1. 본 연구는 베트남 쌀 농장의 농업 기계화 서비스 제공의 재무 성과를 분석하였다. 2. 2014년 베트남 가계생활수준조사 결과를 활용하여 타 농가의 쌀 생산에 농업 기계화 서비스를 제공한 164명의 농가를 추출하였으며, 분석한 결과 해당 서비스의 제공이 농가당 약 1700 만 VND / 년의 수익을 발생시켰다는 것이 발견되었다. 3. 자산 감가 상각, 노동 아웃소싱, 농업 신용 및 쌀 토지 면적의 경우 그 값이 커질 수록 농업 서비스 제공자의 재정 효율성을 저하시키는 것으로 발견되었다. 4. 한편, 남성이거나 주 수입이 쌀 생산인 농부들은 재정적 효율성이 더 높은 것으로 분석되었다. 5. 본 연구는 베트남 농민들이 쌀 생산의 재정적 효율성 향 상에 농업 기계화가 긍정적인 영향을 주고 있음을 시사하지만, 농업 기계의 짧은 운용시간을 고려하였을 때 농업 기계 구입을 위한 신용 대출 정책에 있어 베트남 정부가 신중하게 접근할 필요가 있음을 제시하고 있다.

1. 본 연구는 유기질 비료 사용의 효과와 쌀 생산에 유기질 비료 채택에 영향을 미치는 요인을 평가하였다. 2. 2014년 베트남 가계생활수준조사 결과를 활용하여 분석한 결과 무기질 비료만을 사용하는 농민의 쌀 생산량, 수익 및 비용이 유기질 비료를 사용하는 농민의 경우보다 더 크다는 것이 발견되었다. 3. 반면 쌀 생산에 있어 재정적 효율성은 유기질 비료를 사용한 농민이 더 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 융자가 있거나 넓은 토지를 가진 농민들은 유기 비료를 덜 사용하는 경향이 있음이 분석되었다. 4. 한편, 높은 교육 수준의 농민이나 조합에 가입한 농민의 경우 유기질 비료를 사용할 가능성이 더 높은 것으로 분석되었다. 5. 본 연구는 베트남 농민들이 쌀 생산의 재정적 효율성과 지속 가능성을 높이기 위해 유기질 비료를 적용해야 함을 시 사하며, 이에 베트남 정부는 유기질 비료의 생산과 활용에 동기를 부여하는 정책을 도입할 필요가 있다.

1. 중앙 아시아는 5 개의 국가로 구성되어 있으며, 이 국가들은 1991년에 소련 연방에서 독립하였다. 독립 이전에는 5개 국가 모두 공산주의 통치 하에 동일한 소비에트 계획경제 체제를 가지고 있었다 2. 1991년 이래로 중앙 아시아 국가들은 정치적, 사회적, 자연적, 지리적 조건에 따라 각기 다른 개발 경로를 경험하였다. 3. 더 나은 통치 환경은 현대 기술 혁신을 장려하고 토지에 대한 신기술의 적용 및 토지에 대한 권리를 보장하도록 동기를 부여한다. 또한 상대적으로 낮은 거래 비용이 조성될 수 있도록 지원하여 생산 증대로 이어질 투자를 촉진한다. 4. 따라서 통치 환경의 개선은 농업 생산 증대에도 중요한 요인이다. 본 연구는 통치 환경과 농업 생산과의 관계를 실증적으로 분석하고 이를 검증하였다. 5. 본 연구의 결과는 농업 생산의 증대를 위하여 통치 환경의 개선이 중요함을 입증하였으며 , 그 중에서도 부패 통제 및 법의 지배의 개선이 농업 생산 증대에 가장 큰 영향을 미친다는 것을 밝혔다 .

The honey bee soluble acetylcholinesterase 1 (AmAChE1) is overexpressed under the overwintering and brood rearing-suppressed conditions. To investigate the role of AmAChE1 in regulating acetylcholine (ACh) titer, ACh concentrations both in the head (neuronal) and abdomen (non-neuronal) were analyzed. ACh titer was significantly lower in both tissues of worker bees under the overwintering and brood rearing-suppressed conditions compared to control bees. The expression levels of another two factors that regulate ACh titer, choline acetyltransferase (AmAChT) and acetylcholinesterase 2 (AmAChE2), were not altered as judged by qPCR and native PAGE, suggesting that the lower ACh titer was mainly regulated by AmAChE1. For precise verification of AmAChE1 as an ACh titer regulator, honey bees were put under brood rearing-suppressed condition to induce AmAChE1 and injected AmAChE1 dsRNA to knock down the gene. The ACh titer of AmAChE1-knocked down honey bees was 1.9 and 2.6 folds higher than that of control bees in head and abdomen, respectively. Taken together, in spite of its extremely low catalytic activity, the overexpression of AmAChE1 is likely to be related with the low level of ACh homeostasis, perhaps via ACh sequestration, under brood rearingsuppressed condition, and likely induce metabolic changes through ACh receptors-related pathways.

