This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of combining acidification with adsorbents (zeolite and biochar) to mitigate the environmental impacts of pig slurry, focusing on ammonia (NH3) emission and nitrate (NO3 -) leaching. The four treatments were applied: 1) pig slurry (PS) alone as a control, 2) acidified PS (AP), 3) acidified pig slurry with zeolite (APZ), and 4) acidified pig slurry with biochar (APB). The AP mitigates NH3 emission and NO3 - leaching compared to PS alone. Acidification reduced the cumulative NH3 emission and its emission factor by 35.9% and 12.5%, respectively. The APZ and APB increased NH4 +-N concentration, with the highest level in APB, compared to AP. The NH4 + adsorption capacity of APB (0.90 mg g-1) was higher than that of APZ (0.63 mg g-1). The APB and APZ treatments induced less NH3 emission compared to AP. The cumulative NH3 emission was reduced by 12.2% and 27.6% in APZ and APB, respectively, compared to AP treatment. NO3 - leaching began to appear on days 12 and 13, and its peak reached on days 16 and 17, which were later than AP. The cumulative NO3 - leaching decreased by 17.7% and 25.0% in APZ and APB, respectively, compared to AP treatment. These results suggest that combining biochar or zeolite with acidified pig slurry is an effective method to mitigate NH3 emission and NO3 - leaching, with biochar being particularly effective.

󰡔유몽천자(牖蒙千字)󰡕는 한국개신교선교사 게일(James Scarth Gale(한국명 : 奇一), 1863-1937)과 그의 조사(pundit) 이창직(李昌稙, 1866-1936)이 함께 편찬한 경신 학교와 정신여학교의 교과서이다. 이 책은 총 4권으로 구성된 교재다. 여기에 실린 내용 은 자연과학, 사회과학, 서양의 역사, 서양의 인물, 서양의 문학, 우리의 한문고전에 관한 것 등으로 이루어져 있다. 더불어 개화기에 우리의 어문 생활에 필요하다고 생각한 한자 와 관련 정보, 한자어, 국한문, 한문에 관한 지식을 정식 학교 교육을 받는 학생들에게 알 려 주기 위하여 편찬한 것이다. 본고에서는 이러한 󰡔유몽천자󰡕 전집의 체계와 구성, 전 집을 구성하는 3가지 문체 유형, 그리고 전집에 새겨져 있는 개신교선교사의 문체실험의 역사를 고찰했다.

The metal bush assembling process is a process of inserting and compressing a metal bush that serves to reduce the occurrence of noise and stable compression in the rotating section. In the metal bush assembly process, the head diameter defect and placement defect of the metal bush occur due to metal bush omission, non-pressing, and poor press-fitting. Among these causes of defects, it is intended to prevent defects due to omission of the metal bush by using signals from sensors attached to the facility. In particular, a metal bush omission is predicted through various data mining techniques using left load cell value, right load cell value, current, and voltage as independent variables. In the case of metal bush omission defect, it is difficult to get defect data, resulting in data imbalance. Data imbalance refers to a case where there is a large difference in the number of data belonging to each class, which can be a problem when performing classification prediction. In order to solve the problem caused by data imbalance, oversampling and composite sampling techniques were applied in this study. In addition, simulated annealing was applied for optimization of parameters related to sampling and hyper-parameters of data mining techniques used for bush omission prediction. In this study, the metal bush omission was predicted using the actual data of M manufacturing company, and the classification performance was examined. All applied techniques showed excellent results, and in particular, the proposed methods, the method of mixing Random Forest and SA, and the method of mixing MLP and SA, showed better results.

The developmental time and survival of overwintering larvae of Monochamus saltuarius were studied at 7 constant temperatures (16, 20, 23, 25, 27, 30, 34℃), and a photoperiod of 16 : 8 (L : D) h. The total mortality of overwintering M. saltuarius was lowest at 27℃ (7%) and highest at 34℃ (93%). The total developmental time decreased with increasing temperature between 16℃ (49.48 days) and 34℃ (13.00 days). The relationship between the developmental rate and temperature was fitted by five nonlinear developmental rate models (Logan 6, Lactin 1, 2 and Briere 1, 2). The nonlinear shape of temperature development was best described by the Briere 1 model (r2=0.99). The developmental variation of overwintering larvae was well described by the three-parameter Weibull distribution model (r2=0.98). The temperature-dependent developmental models of M. saltuarius developed in this study could be used to predict emergence period of the adult, or to develop a population dynamics model of M. saltuarius.

발전소 내 방사화 부식생성물의 대부분을 차지하고 있는 니켈 페라이트계 부식생성물을 모사 발생시키기 위한 고온 고압용 장치를 제작하여 연구를 수행하였다. 배관형 포집기를 이용한 부식생성물 발생장치로부터 방사화 부식생성물과 가장 유사한 부식생성물을 얻을 수 있었다. 발전소에서 입자성 부식생성물이 발생되는 원리인 온도에 따른 용해도 차이를 구현하기 위하여 270C에서 부식반응이 일어나 상대적으로 높은 온도를 가진 포집용 장치에 부식생성물이 포집되도록 장치를 제작하였으며 , 발생된 부식생성물은 주사전자현미경 관찰과 EDAX를 통한 조성분석으로 그 특성을 관찰하였다. 부식생성물은 포집 된 위치 에 따라서 침상 형태의 산화물과 결정 형태의 산화물로 나뉘었으며, 조성 분석 결과 결정 형태의 부식생성물이 니켈 페라이트로서 발전소에서 발생되는 입자성 부식생성물과 유사한 것을 알 수 있었다.

