welsh corgi with symptoms of intermittent hematuria and serosanguinous exudate at the urethral opening was diagnosed with BPH and intraprostatic hematocyst through ultrasonographic examination and cytology test. The dog was internationally adopted for reproductive purposes and needed to undergo BPH treatment while maintaining fertility. Thus, 2.5 mg finasteride was administered orally once a day for treatment option and therapeutic effects were observed, including loss of clinical symptoms and reduced prostate and intraparenchymal cyst size.

Imperforate hymen is a rare congenital disorder that may predispose to retention of fluid in the vagina and uterus, thereby resulting in conditions such as hematocolpos, pyocolpos, and pyocolpometra in female dogs. A 7-year-old intact female shih tzu exhibiting abdominal distension, depression, anorexia, dysuria, dyschezia, and tenesmus was diagnosed with pyocolpos; a 9-year-old intact female Yorkshire terrier with abdominal mass, dysuria, and tenesmus was diagnosed with hematocolpos; and a 7-year-old intact female shih tzu with dysuria, dyschezia, anorexia, and vomiting was diagnosed with pyocolpometra. Ovariohysterectomy and partial vaginectomy were performed, and the blind end of the vaginal stump was omentalized. This clinical report provide diagnostic process and surgical treatment option for congenital vaginal obstruction cases.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify trends in disaster nursing education and conduct a systematic review of the characteristics of simulation-based disaster education programs for nursing students. Method: In May 2020, 12 electronic databases were used to conduct a literature search using Korean and English keywords. Simulation, disaster, nursing, and education were among the search keywords. Fourteen studies were selected. The risk of bias assessment tool for non-randomized studies was used to assess study quality. Results: A total of 14 non-randomized studies were selected. Simulation was mainly conducted using high-fidelity simulators and virtual reality simulations. Disaster scenarios included situations such as a bus crash, earthquake, tornado, and toxic chemical exposure in mass casualty incident nursing or disaster drills. There were differences in the methods of simulation interventions, and we found that disaster related nursing competencies such as disaster knowledge, disaster preparedness, disaster performance, confidence, self-efficacy, and ethical reasoning improved in nursing students after the intervention. Conclusion: Disaster nursing education aims to improve nursing students’ disaster competencies. Future research should examine significant risk of bias control for confounding variables, attrition bias, and outcome evaluation.

This study investigated the effects of self and peer evaluations and learners’ involvement on the development of assessment criteria in higher education English literature classes. A total of 40 college students participated in the study, extracting five main criteria with 10 sub-standards to assess their group assignments and conduct self- and peer evaluation on their presentations. The results of the learners’ selfand peer assessments were compared with instructor’s assessments and their final grades using one-way ANOVA and correlation analysis. The study also examined the correlation among the assessment criteria to find which factors affected learning outcomes. The study concluded that their participation in the development of assessment criteria positively, affected their critical thinking ability and the selection of subjects for the group presentations. Logicality of writing also affected the outcomes of final assessments. The study concluded that self- and peer assessments can be highly effective in learning processes when learners actively participate in setting the assessment criteria.

페르시아 전쟁(기원전 490-479년)을 시작으로 알렉산드로스 대왕의 죽음(기원전 323년) 에 이르기까지 크고 작은 전투와 전쟁이 끊임없이 벌어졌던 그리스의 전장에 세워진 트로파이온에는 고전기 그리스인들의 전쟁과 승리에 대한 관념이 담겨있다. 그리스의 초기 트로파이온은 전장에 전쟁의 승패가 결정된 직후에 세워진다는 특징을 갖는다. 그리고 그것을 세움으로써 승자는 신들에 대한 감사를 표현하고 미래의 전투에 대한 승리를 담보하고자 하였다. 동시에 이것은 전우들과 승리의 기억을 공유하고, 적군에게는 패배를 시각적으로 각인시킴으로써 그들의 잠재적인 도발의 의지를 상실하게 만드는 마지막 전략이기도 하였다. 본 연구에서 살펴본 기원전 5세기의 도기들과 아테나 니케 신전의 난간을 장식한 부조는 그러한 전술의 기록이다.

