한국의 풍뎅이붙이과(Histeridae)는 6아과 22속 53종이 현재까지 보고되어 있다. 본 연구 결과, Niponius osorioceps Lewis, 1885 두뿔풍뎅이붙이(신칭), Plegaderus (Plegaderus) marseuli Reitter, 1877 두가슴풍뎅이붙이(신칭), Trypeticus fagi (Lewis, 1884) 가슴각진풍뎅이붙이(신칭)의 3아과 (2미기록아과) 3미기록속의 3종을 한국미기록종으로 발견하였으며, 이들에 대한 간략한 기재와 중요한 형질 및 전자현미경사진을 함께 제시하고자 한다.

The box tree pyralid, Glyphodes perspectalis, was reared on an artificial diet based on dried powder of box tree leaves, Buxus microphylla var. koreana, and INSECTA F-II (Nihon Nosan Co., Ltd) at a ratio of 3:7 (w:w) and analyzed in their developmental characteristics from 1st to 4th generation. The developmental period of larva reared on artificial diet was longer than that of larva reared on host plant. Significant difference in larval period was also observed between 1st and other generation groups. Pupation rate was the highest in 4th generation followed by 3rd, 2nd, 1st and host plant group. Significant difference in pupal period was noted between 1st and 3rd generation group. Emergence rate was the highest in 4th generation group followed by 3rd, host plant, 1st and 2nd generation group. There is a significant difference in male and female size between 1st and 4th generation group. Our result indicated that stable rearing of box tree pyralid through the year is possible by artificial diet, and the best adaptation to artificial diet was achieved at 4th generation.

The box tree pyralid, Glyphodes perspectalis, was reared on an artificial diet based on dried powder of box tree leaves, Buxus microphylla var. koreana, and INSECTA F-II (Nihon Nosan Co., Ltd) at a ratio of 3:7 (w:w) and analyzed in their developmental characteristics from 1st to 4th generation. The developmental period of larva reared on artificial diet was longer than that of larva reared on host plant. Significant difference in larval period was also observed between 1st and other generation groups. Pupation rate was the highest in 4th generation followed by 3rd, 2nd, 1st and host plant group. Significant difference in pupal period was noted between 1st and 3rd generation group. Emergence rate was the highest in 4th generation group followed by 3rd, host plant, 1st and 2nd generation group. There is a significant difference in male and female size between 1st and 4th generation group. Our result indicated that stable rearing of box tree pyralid through the year is possible by artificial diet, and the best adaptation to artificial diet was achieved at 4th generation. The pheromone components of this moth have been identified as (Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z11-16:Ald), (E)-11-hexadecenal (E11-16:Ald), and (Z)-11-hexadecenol (Z-11-16:OH). We did several field tests, and found that there was a difference between Korea and Japan population.

Histeridae is a family of beetles commonly known as clown beetles and hister beetles and approximately 3,900 species in 11 subfamily have been described to date. In Korea, up to days, 53 species of 22 genera of 6 subfamily of them have been recorded. They can be easily identified by their shortened elytra that leaves two of the seven tergites exposed, and their elbowed antennae with clubbed ends. Most members of hister beetles are predators and found in most kinds of decaying organic matter, such as droppings, decomposing bodies of animals, compost piles and other decaying plant materials. Some species are also used to control livestock pests that infest dung or to control house flies (Ôhara, 1994). Recently, we have collected several histerid species with Lindgren funner trap for the ecological research on the bark beetles. As a result of this study, we added three newly recorded species, Niponius osorioceps Lewis, 1885, Plegaderus (Plegaderus) marseuli Reitter, 1877 and Trypeticus fagi (Lewis, 1884) to Korean fauna. In this presentation, diagnosis and photographs of characters for each species are presented.

