This study examines the developmental trajectory of feedback research in Korean EFL writing from the early 1990s to 2025 through a qualitative systematic synthesis of KCIindexed journal articles. Drawing on major learning theories and educational reforms, the study identifies four stages that reflect shifts in curriculum policy, assessment practices, and the gradual incorporation of digital and AI-based tools. Early work was characterized by teacher-centered and form-focused corrective feedback, followed by comparative studies of feedback types influenced by sociocultural theory and formative assessment perspectives. Recent research has increasingly addressed learners’ metacognition, self-regulation, feedback uptake, and AI-mediated practices. Despite these broader theoretical orientations, the literature remains dominated by short-term interventions and perception-based studies, with limited evidence on sustained writing development in classroom settings. The findings indicate a gap between theoretical advancement and instructional practice in Korean EFL writing. This study calls for longitudinal, classroom-based, and mixed-method research that examines how teacher-, peer-, and AI-mediated feedback can be integrated within context-sensitive instructional models.

This study examines the impact of a university-level elective, Practical English Conversation, designed with Seligman’s (2011) PERMA framework, on students’ emotional and cognitive experiences. The course incorporated communicative speaking tasks and collaborative interaction in real-life contexts to promote positive emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning, and accomplishment in English language learning. Participants were 51 undergraduates from two sections of the course who completed both pre- and post-course surveys out of 63 enrolled students. Using a mixed-methods design, a 15-item PERMA-based questionnaire was administered at the beginning and end of the semester. Paired-sample t-tests showed significant improvements across the five PERMA domains. Qualitative reflections analyzed using NVivo further illustrated both supportive and challenging aspects of the course, including workload, speaking anxiety, and group participation dynamics. The findings provide preliminary insights into how PERMA-informed course design may shape learners’ emotional and cognitive experiences and contribute to a more supportive and reflective learning environment for students in university English communication classrooms and related learning contexts.

지금까지 Leptosemia takanonis Matsumura, 1917으로 취급되어 온 한반도산 소요산매미의 분류학적 지위를 형태적 형질과 문헌 검토를 바 탕으로 재검토하였다. 중국 서부 사천성에서 채집된 L. takanonis의 완모식표본과 한국산 표본들을 비교한 결과, 한국 개체군은 중국산 L. takanonis 와 형태적으로 일관된 차이를 보이는 것으로 확인되었다. 이에 근거하여 Euterpnosia inanulata Kishida, 1929를 L. takanonis의 이명에서 제외하 고 유효한 종으로 복원하였다. 또한 E. inanulata와 동일한 분포 범위를 가지며 형태적 차이가 없는 Chosenosemia souyoensis Doi, 1931를 동일종으 로 간주하여 L. takanonis의 이명으로부터 복원하고, 이어 Leptosemia inanulata (Kishida, 1929)의 이명으로 처리하였다. Leptosemia inanulata와 L. takanonis를 구별하는 진단 형질을 제시하고, 학명의 적용을 명확히 하기 위하여 신모식표본을 지정하였다.

본 연구에서는 한국산 왕꼬리좀벌속의 미기록종인 장미왕꼬리좀벌(신칭)과 노간주왕꼬리좀벌(신칭)을 처음으로 보고한다. 이 두 종은 각각 찔레 종자와 노간주나무 종자에서 우화하였다. 본 논문에서는 한국산 왕꼬리좀벌속의 검색표와 진단형질, 재기재문 및 사진을 제공한다.

본 연구에서는 한국에서 처음으로 기록되는 긴꼬리좀벌아속(신칭)의 2종, 사과혹긴꼬리좀벌(신칭)과 꽃봉오리혹긴꼬리좀벌(신칭)을 보고 한다. 이들 종은 각각 참나무속에 형성된 사과나무혹벌과 Andricus sp.의 충영에서 우화하였다. 본 논문에서는 한국산 긴꼬리좀벌아속의 2종에 대 한 진단 형질과 주요 형질의 사진을 제시하고, 아울러 한국산 종을 구분하기 위한 검색표와 종 목록을 제공한다.