The purpose of this study is to analyze two greek prepositions (‘apo’ and ‘se’) and learners’ errors to suggest comprehensible instruction in general. To express spatial meaning, the Greek language uses almost exclusively combinations of local adverbs with prepositions, especially ‘apo’ and ‘se’, with certain case while the Korean language uses ‘adverbial particles’. The first investigation is to look into the meanings of greek prepositions, especially ‘apo’ and ‘se’ which are ‘primary’ prepositions in the Greek language. It is necessary to analyze how they are expressed in the Korean language due to set instructional direction to Korean learners. There are many adverbial particles which correspond with each meaning of two greek prepositions so that it is not that clear for Korean learners to understand scattered semantic category of each preposition. Subsequently we will analyze learners’ errors of their use of prepositions. The result shows that the learners are problematic to use ‘apo’ and ‘se’ properly. In some cases their use of the prepositions seems mixed up. It is important to know problematic points of greek prepositions ‘apo’ and ‘se’ to Korean learners to set some efficient instruction. At the conclusion, there are some suggestions on the effective teaching of greek prepositions ‘apo’ and ‘se’ especially in ‘complex prepositions’ using images and example sentences.

헬레니즘시대의 알렉산드리아는 그리스와 이집트 및 지중해 전역의 다양한 출신의 성원들의 문화가 공존하는 공간이었다. 본 연구는 프톨레마이오스 왕조의 집권기 동안의 알렉산드리아의 문화적 정체성을 그리스화와 현지화 정책을 통해서 고찰하고 흑인과 난쟁이, 꼽추를 재현한 소형 조형물에 투영된 다문화적 성격을 보이고자 한다. 흑인과 난쟁이, 꼽추는 왕족과 상류 그리스인들 의 유흥과 소비문화에서 노예나 광대로 참여했던 사회적 소수자이다. 이들의 조형물은 상류문화 를 동경한 비그리스인 중간계층의 시민들에 의해 소유되었을 것으로 여겨지는데, 그 소유자는 자 신이 그리스적 상류 문화의 주체가 아니라는 사실과 노예나 광대와 같은 소수자와도 구분되는 존 재라는 사실을 인지함으로써 도시 내 자신의 문화적 정체성을 규정했던 것으로 보인다.

이 연구는 학문 목적 한국어 학습자를 대상으로 CBI를 활용한 한국 역사 문화수업의 방안을 고안하고 실제 방향을 제시 하는 데 있다. 이를 위하여 먼저 이론적 배경을 통하여 CBI의 특징 및 여러 수업 모델들의 원리와 효과에 대하여 살펴보았다. 그리고 이러한 이론적 배경을 바탕으로 ‘생각하기–내용 이해하기– 활용하기–마무리하기’ 라는 수업 절차를 구성하고 역사 문화수업의 실제 예를 보였다. 마지막으로 CBI를 활용한 수업 시 언어 교사가 가져야 할 전문 지식에 대한 부담감 그리고 교재 및 활동 개발 등을 제언하였다.

Human serum (HS) has been reported to induce aggregation of human eyelid adipose-derived stem cells (HEACs) during high-density culture in vitro. The present study focused on the role of cell adhesion molecules and gelatinases during HS-induced aggregation of HEACs. HS-induced aggregation occurred between 9-15 days of culture. Cells aggregated by HS medium (HS-agg) showed stronger expression of α2, α2B, αX, and CEACAM1 genes compared to non-aggregated cells in HS medium (HS-ex) or in control FBS-cultured cells. HS-agg were distinctly labeled with antibodies against α2, α2B, and αX proteins. Western blot results demonstrated that the two integrin proteins were greatly expressed in HS-agg compared to HS-ex and control FBS-cultured cells. Treatment of HEACs with anti-integrin α2 antibody during culture in HS medium delayed aggregation formation. HS-agg exhibited strong expression of MMP1 and MMP9 compared to HS-ex or FBS-cultured cells. Conditioned media from HS-culture showed remarkable increase of MMP9 gelatinolytic activity in comparison to those from FBS-culture. However, there was no change of TIMP mRNA expression in relation to the HS-induced aggregation. Based on these results, it is suggested that integrin α2, α2B, and αX, and MMP9 might play an important role in the HS-induced aggregation of HEACs.

The sex ratio (F:M) in the same population of oyster, Crassostrea gigas at the commencement of the study (2007) was 1:1.0, but changed to 1:2.8 by the end of the study (2008). The sex reversal rate in two-year-old oysters was 40.2%. Specifically, female to male sex reversal rate was 66.1%, which is higher than the male to female sex reversal rate of 21.1%. The sex reversal pattern of C. gigas appears to go from male female male, and as such is determined to be rhythmical hermaphroditism.