In this study, we reared box tree pyralid, Glyphodes perspectalis, with artificial diet and identified sex pheromone. Insect F-II and leaf of box tree were used to make artificial diet. Box tree pyralid, Glyphodes perspectalis, is the most serious pest of box tree in Korea, and was recently introduced into Europe. The pheromone components of this moth have been identified as (Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z11-16:Ald), (E)-11-hexadecenal (E11-16:Ald), and (Z)-11-hexadecenol (Z-11- 16:OH) in Japan. In this study, we identified pheromone components of this species by using GC and GC-MS. Three same components, such as (Z)-11- hexadecenal (Z11-16:Ald), (E)-11-hexdecenal (E11-16:Ald), and (Z)-11-hexadecenol (Z-11-16:OH) were also indentified in Korean population, but there was a little difference in ratios. The ratios of these three compounds of Japanese population and Korean population were 5:1.25:1, and 5:0.96:0.2, respectively. The ratios of Z and E-11-hexadecenal were similar, but the ratio of (Z)-11-hexadecenol was lower compared to Japanese population. In field bioassay, (Z)-11-hexadecenal or (E)-11-hexadecenal alone was not attractive to males, but the mixture of Z11-16:Ald and E11-16:Ald was attractive to males. The most effective ratios of Z11-16:Ald and E11-16:Ald was 5:1. Other ratios such as 1:1 and 1:5 (Z:E) was not attractive to males. The attractiveness of Z:11-16:OH will be tested in near future.

In this study, we investigated the nematicidal activities of 102 Korean domestic plant extracts which have not been tested before against B. xylophilus. Nematicidal activity of plant extracts were varied according to plant species and extraction part. Among 102 plant extracts, 42 plant extracts in 22 families showed >50% nematicidal activity against pine wood nematode at 10 mg/mL concentration. Among 31 wood extracts, very strong nematicidal activity (100%) was produced from extract of Neolitsea aciculate, Prunus sargentii and Rhus chinensis at 10 mg/mL concentration. Extracts from Camellia japonica, Carpinus cordata, Daphniphyllum macropodum, Eucommia ulmoides, Ilex cornuta, Myrica rubra, Vaccinium bracteatum, and Zelkova serrata showed strong nematicidal activities (80-99%). The other samples exhibited activities <80%. In a test with leaf extracts, strong neamticidal activity was observed in extract of Machius japonica (100%) followed by Picea koraiensis (99.4%), Meliosma oldhamii (82.7%), and Zelkova serrata (81%). The other 37 plant species revealed <80% mortality. Strong nematicidal activity (>80%) was observed from bark extract of Carpinus cordata, Comus kousa, Cryptomeria japonica, Machius japonica, Quercus glauca and Zelkova serrata. Nematicidal activity of other 19 bark extracts was less than 80%. Twig extract of Smilax china and fruit extract of Forsythia koreana showed 86.6 and 81.4% nematicidal activity at 10 mg/mL concentration, respectively.

In this study, a zygaenid speies, Artona martini Efetov, was reported for the first time from Korea. Recently we collected numerous larvae of the species, feeding on bamboo, Pseudosasa japonica (Siebold & Zucc. ex Steud.) Makino, in Hongneung arboretum of Korea Forest Research Institute, Seoul. This species is very similar to Artona (Balataea) funeralis (Butler) in appearance, which was recorded first from Korea by Witt (1985). Because the two species is very similar to each other in appearance and host plants, it will be need to examine and compare the Korean materials of the two species. But there is no available specimen of Artona (Balataea) funeralis (Butler), which was reported by Witt (1985) for the time being. They have two generations per year in Korea: The moths of first generation fly during the middle of May to middle of June and the second generation during the late of July to the early of August respectively. Also Sasa borealis (Hack.) Makino was recorded as host plants of the species from Japan (Yamaguchi & Arita, 1960). The external morphology was examined and illustrated. Materials examined herein are now preserved in the Korea National Arboretum.

Plant essential oils from 26 plant species were tested for their insecticidal activities against the Japanese termite, Reticulitermes speratus Kolbe, using a fumigation bioassay. Responses varied with source, exposure time, and concentration. Among the essential oils tested, strong insecticidal activity was observed with the essential oils of ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi), allspice (Pimenta dioica), caraway (Carum carvi), dill (Anethum graveolens), geranium (Pelargonium graveolens), and litsea (Litsea cubeba). The composition of six essential oils was identified by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The compounds thus identified were tested individually for their insecticidal activities against Japanese termites. Responses varied in a dose-dependent manner for each compound. Phenol compounds exhibited the strongest insecticidal activity among the test compounds further, alcohol and aldehyde groups were more toxic than hydrocarbons. The essential oils and compounds described herein merit further study as potential fumigants for termite control.

