Astronomical CCD images are often affected by bleeding from bright sources, producing column-aligned streaks that degrade source detection and photometry. We present a pixel-level masking algorithm for bleeding in Korea Microlensing Telescope Network (KMTNet) images, in which these streaks extend along detector columns away from the readout register. The algorithm identifies bleed-generating pixels using a conservative bleeding threshold and a bleeding index that quantifies excess signal along the expected bleeding direction. The extent of each bleed trail is then determined by termination criteria based on a backgroundrelative detection threshold and a continuity condition. To optimize these termination parameters, we generate multiple candidate masks and evaluate them with an Fβ-like score that favors high purity while preserving recovery of sources whose photometry is biased by bleeding. Using the final mask, we apply interpolation-based cleaning and assess the performance in terms of completeness and photometric accuracy in a crowded KMTNet field, using Gaia DR3 as a reference. The source completeness improves from 94.08% to 98.61%, primarily by enabling proper aperture placement that was previously hindered by bleeding. For selected bleeding-affected sources, the root-mean-square photometric offset decreases from 0.623 mag to 0.068 mag. These results demonstrate that the algorithm provides a practical framework for mitigating bleeding artifacts in KMTNet images. We further examine the stability of the algorithm across different observing conditions and discuss limitations of the current masking and cleaning procedure.

The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea, 34(2), 331-378. This study examines how social actors are discursively recontextualized across South Korea’s AI Digital Textbook (AIDT) policy, an educational initiative that has sparked public debate. Drawing on van Leeuwen’s concept of recontextualization, this study analyzes six policy documents released between 2020 and 2024, tracing the trajectory of redefining stakeholders’ roles throughout three phases of policy development: the Incubating, Introducing, and Developing AIDT. The analysis reveals that each phase repositions four actors—the government, teachers, EdTech companies, and students—to legitimize the policy agenda. The government shifts from designer to central authority to supporter, while maintaining structural dominance throughout. Teachers are progressively recast from aides to policy actors to autonomous classroom innovators, a discursive move that transfers institutional responsibility onto individual professionals. EdTech companies are elevated from peripheral service providers to innovators embedded within public education infrastructure. Students, despite being invoked as the policy’s primary beneficiaries, remain passive objects across all phases. Central to this recontextualization is an “education ecosystem” discourse, which absorbs tensions between public and private interests and between top-down governance and teacher agency through the language of mutual benefit and professional empowerment. This study argues that this ecosystem discourse functions as ideological naturalization to legitimize EdTech companies as actors in public education.

본 연구에서는 북한에서 채집된 기록을 바탕으로 한국의 종 목록집에 기록되어 있지만, 명명학적으로 무효명으로 여겨지는 Spinturnix vespertilionis (Linnaeus, 1758)의 기록을 교정하고, 남한에서 새롭게 채집한 시료의 주사전자현미경 사진과 간략한 형태적 묘사를 바탕으로 무효 명의 대체종인 Spinturnix myoti (Kolenati, 1856)의 한반도 분포를 보고하고자 한다.

This study was conducted from 2021 to 2024 at the Grassland and Forage Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Korea, to develop a high-yielding, medium-maturing Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) cultivar. The newly developed cultivar, named ‘Aura’ is a tetraploid type characterized by green leaves, a semi-erect growth habit before winter, and an erect growth habit during spring growth. ‘Aura’ headed on May 11, approximately 10 days later than the check cultivar ‘Kowinearly’, confirming its classification as a medium-maturing cultivar. At the heading stage, plant height reached 105 cm, which was greater than that of the control cultivar. In addition, leaf blade width, spike length, and spikelet number were greater in ‘Aura’ indicating vigorous growth. The average dry matter yield of ‘Aura’ across four regions was 10,535 kg/ha, which was significantly higher than that of ‘Kowinearly’ (p<0.05). The crude protein content of ‘Aura’ was 10.5%, which was 2.2 percentage points higher than that of the check cultivar. In contrast, acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber concentrations were lower in ‘Aura’ resulting in slightly greater total digestible nutrient content and relative feed value. Furthermore, ‘Aura’ maintained stable winter survival across all test locations. These results indicate that ‘Aura’ is a promising medium-maturing cultivar with high productivity, stable winter hardiness, and favorable forage quality for cultivation in Korea.