목적: 민항 조종사는 낮은 습도와 장시간 시각 집중이 요구되는 항공 환경에 노출되어 있어 안구건조 및 시각피로 발생 가능성이 높다. 본 연구는 민항 조종사를 대상으로 비행 중 경험하는 안구건조 증상과 시각피로 수준을 조사하고 두 증상 간의 관련성을 분석하여 조종사의 직업성 눈 건강 관리에 대한 기초 자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 방법 : 본 연구는 온라인 설문조사를 이용한 단면 연구로 수행되었다. 총 50명의 응답 중 연구 참여에 동의한 27명의 자료를 최종 분석에 포함하였다. 설문은 안구건조 증상 8문항과 시각피로 증상 8문항으로 구성되었으며 각 문항은 4점 Likert 척도로 평가하였다. 집단 간 차이는 Mann–Whitney U test를 이용하여 분석하였으며 변수 간 관계는 Spearman 상관분석을 이용하였다. 결과 : 연구 대상자의 안구건조 점수는 평균 6.22±3.06점이었으며 시각피로 점수는 평균 5.89±2.81점으로 나 타났다. 안구건조 증상 중에서는 눈 건조감과 건조한 공기에서의 증상 악화가 가장 높은 평균 점수를 보였으며, 시 각피로 항목에서는 눈 피로, 집중력 저하, 초점 조절 어려움이 높은 점수를 나타냈다. 또한 비행 중 안구건조 증상 빈도는 ‘가끔’이라고 응답한 경우가 70.4%로 가장 많았으며 전체 대상자의 92.6%가 비행 중 최소 한 번 이상 안구 건조 증상을 경험한 것으로 나타났다. 안구건조 점수와 시각피로 점수 사이에는 통계적으로 유의한 양의 상관관계 가 나타났다(ρ=0.649, p<0.001). 결론 : 민항 조종사에서 안구건조 증상은 비교적 흔하게 나타났으며 안구건조가 심할수록 시각피로 역시 증가하 는 경향을 보였다. 이러한 결과는 조종사의 시각 건강 관리의 중요성과 조종 환경 개선의 필요성을 시사하며 향후 항공 환경에서의 직업성 눈 건강 연구를 위한 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

This study comparatively analyzes the energy generation performance and economic evaluation of monofacial and bifacial photovoltaic (PV) modules, utilizing empirical data obtained from the Saemangeum project. The analysis is based on field data collected over a three-year period from 2022 to 2024. The results indicate that bifacial modules achieved an average power generation increase of approximately 8.27% compared to monofacial modules, attributed to the additional energy yield from rear-side irradiance. For the economic assessment, the Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) and the Break-Even Point (BEP) were analyzed. Although the initial investment cost for bifacial modules was approximately 7.4% higher than that of monofacial modules, the LCOE was found to be lower for bifacial modules (114.7 KRW/kWh) compared to monofacial modules (117.8 KRW/kWh) over a 20-year operation period, due to the benefits of increased energy generation. The BEP analysis revealed that bifacial modules reach a break-even point relative to monofacial modules after 7.02 years. Furthermore, the study examined the trends of the BEP in response to variations in electricity selling prices and bifacial gain. In conclusion, this study confirms that bifacial PV modules demonstrate superior results in both power generation performance and economic analysis within the testbed environment. Consequently, these findings suggest a high potential for the application of bifacial modules in future domestic and international photovoltaic projects.