A new species of Closterocerus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Entedoninae) is described from South Korea. The species is reported for the first time as an egg parasitoid of Pachynematus itoi Okutani (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), of which recent sudden outbreak caused severe damage in larch forests. In total 61 species in Chalcidoidea are recorded as primary parasitoids of various tenthredinid sawflies in the Palaearctic area. However, no chalcidoid parasitoids have previously been recorded from P. itoi. The genus Closterocerus is cosmopolitan in distribution, and with an extremely wide host range from Symphyta, leaf-mining and gall-inducing insects to scale insects and plant lice. In Korea, one species of Closterocerus, three Chrysonotomyia, two Desmatocharis, one Neochrysocharis and one Teleopterus were known; most of them, except Chrysonotomyia sudoensis Paik, now are placed under Closterocerus. The new species is compared with 13 other species of Closterocerus that are known from the Far East.

Pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is a causative organism to induce pine wilt disease in many varieties of pine trees. Until 2006, Monochamus alternatus had been known as the only insect vector of pine wood nematode in Korea which targeted on Pinus densiflora (Japanese red pine) and P. thunbergii (Japanese black pine). However, pine wilt disease was also reported from Korean pine tree (Pinus koraiensis) in 2006 and we found another insect vector, M. saltuarius, was involved to transmit pine wood nematode. Both Monochamus species were confirmed to transfer pine wood nematode to their hosts but, there is no detail information about other transmitted nematode. Especially Bursaphelenchus mucronatus is common species transmitted by Monochamus species which is morphologically closed to B. xylophilus. Moreover B. mucronatus have two genotypes; one is East Asian type and the other is European type. Both genotypes of B. mucronatus were found in Korea but, the host and vector information related to the genotypes of B. mucronatus was not clear. Monochamus saltuarius was collected from three different geographical locations and nematodes were extracted and identified. For the identification of the juveniles, nematode DNA was extracted and ITS-RFLP analysis was done by PCR and gel electrophoresis. The selected enzymes were Hinf I, Alu I, Msp I, Hae III, Rsa I. Most of Bursaphelenchus species carried by M. saltuarius, which collected from pine wilt disease-free area, was determined as European type of B. mucronatus. We will compare the nematode species and genotypes carried by M. alternatus and M. saltuarius. In addition the rate of nematode carrying insect and the average number of nematode per single insect will be counted and compared.

An ambrosia beetle, Platypus koryoensis, is known as a major vector of Korean oak wilt disease (KOW) to Mongolian oak and it is considered as the one of the major threat to forest ecosystem health. This study was conducted to assess damage on Mongolian oak inflicted by the ambrosia beetle on the basis of entry hole density and location within the trunk. Two hundred forty Momgolian oak trees from Mt. Uam (Gyonggi-Do, Korea) and 60 from Mt. Gyebang (Gangwon-Do, Korea) were randomly selected. Initially, the damage degree on an individual tree and the diameter at breast height (DBH) were measured, and followed by the measurement of entry hole density per 148 X 210 mm2 on lower trunk (above the surface of the earth) and upper (100 cm above the surface) on each upslope and downslope. The damage degrees were divided into three classes: Ⅰ indicating healthy tree, Ⅱ tree damaged by the ambrosia beetles and Ⅲ dead tree by the KOW. As the damage class of the Mongolian oaks increased, the number of the entry holes increased regardless of locations of entry holes. The density of entry hole lower trunk was higher than that in upper trunk, showing that the ambrosia beetle preferred to attack the lower trunk on downslope. In addition, the results showed a tendency that the average DBH of the oak trees increased as the damage class increased from Ⅰ to Ⅲ. This suggests that the ambrosia beetle prefers to attack older trees. The entry hole densities on each lower and upper trunk on downslope were principal components to assess the damage degrees of the Mongolian oak.

