Combination of liquid-phase exfoliation and hydrothermal method has progressed in recent years mainly on production of 2D materials. In this study, graphene was successfully synthesized via combinatorial of liquid-phase exfoliation and hydrothermal method with the aid of various conductive surfactants perylene-3, 4, 9, 10-tetracarboxylate (PTCA), lithium perylene-3, 4, 9, 10-tetracarboxylate (LiPTCA) and sodium perylene-3, 4, 9, 10-tetracarboxylate (NaPTCA). The effect of the lithium ( Li+) and sodium ( Na+) cations toward the efficiency of the graphene exfoliation process and its electrical properties was thoroughly investigated. Based on the characterization techniques, it is revealed that NaPTCA is the ideal conductive surfactant to exfoliate graphene sheets. X-ray diffraction spectra verified that the Na+ cation certainly can enhance the exfoliation process by expanding the interlayer spacing. The lateral size of the graphene sheets with Na-PTCA surfactant was the smallest (4.17 μm) as observed from SEM micrograph. The maximum concentration of the graphene yield was achieved up to 0.151 mgmL− 1 in NaPTCA surfactant alongside with excellent electrical conductivity of 746.27 Sm− 1 and relevant specific capacitance of 129 Fg− 1.

Owing to their simplicity and ease of synthesis, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have captivated attention of researchers. Many engineering applications have investigated the new features of nanostructured carbon nanotubes, such as large surface area, stiffness and durability. CNTs have opened up new opportunities for environmental improvement, pollution management and application in a variety of fields. Multiple types of pollution are produced as a result of population growth, urbanization and industrialization. CNTs are used to solve a variety of challenges, including environmental difficulties, water pollution, biomedical applications, and so on. It becomes an unavoidable present and future material. Different applications of CNTs have been presented in this review paper. CNTs are potential material having number of uses, including water purification, drug delivery, preservatives, catalysis, genetic engineering and artificial implants which are reviewed in this review article. This paper is presenting an explicit and systematic progress of CNTs for water treatment, medicinal uses drug delivery, artificial implants and so on, and a multitude of CNT applications in broad disciplines and their purification methods have been covered. The issues related to synthesis technologies, purification technology, bio-medicinal application and catalytic property of CNTs within the framework of different engineering applications and environmental impact are discussed in this study.

The Fukushima accident in 2011 revealed some major flaws in traditional nuclear fuel materials under accidental conditions. Thus, the focus of research has shifted toward “accident tolerant fuel” (ATF). The aim of this approach is to develop fuel material solutions that lead to improved reactor safety. The application of protective coatings on the surface of nuclear fuel cladding has been proposed as a near-term solution within the ATF framework. Many coating materials are being developed and evaluated. In this article, an overview of different zirconium-based alloys currently in use in the nuclear industry is provided, and their performances in normal and accidental conditions are discussed. Coating materials proposed by different institutions and organizations, their performances under different conditions simulating nuclear reactor environments are reviewed. The strengths and weaknesses of these coatings are highlighted, and the challenges addressed by different studies are summarized, providing a basis for future research. Finally, technologies and methods used to synthesize thin-film coatings are outlined.

This research examines the effect of adding aluminum on the structural, phasic, and magnetic properties of CoCrFe NiMnAlx high-entropy alloys. To this aim, the arc-melt process was used under an argon atmosphere for preparing cast samples. The phasic, structural, and magnetic properties of the samples were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and vibrational magnetometry (VSM) analyses. Based on the results, the addition of aluminum to the compound caused changes in the crystalline structure, from FCC solid solution in the CoCrFeNiMn sample to CoCrFeNiMnAl BBC solid solution. It was associated with changes in the magnetic property of CoCrFeNiMnAlx high-entropy alloys, from paramagnetic to ferromagnetic. The maximum saturation magnetization for the CoCrFeNiMnAl casting sample was estimated to be around 79 emu/g. Despite the phase stability of the FCC solid solution with temperature, the solid solution phase formed in the CrCrFeNiMnAl high-entropy compound was not stable, and changed into FCC solid solution with temperature elevation, causing a reduction in saturation magnetization to about 7 emu/g.