Small hive beetle (Aethina tumida) (SHB) is an invasive species to most northern hemisphere countries, including Korea. In an attempt to obtain basic information for efficient management of SHB, genes encoding conventional insecticide targets [voltage-sensitive sodium channel α-subunit (VSSC) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE)] were annotated and characterized following the analysis of whole transcriptomes of adults and larvae. A single VSSC gene was identified but no apparent mutations associated with pyrethroid resistance were detected. Genes encoding two AChEs (AtAChE1 and AtAChE2) were identified from the SHB transcriptome. AtAChE1 was determined to be the main catalytic enzyme, thereby being a toxicologically more relevant target. No apparent mutations associated with resistance to organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides was identified in the AtAChE1 gene, whereas the S238G mutation, originally identified from the Colorado potato beetle, was detected in the AtAChE2 gene.

The honey bee soluble acetylcholinesterase 1 (AmAChE1) is overexpressed under the overwintering and brood rearing-suppressed conditions. To investigate the role of AmAChE1 in regulating acetylcholine (ACh) titer, ACh concentrations in both the head (central nervous system) and abdomen (peripheral nervous system) were analyzed. ACh titer was significantly lower in both tissues of worker bees under the overwintering and brood rearing-suppressed conditions compared to control bees. Interestingly, the expression levels of choline acetyltransferase (AmChAT) and molecular marker genes of immune systems were significantly reduced in honey bee head under the same conditions. Taken together, ACh titer appears to be reduced via a cooperative interaction of the AmAChE1 overexpression and AmChAT underexpression and to be linked to reduced inmmune responses under the overwintering and brood rearing-suppressed conditions. The roles of AmAChE1 (with little catalytic activity) and AmChAT in the ACh homeostasis and signaling was discussed in the contexts of immune response and longevity regulation in honey bees.

Among two different acetylcholinesterase (AmAChE1 and AmAChE2) of the western honey bee, the soluble AmAChE1might be related with a stress response as judged from its over-expression in honey bee workers when brood rearingwas suppressed. In this study, to ensure the nature of AmAChE1 responding to stress factors, the expression patternsof AmAChE1 were investigated following various treatments, including varroa mite infestation, bacterial challenge, broodrearing suppression, thermal stresses, chemical treatments, ultraviolet B irradiation, starvation, water restriction and crowdingstress. In addition, transcription profiles of four heat shock protein genes known as general stress markers and vitellogeningene, which is induced in several stress conditions, were tested as positive references. In every tested condition, onlybrood rearing suppression and heat shock were related with the expression of AmAChE1.

There are two different types of acetylcholinesterase (AChE1 and AChE2) in the western honeybee as in most of insects. It is suggested that soluble AmAChE1 might be related with a stress response as judged from its elevated expression level in honey bee workers when brood rearing was suppressed. In this study, to ensure the nature of AmAChE1 responding to stress factors, the expression patterns of AmAChE1 following heat shock, brood rearing suppression and chemical treatments (Imidacloprid and fluvalinate) were investigated. Also, several heat shock protein (hsp) genes (hsp10, hsp60, hsp70 and hsp90) known as general stress markers were tested as positive references. Heat shock induced expression of every tested hsp along with AmAChE1. In brood rearing-suppressed worker bees, 7 days old bees showed much higher expression level of AmAChE1 and hsp90 compared to control honey bees. However, treatment of imidacloprid and fluvalinate did not induce any apparent overexpression of these genes. These results confirm that both HSP and AmAChE1 genes generally respond to temperature and brood rearing suppression and further suggest that AmAChE1 can serve as a potential biomarker along with hsps for the detection of stress in honey bee colonies.

