The purpose of this study was to develop synbiotic materials and to apply them to the puffed grain products using electrostatic spraying technology. Lactic acid bacteria were isolated from Kimchi and selected through tests of acid resistance, bile salt resistance and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) content. The isolated Lactobacillus brevis CFM21 produced highest GABA production up to a concentration of 926.42 μg/mL when grown in MRS broth containing 0.8% MSG. The possibility of coated grains as a prebiotic material was evaluated Confocal laser scanning micro scopy (CLSM). Rice bran extract containing 2% dextrose, 2% soytone, 0.2% potassium chloride, 0.6% MSG was produced 524.77 μg/mL of GABA. Citrus sinensis oil showed the highest antibacterial activity against Clostridium perfringens Electrostatic spray showed much higher effectiveness than conventional spray in coating the puffed grain product through CLSM. Applying Rice bran culture and Citrus sinensis oil to puffed grain product using electrostatic spray could contribute to promote intestinal health of consumers.

The bacterial diversity of an Antarctic hard coral, Errina fissurata, was examined by isolating bacterial colonies from crushed coral tissue and by sequencing their 16S rRNA gene. From the analyzed results, the bacteria were classified as Actinobacteria (56%), Firmicutes (35%) and Proteobacteria (9%). The thirty-four isolates were cultured in liquid media at different temperatures and their growth was assessed over time. The majority of the isolates displayed their highest growth rate at 25℃ during the first three days of cultivation, even though the coral was from a cold environment. Nevertheless, strains showing their highest growth rate at low temperatures (15℃ and 4℃) were also found. This study reports the composition of an Antarctic hard coral-associated culturable bacterial community and their growth behavior at different temperatures.

A residual contact vial plus water (RCVpW) bioassay method was established to monitor insectiside resistance in field populations of the melon thrips, Thrips palmi. Resistance level against six major insecticides were evalutated in five regions to test applicability of RCVpW as an on-site resistance monitoring tool. Reduced mortality in response to six test insecticides were exhibited compared to the RDA susceptable strain showing 100 % mortality, indicating different degree of resistance. An apparently reduced mortality to emamectin benzoate and chlofenapyr was observed in some field populations, suggesting uneven distribution of resistance to these insecticides in field populations. In addition, spinosad resistance was high and widely distributed in the test regions. Synergistic bioassay revealed that cytochrome P450-mediated metabolic factor is involved in spinosad resistance in the Korean population.

Cymbidium flower is mainly grown for exportation to China and Japan, but detection of a few pests including the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphidae), necessitated post-harvest treatment for casual exportation. Thus, we irradiated electron beam to cotton aphids occurring in cymbidium to establish post-harvest method for casual exportation of the flowers. For cymbidium, six categories of product quality were examined after eight different doses were irradiated (100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 800 and 1,000 Gy). One thousand Gy to cymbidium caused an extreme deterioration only in vase life in both colors compared to control (0 Gy). In the case of cotton aphids, adult longevity decreased from 11.23 (100 Gy) to 4.70 (400 Gy) when four different doses were irradiated (100, 200, 300, and 400 Gy), with control being an average of 20.89 days. The numbers of total first instar nymph produced per adult was not significantly differed among five doses (2.21 ~ 2.74 individuals), but was substantially lower compared to control (an average of 51.46; P < 0.0001). Live F1 nymphs did not develope to adults at all five doses, except for a single nymph at 100 Gy, which was dead right after emergence. The results of probit analysis indicated that majority of adults required 3.33 ~ 7.55 days for 90% mortality at 200 Gy and higher, but at 100 Gy it required 41.56 days. Therefore, higher than 100 Gy might be required for complete control of adult cotton aphids and their F1.

The genus Diadegma is a well-known parasitoid group and some are known to have symbiotic virus so called polydnavirus (PDV, more specifically Ichnovirus, IV). The presence of the IV in the Diadegma species a has already been identified more than a decade ago. Previously we reported a DfIV, 62 genomic segments, 247kb from D. fenestrale which parasitized wide range of lepidopteran species (Generalist). However, DsIV from D. semiclausum which parasitized in the P. xylostella (Specialist) has 48 genomic segments, 208kb. Finally, 123 ORFs were re-annotated (repeat element protein, 41; cysteine motif protein, 11; viral innexin, 6; viral ankyrin, 8; polar residue rich protein, 7; N gene, 3; Neuromodulin protein, 2 and not assigned gene, 45). DsIV also have most of lepidopteran immunosuppression gene families and 103 ORFs annotated (repeat element protein, 36; cysteine motif protein, 8; viral innexin, 7; viral ankyrin, 6; polar residue rich protein, 7; N gene, 3; and not assigned gene, 36). Certainly, although viral species specific segments exists, two IVs showed high similarity in most of segments. However DfIV have some more number of that genes such as cysteine motif protein and viral ankyrin. Two Diadegma species also showed difference in mitochondrial genome structure. Therefore we concluded that two species has their own evolutionary linage depending on the lepidopteran hosts with its own symbiotic virus.