To compare the diversity and abundance of moth fauna between the deciduous and coniferous forest, the light traps have been managed at six survey sites in Hongneung, Korea Forest Research Institute (KFRI) from May to October 2008. Diversity and equitability were estimated by Simpson's index. A total of 1,181 individuals were collected, comprising 678 individuals (18 families, 145 species) and 503 individuals (17 families, 121 species) in the deciduous forest and the coniferous forest, respectively. Noctuidae was the most dominant family, which consist of 42 species, 248 individuals in the deciduous forest and 38 species, 149 individuals in the coniferous forest. The most dominant species was Hydrillodes morosa (Noctuidae) with 95 individuals (deciduous forest), followed by a pyralid moth, Orthopygia glaucinalis and a tortricid moth, Gnorismoneura hoshinoi with 36 individuals (coniferous forest). Interestingly, Arctiidae and Drepanidae, which were collected only in the deciduous and Lecithoceridae were only in the coniferous forest.

Platygaster robiniae Buhl and Duso (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) is a gregarious koinobiont endoparasitoid of Obolodiplosis robiniae (Haldeman) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). The life cycle and development of the parasite is described. P. robiniae proves to be an egg-larval parasitoid, parasitizing eggs of O. robiniae and emerging from host larvae, and eggs of the wasp develop monembryonically. Its egg and embryonic stages are prolonged to some extent. The parasitoid undergoes only one larval instar, and total development time from egg to adult takes about 28 days to complete. The life cycle of a parasitoid generation is perfectly synchronized with that of the host: the waps emerges near the emergence time of the host, so that they can parasitize host eggs.

Forest pests are one of the major disturbance factors in forest ecosystem and their outbreaks are expected to be severer under influence of climate changes. Among the forest pests, coleopterans can be key stone species because they are one of the dominant groups in forest and their ecological functions are very diverse. Moreover, saproxylic beetles contributed to ecological succession of forests thus, ecological functions of forests are changed in response to their outbreaks. The outbreaks of mountain pine beetle (MPB) were the most dramatic examples that outbreaks by climate change induce changes in ecological function of forest. Compositions of coleopteran species were variable to latitudinal changes whereas compositions of functional group were consistent. This showed that ecological function of coleopteran had resilience to climate changes and directions of changes in coleopteran communities were predictable based on species-specific latitudinal distribution. In addition, abundance of saproxylic beetles increased with increase in DBH (diameter at breast height), suggesting tree ages are one of the key factors for saproxylic beetles. Finally, potential changes in interactions between saproxylic beetles and trees under climate changes were discussed.

Nematicidal activity of aliphatic compounds was tested against pien wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. There was a significant difference in nematicidal activity among function groups. In a test with alkanols and 2-alkenols, compounds with C8-C11 chain length showed 100% nematicidal activity at 0.5 mg/mL concentration. C6-C10 2-alkenals exhibited >95% nematicidal activity, but the other compounds with C11-C14 chain length showed weak activity. Nematicidal activity of alkanoic acids with C7-C11 chain length was strong. Whole compounds belonging to hydrocarbons, alkanals and alkanoic acetate showed weak nematicidal activity at 0.5 mg/mL concentration. Nematicidal activity of compounds which showed strong nematicidal activity at 0.5 mg/mL concentration was tested at a lower concentration. At 0.25 mg/mL concentration, whole compounds except C8 alkanol, C8 2-alkenol and C7 alkanoic acid showed >80% nematicidal activity. C9-C11 alkanols, C10-C11 2-alkenols, C8-C9 2-alkenals and C9-C10 alkanoic acids showed >80% nematicidal activity at 0.125 mg/mL concentration. Only C11 alkanol exhibited strong nematicidal activity at 0.0625 mg/mL concentration

Pine wood nematode(PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is a causal organism to induce pine wilt disease in many varieties of pine trees. PWN is mainly distributed in the East Asia including Japan, China, and Korea, but it was originally imported from the North America of the West. Over 70 species of Bursaphelenchus have been reported, but they are morphologically similar to each other. In Korea, only two species of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, B. mucronatus (both Asian type and European type) have been reported however, a recent survey showed the distribution of extra species of Bursaphelenchus in dead trees. Three isolates, BSPD-1, BSPD-2, and BSPL-1, were identified as Bursaphelenchus thilandae, B. hylobianum, and B. doui, respectively, which was determined by both morphological and molecular biological characteristics. Both BSPD-1 and BSPD-2 were originally collected from Pinus densiflora in Namyangju and BSPL-1 came from Liriodendron tulipifera in Wanju. The morphology of each species were compared from the original descriptions focusing on male spicule and female tail and reproductive organ. A molecular diagnosis method, ITS-RFLP was applied to confirm morphological identification. Genomic DNA was extracted from a single individual nematode and ITS DNA was amplified by PCR. Amplified ITS was digested by 5 different restriction enzymes (Rsa I, Hae III, Msp I, Hinf I, and Alu I) and provided a discriminatory profile for different species of Bursaphelenchus. The three species, B. thilandae, B. hylobianum, and B. doui, are all unrecorded species in Korea.