This study was conducted to re-establish the withdrawal time (WT) for ivermectin (IVM) in pigs as part of the introduction of the positive list system (PLS) program. Forty-two healthy pigs were orally administered IVM at doses of 2.4 mg/kg feed (IVM-1, n = 20) and 4.8 mg/kg feed (IVM-2, n = 20) once daily for 7 days. After treatment, tissue samples were collected from four pigs at 1, 3, 5, 7, and 14 days post-administration. Based on a previously established analytical method, residual IVM concentrations in pig tissues were determined using LC-MS/MS. In the IVM-1 group, IVM levels in muscle, liver, kidney, and fat were below the limit of quantification (LOQ) on days 7, 7, 7, and 14 after the final administration, respectively. In the IVM-2 group, IVM levels in muscle, liver, kidney, and fat were below the LOQ on days 7, 14, 7, and 14 after the final administration, respectively. According to the European Medicines Agency guideline on the determination of withdrawal times, the WTs for IVM-1 and IVM-2 in edible pig tissues were established as 8 and 11 days, respectively. In conclusion, the estimated WT of IVM in swine edible tissues was shorter than the currently recommended WT of 14 days for IVM.

Molecular markers have been widely utilized in population genetics, diagnostic taxonomy, and genetic mapping, and can be applied to cultivar discrimination during field selection processes for alfalfa. In this study, whole-genome sequencing information was obtained for seven alfalfa lines and cultivars developed in Korea, including ‘Alfaone (MS001)’, using Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS). Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis revealed that ‘Alfaone (MS001)’ could be distinguished from other lines and cultivars using six SNP loci. Specifically, only two SNP loci were sufficient to differentiate ‘Alfaone (MS001)’ from major lines and cultivars such as ‘MS002’ and ‘Alfaking (MSCB07)’. This set of SNP barcodes provides a reliable standard for alfalfa cultivar discrimination, contributing to domestic cultivar protection and the advancement of the Korea forage industry. Furthermore, the development of distinguishing markers across alfalfa cultivars will enhance genetic resource identification and support the breeding of high-quality new cultivars.

This study was conducted to re-establish the withdrawal time (WT) of ivermectin (IVM) in goats in accordance with the implementation of the positive list system (PLS). Thirty-four healthy goats were topically administered IVM at doses of 0.5 mg/kg body weight (BW) (IVM-1, n = 16) or 1.0 mg/kg BW (IVM-2, n = 16) as a single treatment. Tissue samples were collected from four goats at 3, 7, 14, and 28 days post-administration. Residual concentrations of IVM in edible tissues were determined using LC-MS/MS based on a previously validated analytical method. In the IVM-1 group, IVM concentrations in all edible tissues were below the limit of quantification (LOQ) by day 3 post-administration. In the IVM-2 group, IVM concentrations in muscle, liver, kidney, and fat were below the LOQ by days 7, 3, 3, and 7 post-administration, respectively. WTs were estimated in accordance with the European Medicines Agency guideline on the determination of withdrawal periods. The calculated WTs for IVM-1 and IVM-2 were 12 and 19 days, respectively. In conclusion, the estimated WT of IVM in edible goat tissues was shorter than the currently recommended withdrawal period of 28 days.

With the evolving nature of modern warfare and the rapid advancement of technology, Manned-Unmanned Teaming (MUM-T) has emerged as a core element of future air power. This study systematically identifies evaluation measures for assessing the mission effectiveness of MUM-T in the context of Air Force operations. To this end, a survey of experienced fighter pilots was conducted to derive mission scenarios suitable for MUM-T, and statistical analysis led to the selection of five scenarios. Subsequently, comprehensive evaluation measures for each selected scenario were derived through literature review and expert interviews, and their validity and expert consensus were verified using the Delphi method. Finally, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was employed to calculate the relative importance of the evaluation measures (secondary measures only) for each scenario, and a formula-based model was proposed. The findings of this study provide a quantitative evaluation framework for verifying MUM-T mission effectiveness using Modeling and Simulation (M&S) tools, and are expected to serve as a foundational basis for weapon system acquisition and the development of operational concepts.

This study evaluated the virucidal efficacy of a Bacillus complex composed of Bacillus subtilis YBK-70, Bacillus atrophaeus YBK-W4, and Bacillus circulans YBK-04 (1:1:1, v/v/v) against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). Virucidal efficacy was assessed by measuring the infectivity of PEDV in Vero cells after exposure of the virus to the Bacillus complex culture medium (BCCM) (4×10⁶ colony-forming units (CFU)/mL). PEDV was exposed to the BCCM in the presence of either hard water (HW) or an organic matter suspension (OM). Under HW conditions, PEDV was inactivated by a 50-fold dilution of the BCCM. In the presence of OM, the disinfectant exhibited virucidal activity at a 10-fold dilution. Because BCCM possesses virucidal activity against PEDV, it may serve as an effective reagent for limiting the spread of animal viral diseases.