This study aimed to develop and verify climate exposure indicators to evaluate the vulnerability of cool-season grasses to climate change in South Korea. A correlation analysis was conducted between climate factors and productivity of cool-season grasses using nationwide productivity data from 1993 to 2024 collected through literature search and the National Institute of Animal Science (n=542), along with productivity data from field experiments conducted in Jinju and Jangheung over two years (n=15; total n=557). The cool-season grass species included in this analysis were primarily orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and timothy (Phleum pratense L.). The correlation analysis results indicated that productivity of cool-season grasses had a significant positive correlation with the mean temperature, mean minimum temperature, and mean maximum temperature during the winter and spring seasons, as well as the growing degree days from November to March. To validate the correlation analysis between temperature and yield, we compared the results with field experiments. The findings from the field trials were consistent with the correlation analysis, reinforcing the reliability of the indicators. In contrast, the number of rainy days in July exhibited a significant negative correlation with productivity. This suggests that waterlogging during the rainy season reduces the growth and yield of cool-season grasses. Therefore, we propose that winter and spring temperatures, growing degree days, and summer precipitation serve as key climate exposure indicators that explain variations in cool-season grass productivity. Although these climate exposure indicators can be utilized to evaluate climate vulnerability, continuous data accumulation and analysis are necessary to further strengthen the explanatory and predictive power of these variables in future agricultural applications.

급성 후천성 일치성 내사시(AACE) 환자를 대상으로 복시 감소와 양안시 회복을 위해 12개월 동안 프리즘 보정 과 시기능훈련을 병행하였다. 초기 원거리 및 근거리 편위각은 모두 45△ 내사시였으며, 45△ BO 프리즘을 처방 하였다. 추적 관찰 결과 편위각은 원거리와 근거리 모두 20△로 감소하였고, 프리즘 처방량은 14△ BO까지 감소 하였다. 또한 감각융합과 운동융합기능이 회복되었으며 입체시는 측정 불가 상태에서 40 sec of arc까지 향상되었 다. 본 증례는 AACE 환자에서 프리즘 보정과 시기능훈련을 병행한 비수술적 관리가 복시 완화와 양안시 기능 회 복에 도움이 될 수 있음을 시사한다.

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is an important forage legume with high feed value and productivity. Because cultivated alfalfa is an outcrossing autotetraploid species with high heterozygosity, phenotype-based cultivar identification can be limited by environmental variation and within-cultivar genetic diversity. In this study, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers were developed for the identification of the Korean alfalfa cultivar ‘Alfaking (MSCB07)’. Newly generated genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) datasets for ‘Vernal 25’ and ‘Common (AF)’ were analyzed together with a previously generated whole-genome sequencing (WGS) dataset of ‘Alfaking (MSCB07)’. After alignment to the reference genome and SNP filtering, 20,375 SNP loci were retained for downstream analysis. Principal component analysis and neighbor-joining tree analysis separated ‘Alfaking (MSCB07)’ from the other analyzed cultivars. Genotype pattern comparison identified two diagnostic barcode groups, and their combined profile distinguished ‘Alfaking (MSCB07)’ as “bb” among the analyzed cultivars. Finally, 54 SNP loci were selected as candidate markers for ‘Alfaking (MSCB07)’ discrimination. These results suggest that the selected SNP markers may be useful for cultivar identification, seed purity control, and cultivar protection of ‘Alfaking (MSCB07)’. Further validation with additional alfalfa cultivars and genetic resources is needed to confirm the broader applicability of these markers.