To monitor sequential changes in diversity and abundance of moth community in forest, moth samples were weekly collected by light traps at nine survey sites from 2001 in Korea. Among these, samples collected at Osan from 2001 to 2006 and belonged to Notodontidae and Sphingidae (Lepidoptera) were selected for analysis. Diversity and equitability were estimated by Simpson's index. A total number of Notodontidae collected during the period were 47 species and 970 individuals. In case of Sphingidae, 27 species and 346 individuals were collected during the period. In 2001 and 2004, more than 10 species belonged to Notodontidae were collected from June to August whereas less than 10 species were collected from June to August in 2002, 2003, 2005 and 2006. In case of Sphingidae, more than 9 species were collected from June and August in 2001 and 2004 whereas less than 8 species were collected from June and August in 2002, 2003, 2005 and 2006. Interestingl y, total abundance of the two families had similar trends. The number of species was possibly related to the total abundance.

The first occurrence of oak wilt disease(OWD) in Korea was reported in 2004 and a Platypodid beetle, Platypus koryoensis, was known to contribute significantly the occurrence of the disease. To reduce the oak wilt disease, it is necessary to control density of P. koryoensis under injury level. This experiment conducted to clarify the flying period of adult P. koryoensis. Four forests containing dead trees by OWD were selected and the location of the experimental sites were Mt. Surak in Seoul, Goyang-si, Paju-si in Gyeonggi-do, Hongcheon-gun in Gangwon-do. Sticky trap or vertical multi-funnel trap was settled on Quercus mongolica trees located in infested forest. Density of P. koryoensis was survey with one or two week interval from May to October in 2007 and 2008. The number of the beetle collected by the vertical trap and sticky trap was positively correlated (r2=0.69). The optimum flying period of the beetle was ranged from late June to late July with geographical variations.

Pine wilt disease (PWD) is one of the most serious forest tree diseases and now the damaged area covers 7,877 ha and more than 60 cities in Korea. The causal agent of PWD, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is transmitted by the insect vectors, pine sawyers (Monochamus spp.). Spread of PWD damage and control effect for PWD are directly related to dispersal potential of Monochamus spp. vectors. Recently, harmonic radar technology has been applied as a means for tracking individual dispersal of tagged insects. Tracking insects with harmonic radar system is similar to a mark-and-recapture technique, in which an organism is tagged, released, and recaptured. Our objective is to develop a harmonic radar tracking system by using lightweight tags to investigate dispersal of Monochamus spp., insect vectors. The harmonic radar system consists of two parts: a commercially available, light-weight (1.6 kg), handheld transceiver (RECCO Rescue System) and a small tag that reflects the transceiver signal (917 ㎒) at harmonic frequencies (1,834 ㎒). A tag consists of a miniature diode (Toshiba ISS350) with wires (36-gauge tinned copper) soldered using conductive epoxy on each side to produce a dipole antenna. These tags were evaluated in an open field to assess their maximum detection range, and at tag length of 13 ㎝, the tag was detected at >100 m.

Twenty six species of the genus Coleophora Hübner (Lepidoptera, Coleophoridae) are recognized in the Korean peninsula, including six that are new to Korea: Coleophora albicans Zeller, C. falkovitshella Vives, C. honshuella Baldizzone & Oku, C. japonicella Oku, C. rectimarginalis Li, and C. vestianella (Linnaeus). A key for all known species is given. Bibliographies, collecting localities, distribution, biological information, and some taxonomic notes for the all known species are provided, with illustrations of the male or female genitalia.