목적: 본 연구는 한국 성인의 흡연 여부, 흡연 제품 유형(궐련, 전자담배, 가열담배), 흡연 기간이 안압(Intraocular pressure, IOP)에 미치는 영향을 평가하고자 하였다. 방법 : 분석은 국민건강영양조사(KNHANES) 2020–2021년 자료를 활용하였으며, 20세 이상 성인 6,821명을 최종 대상으로 하였다. 흡연 상태(비흡연, 현재흡연, 과거흡연), 흡연 제품 유형, 흡연 기간을 주요 독립변수로 설 정하였다. 연령, 성별, 체질량지수(BMI), 혈압, 당뇨병 여부 등 잠재적 교란요인을 보정한 후 복합표본 선형회귀모 형으로 안압과의 연관성을 분석하였다. 결과 : 단변량 분석에서는 현재흡연자의 평균 안압이 비흡연자보다 약간 높았으나, 다변량 보정 후 흡연 상태 (p=0.49), 흡연 제품 유형(p=0.46), 흡연 기간(p=0.14) 모두 안압과 유의한 관련성을 보이지 않았다. 반면, BMI 증가와 연령 감소는 유의하게 높은 안압과 관련되었다. 또한 음주, 신체활동 등 생활습관 변수 역시 안압에 뚜렷한 영향은 나타나지 않았다. 결론 : 흡연 여부, 흡연 제품 유형, 흡연 기간 등 흡연 관련 요인은 한국 성인의 안압과 독립적으로 유의한 연관 성을 보이지 않았다. 흡연이 안압 상승을 유발한다는 기존 가설과 상반되는 결과로, 흡연의 안과적 영향은 시신경 혈류 저하, 산화 스트레스 증가 등 안압 비의존적 경로(IOP-independent pathways)를 통해 나타날 가능성이 크 다. 향후 종단연구를 통한 기전 규명과 신종담배 사용자의 안과적 영향 평가가 필요하다.

Non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica is a leading cause of foodborne illness in humans, primarily transmitted through contaminated eggs. This study investigated the prevalence and serovar distribution of Salmonella in commercial layer farm environments and day-old chicks in Korea. Salmonella were identified in 26 (65.0%) of 40 farms and 47 (62.7%) of 75 flocks, and the prevalence of Salmonella in farms and flocks was highest in environmental dust (57.4% and 54.7%), followed by feces (42.5% and 34.7%) and feed inside house (20.5% and 34.7%) (p < 0.05). Moreover, Salmonella were detected in two (8.7%) of 23 external silo feeds. In chick box papers, Salmonella were identified in 14 (66.7%) flocks. The most significantly observed serovar in environmental dust was S. Thompson (16.0%), followed by S. Colindale (12.0%), and most common serovar in feces was S. Colindale (9.3%), followed by S. Agona (6.7%) and S. Thompson (5.3%). Interestingly, S. Colindale was also detected in one (1.4%) of 23 external silo feeds. The most prevalent serovar in chick box papers was S. Colindale (28.6%), followed by S. Senftenberg (14.3%). In particular, S. Colindale was detected in chick box papers of flocks derived from three of 6 hatcheries (10.0%-75.0%) and two of 4 breeds (25.0% and 66.7%), and S. Thompson was detected in chick box papers of one (4.8%) of 21 flock. S. Enteritidis was detected in environmental dust from one (1.3%) flock, and S. Typhimurium was not detected.