Malaysia’s decision to join and rectify the agreement showed that the country is serious about business, trade liberalisation and its support for a fair and transparent trade regime. Moreover, Malaysia is expected to earn approximately USD 200 million in exports, while RCEP will provide immense opportunities for trade and investments, enhanced connectivity, and deepening regional economic integration. This study aims to analyse the extent to which Malaysia’s participation in the RCEP can benefit the country’s growth and development. For this goal, a SWOT analysis will be carried out to assess the strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of joining RCEP, from Malaysia’s perspective. Findings suggest that Malaysia is indeed one of the main beneficiaries of the RCEP agreement in comparison to other ASEAN nations. However, much needs to be done by Malaysia to reap the benefits of the world’s largest trading bloc, while maintaining its national interests amidst a more liberal and open market setting.

This work describes the synthesis and characterization of a heterogeneous catalyst consisting of piperazine-functionalized reduced graphene oxide decorated with Fe3O4 nanoparticles ( Fe3O4@rGO-NH), and the study of its catalytic activity as a magnetic heterogeneous catalyst for the Pechmann synthesis of coumarins. Catalyst Fe3O4@ rGO-NH was fully characterized by various techniques, including IR, XRD, TEM, VSM, TGA, and elemental analysis. Then, the catalyst was used as an efficient and easy-separable heterogeneous catalyst for the solvent-free synthesis of some coumarins by Pechmann reaction. The reaction was optimized in terms of reaction time and temperature, catalyst dosage, and the presence/absence of the solvent. Finally, the reusability of the catalyst was studied.

실버 페이스트는 상대적으로 낮은 열처리로 공정이 가능하기 때문에 전자 소자 응용분야에서 유용한 전극 재료이다. 본 연구에서는 은 페이스트 전극에 대기압 플라즈마 제트를 이용하여 전극 표면을 처리 했다. 이 플라즈마 제트는 11.5 kHz 작동 주파수에서 5.5 ~ 6.5 kV의 고전압을 사용하여 아르곤 분 위기에서 생성되었다. 플라즈마 제트는 대기압에서 수행함으로써 인쇄 공정에 더 유용할 수 있다. 플라즈 마 처리시간, 인가된 전압, 가스유량에 따라 전극의 표면은 빠르게 친수성화 되었으며 접촉각의 변화가 관 찰되었다. 또한, 대면적 샘플에서 플라즈마 처리 후 접촉각의 편차가 없었는데, 이는 기판의 크기에 관계없 이 균일한 결과를 얻을 수 있었다는 것을 의미한다. 본 연구의 결과는 대면적 전자소자의 제조 및 향후 응 용 분야에서 적층 구조를 형성하는데 매우 유용할 것으로 기대된다.

We report the use of face mask materials as a carbon precursor for the synthesis of multi- and single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in an open-loop chemical recycling process. Novel surgical mask precursors were suspended in toluene and injected into a chemical vapor deposition reactor previously optimized for CNT production using liquid injection. The CNTs were collected and characterized using resonant Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) before being turned into fibrils that were tested for electrical conductance. Once confirmed and repeated for statistical accuracy, a CNT-based Ethernet cable was manufactured and tested using iPerf3 for uplink and downlink speeds exceeding broadband standards worldwide. Radial breathing modes from Raman spectroscopy indicate single walled CNTs (SWCNTs) with diameters ranging from 0.8 to 1.55 nm and this matches well with TEM observations of SWCNTs with 1.5 nm diameter. This work pushes the horizon of feedstocks useful for CNT and SWCNT production in particular; this work demonstrates upcycling of materials fated for disposal into materials with positive net value and plenty of real-world applications.

Carbon is a part of all living creatures and it is the chief constructing block for life on this planet carbon occurs in several appearances, mainly as plant biomass, organic matter in soil, as gas CO2 in the air and dissipated in seawater. Soil carbon exhausts when production of carbon increases than carbon contribution. Soil comprises nearly 75% of total carbon existing on land, more than the quantity stockpiled in living animals and plants. So, soil plays a major part in maintaining a stable carbon cycle. Over the previous 150-year-period, the quantity of carbon present in the air has amplified by 30%. Majority of scientists thought that there is a straight relationship amongst amplified levels of CO2 in the air and increasing global warming. One anticipated technique to diminish atmospheric CO2 is to escalate the global packing of carbon in soils. Therefore, there is a necessity to manage soils because soil comprises more inorganic carbon as compared to the atmosphere and more organic carbon as compared to the biosphere. Soil is also thought to be a lively and important constituent in global carbon discharge and potential of sequestration. Carbon sequestration, known commonly as C-storage, can be acquired by different controlling practices, and the size of various management techniques, to enhance C-storage of soil and offer a key basin for atmospheric CO2, can be assessed most persuasively from studies conducted over long time that underwrite exclusive data on soil C accumulation, losses and storage. Sequestration happens when input of carbon enhances as compared to output of carbon. Soil carbon sequestration is the method of relocating CO2 from the air in to the soil with crop leftover and additional organic solids and in a configuration that is not instantly emitted back to the atmosphere. This review focused on beneficial role of carbon sequestrating fertilizers (press mud, boiler ash and compost) in carbon sequestration and soil properties.