This study analyzed the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences of the Red-spotted grouper, Epinephelus akaara (Perciformes, Serranidae), and used for construction of molecular phylogeny and for association between maternal haplotypes and phenotypic differences of F1 progeny. This study revealed phylogenetic position of the endangered red-spotted grouper, Epinephelus akaara (Perciformes, Serranidae) based on the nucleotide sequences of complete mt genome. Complete nucleotide sequences were determined from the mt genomes of two individuals of the red-spotted grouper caught in South Korea. The mitochondrial genome had 16,795 base pairs (bp) and 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNAs, 22 transfer RNAs, and a noncoding control region. The two mt genomes were highly homologous (99.71% similarity). The two mt genomes of E. akaara determined in this study were found in Clade I in the phylogenetic tree with those of E. awoara, E. fasciatomaculosus, E. sexfasciatus, E. diacanthus, E. sticus, and E. morio, suggesting that this may be helpful to understand phylogenetic position of Epinephelus species including red-spotted grouper. The genetic structure and phylogenetic relationship were investigated in the red-spotted grouper populations using the sequence polymorphisms of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I(COI) gene and variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs) of the control region (CR). A total of forty-one COIhaplotypes were found from 174 COIsequences from East Asia. The Jeju Island population (n=5) had four haplotypes, and the South Sea population (n=105) had twenty-five haplotypes. The Hong Kong population had nineteen haplotypes from fifty-nine COIsequences determined in this study. Among the COIhaplotypes, EAC_03 is commonly found in all populations (Jeju Island and South Sea of Korea, China, Hong Kong and Taiwan). In addition, there were four haplotypes (EAC_12, EAC_14, EAC_28 and EAC_35) also common among the populations tested in this study and collected from NCBI database. However, twenty haplotypes were specific in the Korean populations, and fifteen haplotypes were specific in the China and Hong Kong populations. The neighbor-joining (NJ) trees constructed from the phylogenetic analyses based on the polymorphisms of the COIhaplotypes showed the monophyletic branching pattern within the genus Epinephelus, indicating that the red spotted grouper populations had evolved from common maternal ancestors. Consequently, East Asian red-spotted grouper populations are maternally related at least in part, as well as sharing the same evolutionary history, and still affected by the East Asian ocean current (Kuroshio). From the haplotype analysis for mtDNA CR, we obtained VNTR polymor-phisms in all populations tested. We found five haplotypes for the CR VNTR patterns. The 133-bp repeat units were counted two to five. Using CR VNTR haplotypes, the statistical association was examined between mtDNA haplotypes and growth traits of aquafarming young fishes of the red-spotted grouper. A total of 386 F1 progeny, which were randomly selected from a progeny population produced by artificial insemination in the farm, were genotyped and statistically compared their body length (BL), body weights (BW) and length-weight indexes (LWI) at 11-months after hatching. There haplotypes H03, H04 and H05 were detected for CR in the parents and progeny populations. The significant difference was found in the BL values among three haplotypes (p<0.05). The F1 animals with haplotype H03 had freater level of BL (19.22±2.000 cm) than those of H04 (18.64±1.964 cm) and H05 (18.86±1.512 cm). There were no significant differences in BW and LWI among haplotypes (p<0.05). These results concluded that the maternal lineages affected the growth rates during early developmental stage in the red-spotted grouper. These findings suggested that the mitochondrial background of the fertilized eggs may play an important role in the early development, and the markerassisted selection system for broodstork animals may be helpful in improving performance traits for aquaculture industry as well as for conservation biology of the endangered red-spotted grouper. However, the results from the association analysis between haplotypes and phenotypes of F1 progeny (n=1,093) at 60-days after hatching showed that there were no significant difference (p>0.05). Consequently, the results of this study may be useful information for understanding the evolutionary relation with other species and may be good genetic markers for breeding management in the red-spotted grouper aquaculture system.

Phytochemical investigation of the sesame dregs of Sesamum indicum was conducted by open column and prep-HPLC chromatography. Two phytosterols (1 and 2) and two lignans (3 and 4) were isolated from the MeOH extracts of sesame dregs, and identified as β-sitosterol (1), daucosterol (2), sesamin (3), and sesamolin (4) by spectral analysis. Although these compounds were already isolated from sesame, it is important that they were still main phytochemical components in the sesame dregs.

High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used for the analysis of chiisanoside in each stem and root of Acanthopanax senticosus collected from South Korea, North Korea, China and Russia. A reverse-phase system using a gradient of H2O and acetonitrile as the mobile phase was developed and detection was at 210nm. The analysis was successfully carried out within 30 min. Chiisanoside was measured in the stem and root of A. senticosus collected from various countries.

High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used for the determination of lignans, eleutherosides B and E, in Acanthopanax sessiliflorus fruits and their fermented wine. The lignans were quantified by a reversed-phase system using a gradient of H2O and acetonitrile as a mobile phase within 20 min. The analysis was successfully carried out within 20 min. The contents of eleutherosides Band E as main active principles of Acanthopanax species were measured in A. sessiliflorus fruits (1.15 and 8.49 μg/mg, respectively), their fermented wine (0.45 and 1.33 μg/mg, respectively) and wine residues (no detection).

Five constituents were isolated from the stem of Acanthopanax senticosus. Their structures were elucidated as (-)-sesamin (1), iso-fraxidin (2), 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (3), syringin (4) and acanthoside D (5) by spectral analysis. Among these compounds, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (3) was isolated for the first time from this plant.