This study investigated the effects of formic acid (FA) petal-dipping treatment on the postharvest quality of cut rose “All For Love” and its efficacy in suppressing gray mold (Botrytis cinerea). Petals were dipped for 3 s in FA solutions at concentrations of 0, 10, 50, 100, 500, 1000, and 9000 μL·L-1. The petal color change rate (ΔE) was highest following treatment with 9000 μL·L-1 FA, and phytotoxicity was observed at concentrations ≥100 μL·L-1. To evaluate the antifungal efficacy of FA, petals inoculated with B. cinerea were dipped in 50 μL·L-1 FA for 3 s. Under B. cinerea infection, FA treatment extended vase life by 62.5% compared with the B. cinerea treatment and was more effective than distilled water treatment. B. cinerea inoculation reduced vase life by 77.8% relative to non-treated control. Although 50 μL·L-1 FA did not improve vase life under non-infected conditions, it significantly extended vase life under infected treatments. No significant differences were observed among treatments in petal color or leaf chlorophyll content. In conclusion, petal dipping with 50 μL·L-1 FA effectively extended vase life under B. cinerea infection without adversely affecting key quality attributes, including petal color, leaf chlorophyll content, flower diameter, relative fresh weight, vase solution uptake, or electrolyte leakage.

To our knowledge, limited information is available on the use of Zanthoxylum piperitum (ZP) and Z. ailanthoides (ZA) as dietary additives in shrimp; therefore, this study evaluated their effects on the physiological responses of Penaeus vannamei. Experimental diets were prepared by supplementing a basal diet with 0.5% or 1.0% ZP and ZA extract powders and fed to shrimp for 5 weeks. ZA supplementation significantly increased final body weight and weight gain, whereas both ZP and ZA diets significantly increased specific growth rate. ZP supplementation elevated key immune and antioxidant enzymes, including phenoloxidase and glutathione peroxidase, while ZA induced broader activation of innate immune and antioxidant responses. During Vibrio parahaemolyticus challenge, no significant differences in cumulative survival were observed among treatments, although PCR detection patterns and histological observations varied between ZP- and ZA-fed shrimp and the control group. These findings suggest that dietary Zanthoxylum supplementation may influence shrimp physiological responses, potentially by modulating immune and antioxidant systems. Overall, the results suggest the potential use of Zanthoxylum spp. as phytogenic feed additives for shrimp aquaculture.

This study employed latent profile analysis (LPA) and latent transition analysis (LTA) to examine the short-term longitudinal development of L2 reading comprehension among young Korean EFL learners in Grades 1 and 2 participating in an AI-integrated gamebased learning program. L2 reading comprehension was assessed at three time points across vocabulary, sentence-level, and discourse-level comprehension. The LPA identified five distinct reading profiles, revealing substantial heterogeneity prior to formal English instruction. The LTA showed pronounced upward transitions during the early phase of the program, particularly among lower-performing learners, followed by strong profile stability in the later phase. These findings suggest that the instructional environment may support initial improvement in foundational reading-related skills. However, the limited later profile transitions indicate possible constraints in sustaining continued developmental progress. The findings highlight both the potential and limitations of AI-supported game-based learning and underscore the importance of examining heterogeneous learner trajectories in early technology-mediated language learning contexts.

The maritime regions of Northeast Asia are repositories of rich yet vulnerable underwater cultural heritage (UCH). This shared legacy transcends national boundaries, presenting a complex governance challenge. A comparative analysis of the three states reveals significant divergence in their domestic legal regimes concerning key issues: the definition and scope of protected heritage, the assertion of ownership and jurisdictional rights, approaches to management in disputed maritime zones, and the sensitive status of sunken state vessels. These policy disparities, set against a backdrop of geopolitical tension and an ineffective international legal framework, critically undermine coordinated protection efforts. This article systematically maps these policy differences to argue that the very necessity of trilateral cooperation stems directly from this comparative landscape of divergence. It concludes that establishing a collaborative governance framework is not merely a diplomatic aspiration but a pragmatic imperative for the effective safeguarding of this common regional heritage.

This study examines the determinants of collaborative robot adoption intention in small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises based on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). It investigates how relative advantage, safety, top management support, government support, and labor shortage influence perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, perceived risk, and adoption intention. Survey data from 273 employees and managers in Korean manufacturing SMEs were analyzed using PLS-SEM. The results show that perceived usefulness has the strongest effect on adoption intention, while safety reduces perceived risk and enhances both perceived ease of use and usefulness. Perceived ease of use and perceived risk do not significantly affect adoption intention directly. These findings indicate that collaborative robot adoption is driven primarily by practical usefulness, supported by safety assurance, managerial support, and favorable environmental conditions.