본 연구의 목적은 한국 전통 교육관에 내재된 ‘지속가능발전교육(ESD: Education for Sustainable Development)’의 요소를 발굴하고, 이를 ‘지속가능발전목표 현지화(SDGs Localization)’를 위한 사상적· 교육적 토대로 재해석하는 것이다. 최근 SDGs는 제도적 차원에서 빠르게 확산되고 있다. 하지만 이를 뒷받 침할 한국 고유의 가치 및 철학적 기반이 취약한 상태고, 이에 관한 탐구 역시 미흡한 실정이다. 이에 본 연구는 조선 후기 실학을 집대성한 ‘다산 정약용의 교육관’을 중심으로, 그의 사상에 내재된 ‘지속가능성 가치’와 UNESCO의 ‘지속가능성을 위한 8대 핵심역량' 간의 상관성을 분석함으로써 이런 현실을 개선하고 자 한다. 본 연구는 다산의 주요 저술에 대한 질적 문헌 분석(Qualitative content analysis)을 수행하고, 도출된 핵심 개념을 ESD 역량 모델과 개념적으로 매핑(Conceptual mapping)하는 연구방법을 사용한다. 분석 결과, 다산의 교육관은 ▴경세제민(經世濟民)에 기초한 공공성 교육 ▴효(孝)·제(悌) 중심의 도덕적 자기계발 ▴근(勤)·검(儉) 기반의 자원 절제와 생태적 순환 윤리 ▴현지성에 입각한 실천적 학문관으로 구 조화되어 있었다. 이는 시스템 사고, 가치 규범, 전략적 역량 등 UNESCO 핵심역량과 높은 정합성을 보였 다. 본 연구는 한국의 전통 교육사상이 ESD의 유의미한 철학적 자원이 될 수 있음을 입증하고, 보편적 글로벌 의제인 SDGs의 한국적 현지화 전략을 수립하는 데 기여할 수 있다는 점에서 의의가 있다.

In Korea, the agricultural industry has witnessed a growing emphasis on reducing reliance on imported forage by adopting locally available alternatives to enhance sustainability and self-sufficiency. Given the limited information on the potential use of whole-crop rice silage (WCRS) as livestock feed, this study evaluated the effects of total mixed rations (TMR) containing WCRS on the rumen microbiota of Hanwoo heifers. Thirty heifers (body weight = 351 ± 39 kg) were randomly assigned to three TMR diet groups for the early fattening period: oat hay (OH), oat hay with Italian ryegrass silage and corn silage (OIC), and silages from whole-crop rice, Italian ryegrass, and corn (WCRSEF). During the late fattening period, the same heifers (569 ± 40 kg) were reassigned to three other treatment groups: perennial ryegrass (PRG), Italian ryegrass silage and alfalfa hay (IRGA), and silage containing whole-crop rice (WCRSLF). The effects of different feeding diets on the rumen microbial composition of Hanwoo heifers were investigated using high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The analysis revealed similar microbial diversity among the treatments across both fattening periods. Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes were the most dominant phyla during early and late fattening periods. Moreover, during the early fattening period, heifers fed WCRS exhibited a higher ratio of Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes, whereas Firmicutes became more predominant in the late fattening period. Hungateiclostridium and Porphyromonas were identified as biomarkers (LDA score > | 2 |; p < 0.05) for the WCRSEF and WCRSLF groups, respectively. Furthermore, the microbial co-occurrence network highlighted different patterns (| r | = 0.85; p < 0.05) between the early and late fattening periods. The results provide significant insights into the effects of WCRS as a substitute for conventional forages such as oat hay, perennial ryegrass, alfalfa, and Italian ryegrass silage. The findings suggest that WCRS can modulate the rumen microbiome of Hanwoo heifers.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the analytical performance of a curved capillary configurations on a U-tube structure used in a tabletop fully automated blood viscometer. Precision was assessed using normal and abnormal quality control materials measured repeatedly over 20 days across shear rates of 1–1000 s⁻1. Correlation between straight and curved capillary configurations was evaluated. Sample stability was also assessed at shear rates of 1 s⁻1 and 300 s⁻1 over three consecutive days. The curved capillary system demonstrated robust precision, with total coefficients of variation decreasing with increasing shear rate. Strong correlations were observed between straight and curved capillary measurements across all shear rates. Passing– Bablok regression showed slopes close to unity and intercepts near zero, while Bland–Altman analysis revealed minimal bias without shear-dependent trends. Whole blood viscosity remained stable over three days at both low and high shear rates (all p > 0.98). The curved capillary–based U-tube configuration provides analytically equivalent and stable whole blood viscosity measurements compared with conventional straight capillary systems, supporting its suitability for fully automated blood viscometer.