RNA interference (RNAi)-based strategy has been developed to control various phytophagous chewing pests. However, only a few cases of RNAi-based control success have been reported for sucking pests, suggesting that sucking pests likely ingest less amount of transgenic subcellular hairpin RNA (or dsRNA). In this study, as the basic information for the establishment of ingestion RNAi against sucking pests, feeding amount and time course of plant subcellular fractions of the four sucking pest species (Frankliniella occidentalis, Frankliniella intonsa, Tetranychus urticae and Nilaparvata lugans) were determined by quantitative PCR (qPCR). Adults of the four species were starved for 24 h and then fed with kidney bean leaf (F. occidentalis, F. intonsa, T. urticae) or rice leaf (N. lugens) for 48 h. The leaf-fed adults were collected every 6-h interval and their genomic DNA was extracted. The ingested fractions of chloroplast and nuclear were quantified using rubisco and 50s rRNA as marker genes, respectively. The ingested amount of rubisco and 50s rRNA genes in F. occidentalis, F. intonsa and T. urticae showed rapid increasing pattern after feeding and then slightly reduced over time. In contrast, N. lugens neither ingest nuclear nor showed any distinct feeding pattern of chloroplast. These results demonstrate that F. occidentalis, F. intonsa and T. urticae ingest both chloroplasts and nucleus along with cytosol as cell-feeders but N. lugens, a phloem sap feeder, does not ingest nucleus during sucking. Our findings further suggest that ingestion RNAi-based control strategy would work better for cell-feeding sucking pests compared to phloem sap-feeding sucking pests.

Residual contact vial (RCV) method was used to monitor insecticide resistance in field populations of the melon thrips, Thrips palmi. Median lethal doses (LD50) at 8 h post-treatment of six insecticides (chlorfenapyr, cyantraniliprole, cypermethrin, dinotefuran, emamectin benzoate and spinosad), which are commonly used for T. palmi control, were determined at 8 h post-treatment using a susceptible RDA strain. The diagnostic doses for on-site resistance monitoring of the six insecticides, which were determined as two-fold higher doses of LD90 for the RDA strain, were in the range of 0.299 to 164,25 μg-1cm2. To test the applicability of RCV for T. palmi, insecticide resistance levels in three field populations (Gyeonggi; GG_AS, Chungbuk; CB_CJ, Jeonbuk; JB_KJ) were evaluated. Field populations showed reduced mortality (0-50% mortality) to spinosad, cypermethrin, cyantraniliprole and emamectin benzoate, that they have different degree of resistances to these insecticides. In particular, all test field populations exhibited 0% mortality to spinosad, suggesting wide spread of spinosad resistance in the field. Moreover, no detectable mortality to emamectin benzoate was observed in JB_KJ strain, suggesting uneven distribution of emamectin benzoate resistant population of T. palmi. To provide more precise information on resistance profiles and distribution in T. palmi populations, it would be necessary to conduct a large scale resistance mapping for broad geographical regions.

Roads in Korea are equipped with PMS (Pavement Management System) computation data that runs on highway, national highway and municipal road. PMS is a program that selects and manages the road pavement optimal maintenance alternative as a indicator of the road pavement structural and functional performance. PMS is a system that has been developed for the primary purpose of maintaining the structural performance of road pavement, and so far does not include any indicators associated with the safety of road users. However, the road cave-in, which have recently become an issue on social networking sites, mass-media, and other issues, should pose systematically because it can make a safety risk to road users, and in particular lead to the structural and functional failure of the PMS program in view of the road pavement. Accordingly, this research has developed a practical use case for developing an integrated road cave-in management program based on the results of various studies on the exploration, analysis, assessment and handling of the existing road cave-in in Korea.

The composition of the deicer sprayed on the highway is spreading over the highway by the scattering or snow removal activity, or car movement and consequently affecting the vegetation environment around the highway. These are the cause of the damage of fruit trees and crops, and also the cause of corrosion of highway structures. The goal of this study is to estimate the detected range of deicer components from a highway. The concentration of the deicer components in gauze and soil were investigated according to the crossing distance from the highway. The data collected were then used to estimate the concentration range of deicer components in a rage of distance up to 100 m from the highway where the deicer was spread. The sample time and weight of gauze were measured before and after installation, and the soil was collected at more than three points in parallel with the highway at the gauze installation point. The components in gauze and soil were investigated in addition to the deicer components (Ca2+, Na+, Cl-) as well as Mg2+ and K+. As Ca2+ and Cl- components of deicer were affected by agricultural use, Na+ component was selected as a tracer and further SAR (Sodium Adsorption Ratio) of soil was analyzed to examine the degree of influence on vegetation indirectly. The gauze concentration was evaluated by the concentration of the deicer ingredient at the background concentration of the blank gauze. The total amount of the deicer sprayed in the study road for 4 months (winter season) was about 93 ton/km. In the gauze test, the spread of the deicer was detected at a distance of 100 m in study area, but the concentration of the deicer in the gauze by distance decreased rapidly within 10 m from the highway. And concentration of the deicer components in gauze and soil came down after rainy season (August ~ Sep.). The results showed that the components of the deicer could be spread widely by the wind. The effective range of the deicer on vegetation based on SAR in soil was estimated to be less than 20 m from the highway. This study examines the concentration changes of the deicer components in gauze and soils and shows that deicer components sprayed on the highway are accumulated and moved over time by wind, snow removal, terrain, water system and land use around the highway.

The effects of cold storage temperature and exposure duration on immature stages of spotted-wing drosophila (SWD) Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) on ‘Campbell Early’ grapes were examined to establish a phytosanitary control method. The immature stages (eggs, larvae and pupae) of SWD were all dead after a 6-day cold treatment at 1°C and 8-day cold treatment at 1.5 and 2°C. Small-scale tests using pupae, which were the most-cold tolerant stage, confirmed the validity of the selected temperature and exposure durations. Conversely, the 8- and 10-day at 1°C treatments showed 100% mortality, suggesting that these treatments can guarantee quarantine security against infestations of SWD on exported ‘Campbell Early’ grapes.