As economic growth has occurred in Asia over the last several decades, the demand for soybeans, soybean meal and soyoil have also increased. Over the last 50 years, the cultivation of soybeans in the U.S., Brazil, and Argentina increased dramatically. Consequently, these three countries have become the major soybean producers and exporters in the world. The growth in soybean production in those countries over the years, however, has been insufficient to meet the demand. With the opening of China’s market to soybean and soybean products trade in 1995/96 and the accession of China to that trade agreement in 2001, Asian soybean imports began to increase dramatically. Korea opened its soyoil market in 1991 and it brought about a great change not only in soyoil market but in soymeal and soybean market as well. As imports of soyoil expanded, the increased consumption was covered by imports and this caused burden cost to soybean manufacturers leading to decrease in soybean purchase. Since that time, consumption of Korean soybeans has become stagnant and due to this reason, production of soymeal, which is byproduct of soybeans, also decreased replacing increased domestic consumption with imported soymeal. This implies that market openness of soyoil, has brought negative effect in soybean and soymeal market. As a result, decrease in soybean consumption led to decrease in self-sufficiency of soybean products.

Two different types of acetylcholinesterae (AChE1 and AChE2) are present in majority of insects, including the Western honey bee. Out of the two honey bee AChEs (AmAChEs), the soluble AmAChE1 with little catalytic activity is widely distributed in both neuronal and non-neuronal tissues, including fat body. In this study, to identify stresss factors that can induce AmAChE expression, we tested various conditions that honey bees can encounter in natural setting, including heat shock, cold shock, bacterial challenge (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus) and Varroa mite infestations, and evaluated their effects on AmAChE expression. Among the stress factors tested, only heat shock condition induced AmAChE expression in a dose dependet manner. This finding suggests that one function of AmAChE1 is related with thermoregulations, especially against heat shock stress in honey bees.

Acetylcholinesterase 1 (AmAChE1) has low catalytic activity and is abundantly expressed in both neuronal and non-neuronal tissues. In previous experiments, we observed that AmAChE1 is rarely expressed in summer while highly expressed in winter. Through additional experiments, the expression of AmAChE1 was suggested to be associated with brood rearing status. Under the assumption that abnormal suppression of brood rearing activity may result in stressful condition in honey bee social community, it was further suggested that AmAChE1 is likely involved in stress management particularly during winter. We hypothesized that the increased docility usually observed in overwintering bees is likely an outcome of stress management in colony, which is mediated by AmAChE1 expression. To verify this, worker bees expressing abundant AmAChE1 were collected in early winter and injected with Amace1 dsRNA to knockdown Amace1. Then, the behavioral activity of the bees was investigated using the EthoVison video tracking system. Honey bees injected with Amace1 dsRNA showed significantly increased motility, which was strongly correlated with the suppressed expression level of AmAChE1 in the abdomen. No apparent reduced expression of AmAChE1 in the head was observed perhaps due to the limited efficacy of RNA interference in the blood-brain-barrier. Our finding suggests that behavioral activity can be regulated, at least, by AmAChE1 expression level in non-neuronal tissue (i.e., fatbody) perhaps via metabolic alteration.

Background : Angelica gigas is a monocarpic perennial plant. A. gigas, also called DangGui or Korean Angelica, is a major medicinal herb used in Asian countries such as Korea, Japan and China. In Korea, we are using the roots of A. gigas. but, Chinese using Angelica sinensis and Japanese using Angelica acutiloba with the same name 'DangGui'. The biggest problem in the use of A. gigas is the confusion with A. acutiloba or A. sinensis. This confusion can cause an medical accident or lack of pharmacological ingredients. In this study, we developed chloroplast InDel markers that can distinguish A. gigas, A. acutiloba or A. sinensis. Methods and Results : We collected 14 Angelica plant samples including A. gigas, A. acutiloba and A. sinensis and extrated DNA using CTAB method. The DNA was diluted to 10 ng/㎕ and kept -20℃. We designed the primer sets using CLC Main Workbench based on chloroplast DNA InDel region of between A. gigas and A. acutiloba. PCR were performed on the 14 Angelica plant samples including A. gigas, A. acutiloba and A. sinensis (5 repeats each). Electrophoresis was performed using fragment analyzer automated CE system. We designed 6 InDel primer sets and the primer sets amplified the amplicons effectively. Three of the 6 primer sets showed polymorphism. Conclusion : We could distinguish A. gigas, A. acutiloba, and A. sinensis using 2 newly developed InDel markers.

This study was to verity that the uptake inhibition and accumulation of nitrogen in different potassium levels. Lettuce was used as model plant in this study and grown in pot of 10cm's in diameter and depth with mixture media of vermiculite and perlite under supply of different culture solution for three weeks. Nitrogen absorption at root was inhibited by increased potassium concentration in nutrient solution, and nitrate accumulation of plant was depended on absorption of nitrogen because nitrate content of 0 K level was 4-5 times higher than that of 2 K level, Concentration of ascorbic acid was decreased by increasing the nitrogen absorption, since ascorbic acid (AsA) content of 2K level was higher than those of OK level in both of old leaf and flesh leaf