This study examines the design characteristics and sociocultural significance of the “balletcorelook” through the lens of Jean Baudrillard’s theory of simulacra, establishing a systematic analytical framework for collections from 2022 F/W to 2025 S/S. A total of 47 magazine articles and 161 photographs of collection images were collected. To analyze the designs, a framework for three stages of simulacral transformation was implemented: partial morphological and stylistic transformation, transformation of additional design elements and decoration, and emergence of a replica far removed from the original ballet outfits and accessories. Analysis of design characteristics confirmed that balletcore looks incorporate ballet costumes—originally specialized attire—into everyday clothing, creating a sense of fantasy. This fantasy involved deconstructing or coexisting contrasting design characteristics. The study shows the use of ballet costume elements as fantastical signs in balletcore looks, a phenomenon that intensifies through various stages of transformation. Balletcore looks transcend the functional reality of dancewear, transforming into representations of hyperreality, where replicas replace the original, serving as a key approach for designers to express their personal interpretations. These simulacral phenomena carry sociocultural significance, indicating that designers’ use of ballet costume elements in balletcore looks, alongside public consumption of balletcore, reflects the psychological desires of the masses to willingly engage in seductive illusions for emotional fulfillment and vitality in hyperreal fantasy.

Al–Mg co-doped ZnO thin films were fabricated by a sol–gel spin-coating process to investigate the effect of dopant ratio on their structural, electrical, and optical properties. The total dopant concentration was fixed at 3 mol%, while the Al-to-Mg ratio was systematically varied in AlxMg0.03-xZn0.97O (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.03). X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the films maintained a hexagonal wurtzite structure with a preferred (002) orientation up to an Al concentration of 1.5 mol%, whereas higher Al contents resulted in a degradation of crystallinity due to exceeding the solid solubility limit of Al in the ZnO lattice. Hall effect measurements revealed a decrease in carrier mobility with increasing Al content, attributed to enhanced ionized impurity scattering, while the carrier concentration and electrical conductivity reached optimal values at an Al–Mg co-doping ratio of 1.5 mol%–1.5 mol%. All films exhibited high optical transmittance in the visible region, with the highest average transmittance of approximately 83% observed at the same composition. These results demonstrate that controlling the Al/Mg dopant ratio is crucial for optimizing the performance of ZnO-based transparent conducting oxide thin films.

In laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF), a metal powder–based additive manufacturing process, pure titanium powders rely on expensive gas-atomized spherical powders, which poses a significant limitation of material cost. In contrast, non-spherical titanium powders are more cost-effective but their application in L-PBF is restricted their use due to poor flow property and high oxygen content. In this study, a powder mixing strategy with spherical titanium and hydrophobic SiO2 nanoparticle is proposed to improve the flowability and process stability of non-spherical Ti powders. After evaluating flow properties at various mixing ratios, a spherical-to-non-spherical Ti ratio of 4:6 was selected, with SiO2 nanoparticles added during mixing. The uniform distribution of oxide nanoparticles on the powder surfaces was confirmed by SEM and EDS. A maximum relative density of 99.7% was shown by specimens made with L-PBF under various processing parameters. The specimens obtained a tensile strength of 762.6 ± 3.8 MPa and an elongation of 22.1 ± 0.7% at a volumetric energy density of 71.4 J/mm³. This study demonstrates the application of low-cost non-spherical Ti powders in L-PBF is feasible and presents an effective way to simultaneously increase process stability and economic efficiency in titanium additive manufacturing.