High levels of proinflammatory cytokines have been observed in obese pregnancies. Obesity during pregnancy may increase the risk of various pregnancyrelated complications, with pathogenesis resulting from excessive inflammation. Palmitic acid (PA) is a saturated fatty acid that circulates in high levels in obese women. In our previous study, we found that PA inhibited the proliferation of trophoblasts developing into the placenta, induced apoptosis, and regulated the number of cleaved halves derived from transfer RNAs (tRNAs). However, it is not known how the expression of tRNA-derived stress-induced RNAs (tiRNAs) changes in response to PA treatment at concentrations that induce inflammation in human trophoblasts. We selected concentrations that did not affect cell viability after dose-dependent treatment of HTR8/SVneo cells, a human trophoblast cell line. PA (200 μM) did not affect the expression of apoptotic proteins in HTR8/SVneo cells. PA significantly increased the expression of inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8 , and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α . In addition, 200 μM PA significantly increased the expression of tiRNAs compared to 800 μM PA treatment. These results suggest that PA impairs placental development during early pregnancy by inducing an inflammatory response in human trophoblasts. In addition, this study provides a basis for further research on the association between PA-induced inflammation and tiRNA generation.

This research purposely conducts to identify Malaysian role in port bilateral diplomacy in ASEAN. Malaysia known as role leader in ASEAN and commit with excellence, drive the country among ASEAN since 1969. The research included Malaysia role within maritime working group where this forum or organization discuss and negotiate any issue related maritime sector in ASEAN. The research also highlights in Port Enhancement and Malaysia Port Strategic whereas Port Development in Malaysia that contribute to Port Bilateral, Port Alliance and Port in ASEAN. The objective includes i) to identify the issues and challenges in bilateral diplomacy in port shipping, ii) to identify Malaysian marine department role toward integrating ASEAN Maritime Working Group, iii) to find out Malaysian initiative for enhancement Malaysian Port Development through ASEAN port alliances, iv) to formulate Malaysia Port Strategic Plan toward the development of national port ASEAN port Alliances. For the literature review in this research is refer to five keywords which is Port Alliances, maritime working group, Malaysia contribution, Malaysia Port Development and Port Strategic Plan. This research is using qualitative method that refer to previous research, article, and journal. The collecting data consist of text transcribe form interview session into verbal and text written. There are selected organization such as Ministry of Transport and Port Authority. The interview process through online using Webex. The coding process take afterward for analysis and conclusion data. The theory formulation of relation diplomacy for this research is propose the objective to formulate Malaysia port strategic plan toward the development of national port ASEAN. Finally, the finding of this research that Malaysia plays significant role in port operation through ASEAN regional. The ministry of Transport plays as policy maker and drive the actor form Malaysia Marine Department and Port Authority in operation and regulatory. The recommendation is to increase the effectiveness of communication and enhance the efficiency of relation toward port bilateral.

Underwater heritage is the term commonly used to mean material found underwater. Many states have heightened of underwater heritage remains unprotected. The UNESCO 2001 convention on the protection of the underwater cultural heritage is the foremost international legal reference for the protection or salvage of underwater heritage. To conduct a literature review for this thesis, five keywords were chosen such as UNESCO, under water cultural heritage, marine salvage and sovereignty, exploration, and investigation. The objective is; i) To ensure Malaysia underwater heritage is being well enforced by respective enforcement authorities.; ii) To create an awareness and protection to public and relevant parties.; iii) To identify the relevant implementation of legal enforcement from the respective Malaysia authority) To formulate Malaysia underwater cultural heritage strategic framework for enhancement sustainability development of underwater assets and wealth, and sovereignty. And for the problem statement, i) Lack of proactive measures from operational patrol of underwater cultural heritage for the enforcement from maritime authority,; ii) lack of public disclosure on the importance and existence of underwater heritage in Malaysia by stakeholders,; Iii) Lack of procedures and legal aspects for implementation of underwater cultural heritage in Malaysia water,;iv) None of national underwater cultural heritage strategic framework for sustainability of underwater assets and wealth in Malaysia. Specifically, the component of the underwater heritage is outlined for the protection and conservation of artifacts which have been partially or totally underwater. Qualitative method as main method and data collection from research book, journal article, publish and non-publish report. While expert interviewed via Webex within expert from academician and operational as supportive for this research. Text transcribed has been used for this research and coding system functioned for reference during discussion and findings. This thesis also uses theory of formulation and marine salvage as well as underwater cultural heritage law as a main reference. Finally, underwater cultural heritage strategic framework has been formulated regards to enhancement sustainability development of underwater assets and wealth, and sovereignty. thereby, it shown the Malaysian government commitment and concern to remain national maritime sovereignty.

목적 : 본 연구는 중국의 옵토메트리 교육제도의 현황을 조사하고 분석하였으며, 중국 옵토메트리 교육에 대한 문제점을 고찰하고자 하였다. 방법 : 중국의 옵토메트리 관련 정보는 중국학술정보원(China National Knowledge Infrastructure, CNKI), 중국안경협회(China Optomatric and Optical Association, COOA), 중화인민공화국교육부, 바이두(baidu) 및 학술연구정보서비스(Research Information Sharing Service, RISS)을 통해 수집되었다. 결과 : 중국의 교육제도에 따르면, 중국의 옵토메트리스트는 중등직업학교(3년제), 전문대학(3년제), 종합대학 (4년제), 의과대학(5년제) 및 단기 직업기능훈련기관 등에서 각각 배출되고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 총 학점 (수업 시간)은 각각 중등직업학교 152점(3,120시간), 전문대학 154점(2,800시간), 종합대학 중 촨베이이쒜위엔 (천북의학원)은 205.5점(3,795시간), 산동디이이커따쒜(산동제일의과대학)는 166점(2,730시간) 및 의과대학 중 난징이커따쒜(남경의과대학)는 297점(3,786시간), 원저우이커따쒜(온주의과대학)는 230.5점(3,249시간)으로 나타 났다. 결론 : 중국 내 옵토메트리 교육 현황 및 교육제도를 조사하였으며 교육의 체계적인 관리와 인력의 수행 능력 평가 방안이 아직 미흡한 것으로 나타났으며 향후 이러한 문제점을 개선할 필요가 있다고 판단된다.

PURPOSES : A mechanistic-empirical (ME) predictive design logic that can compute the reflective cracking life of hot-mix asphalt (HMA) overlaid on top of a composite pavement is proposed herein. METHODS : The overlay thickness design and analysis logic of the HMA were formulated based on the ME concept of reflection crack propagation. Climate data, traffic load data, the pavement material properties, and the thickness of each layer of the pavement are the main inputs for the ME-Reflective Cracking Rate (RCR) prediction algorithm. An Microsoft Excel Virtual Basic for Application (VBA) program was created to aid designers in assessing the expected performance of an HMA overlay design. Calibration was done using data from the Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) sections. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to compare the results yielded by the program and data from a report by the Texas Transportation Institute. RESULTS : The predictive model performance effectively generates the dynamic and relaxation modulus curves. The correlation value of the calibration factors, R2, is 0.79. The calibration factors used for the Asphalt Overlay Thickness Design (AOTD) program and the sensitivity analysis, i.e., k1, k2,, and k3,, are set to 5, 5, and 150, respectively. The sensitivity of the AOTD program affords reasonable results. Additionally, the program yields results similar to the trends presented in a report by the Federal Highway Administration. CONCLUSIONS : The proposed ME design logic is successfully translated into an Excel VBA program, AOTD, which can perform routine assessments of laboratory tests for HMA overlays. The program can effectively perform numerous iterations and computations to predict an HMA overlay. The predictive model can generate reasonable dynamic modulus and relaxation modulus curves for the characterization of HMA overlays. Under the same asphalt binder grade and HMA type, doubling the HMA overlay thickness yields three times the expected reflective cracking service life.