The biosorption characteristics of SRCM 120569 biomass on anionic Congo red (CR) dye. SRCM 120569 strain isolated from Korean turbid rice wine (makgeolli) was identified by 16S rRNA sequence analysis as Bacillus licheniformis. Bacillus licheniformis SRCM 120569 (Genbank Accession No. MW819861) showed superior CR dye biosorption capacity in an aqueous solution. Maximum adsorption capacities of 61.2 and 133.1 mg/g were obtained at pH 3.41 and 0.01 g/50 mL dried cell dosage, respectively. The CR dye adsorption properties by the Bacillus licheniformis SRCM120569 strain were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), point of zero charge (pHpzc) analysis, and phylogenetic analysis. The biosorption isotherm and kinetic models are well described with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models.

In the case of solid refuse fuel manufacturing facilities, residues, which are left-over from the process, are buried at a rate of 34% of incoming amount, and some are disposed of by combustion. The residues were upgraded by mechanical biological treatment and subject to attempts at combustion, and the bottom ash generated from combustion tests was applied to fabricate bricks for recycling. The brick was manufactured by substitutions of stone powder, cement, sand ranging from by 3 to 30% according to experimental conditions. These could be used as an interlocking block for the sidewalk or open spaces. The basic characteristics of the bottom ash and the water absorption, bending strength, compressive strength, and dimensions of the mixed bricks were tested. Results showed that 10% of the stone powder substitution was regarded as an optimal condition, and the brick quality was satisfactory under given standards, because the pozzolanic and hydration reactions occurred effectively.

In this study, to cope with the renewable portfolio standard system, a thermochemical process was applied to coffee residues. After the basic thermal characteristics analysis, it was judged that the gasification process could be applied because the volatile matter in coffee residues was high. The temperature and equivalent air ratio were set by using the data and the gasification characteristics with varying equivalent ratios were evaluated. Also, the experiments were conducted in a downdraft fixed bed reactor which was easy to operate and generates less tar. The best experimental results at equivalent ratio of 0.3 were obtained with syngas composition, lower heating value of product gas, gas yield, and tar yield of 16.94%, 1,410 kcal/Nm3, 2.04 Nm3/kg and 33.33 mg/L respectively. Also, cold gas efficiency and carbon conversion rate as the most important indicators of gasifier performance were 63.83% and 88.59% respectively. Comparing the gasification characteristics with sawdust in the same reactor, the value of coffee residue was higher in the cold gas efficiency but the amount of tar was higher. However, we could apply the gasification technology to coffee residues if we carried out studies to improve the gasification efficiency and to reduce the amount of tar. Furthermore, we take into consideration the fact that the supply of coffee residues was insufficient to use as a single feedstock and the consequent necessity to study the means of using it with other available fuel materials.

Bottom ash char, which is released and collected from a solid refuse fuel (SRF) gasification pilot plant, has been used as a feed material for one more step of the gasification process. This char contains higher unburned materials than the bottom ash collected from incineration plants. This could have sufficient potential for application to gasification technology. The lab-scale gasification experimental process consists of a downdraft gasifier, a cyclone, a scrubber, and a filtering system for the analysis of syngas. To find the optimal conditions and to decrease loss on ignition, the air equivalent ratio (ER) was adjusted from 0.1 to 0.5. The results of this experiment showed that 0.2 ER was the optimal condition, with 32.41% of cold gas efficiency and 40.41% of carbon conversion ratio. However, compared to the general gasification process, this efficiency and conversion ratio still seem to be low since the feedstock was the leftovers of the gasification process with a lower amount of volatile carbonaceous components. Furthermore, with increasing ER, the loss on ignition of the bottom ash in this experiment decreases due to the enhancement of the oxidation reaction. On average, it decreased by up to about 20% compared to the feedstock.

전 세계적으로 자원의 고갈과 온실가스로 인한 기후변화가 지구의 환경을 위협하는 요인으로 작용하고 있다. 이에 국내에서는 폐기물의 재활용을 촉진하고, 더 높은 부가가치를 부여하기 위한 기술･정책적 노력들이 이루어지고 있다. 그 중 하나로 생활폐기물을 기계적 선별공정과 생물학적 처리 공정이 결합된 MBT(Mechanical Biological Treatment) 시설이 도입되었다. 국내에서 발생되는 폐기물은 가연분 함량이 높아 SRF(Solid Refuse Fuel)로 생산할 경우 에너지 자원의 대체제로 사용 가능성이 크다고 판단된다. 이에 본 연구에서는 국내에서 생산되는 SRF에 대하여 기초특성분석을 실시하고 효율적인 열에너지 회수를 위해 연소실험을 진행하였다. 시료의 기초특성분석결과, 수분, 회분함량이 낮고 탄소성분과 발열량이 높게 나타났다. 연소 특성 및 오염 물질의 발생 특성을 파악하기 위하여 고정층 반응기에서 공기비 1.8~2.6 범위에서 실험을 진행하였다. 뿐만 아니라 각 공기비에서의 배가스 성분을 연소가스측정기(MK9000)를 이용해 그 특성을 알아보았으며 가스상 오염물질 배출특성을 알아보기 위하여 오염물질인 HCN, HCl 에 대해 분석을 실시하였다. 배가스 특성에서 CO의 농도가 거의 0%로 나타난 것으로 보아 완전연소가 잘 일어나고 있음을 판단 할 수 있었다. 또한 배출된 가스상 오염물질의 경우 배출 허용기준(HCl 15ppm, HCN 5ppm)을 모두 만족하는 것으로 나타났지만 NOx의 경우, 배출 허용 기준(80ppm)에 비해 약간 높은 값을 보였다. 모든 조건을 고려하였을 때 연소 반응이 활발히 일어나는 것을 알 수 있었지만 SRF를 연소공정에 적용시 추가적인 NOx 제어 시설이 필수적으로 설치되어야 할 것으로 판단된다.

앞으로 다가올 자원고갈 사회를 대비하기 위한 국내 정책으로 폐기물의 발생을 억제하고 발생된 폐기물을 적정하게 재활용, 회수, 처리하는 자원순환사회의 형성을 목표로 하고 있으며, 폐기물로부터 에너지를 회수하는 방안에 관한 연구가 적극적으로 진행되고 있다. 폐기물의 에너지화 기술 중에서 폐기물 가스화 공정은 폐기물의 열적처리 공정 중 하나로서 H2와 CO로 이루어진 합성가스를 생산하는 기술로 단순소각을 통한 열에너지의 회수가 아닌 청정연료로의 전환을 통해 고부가가치 에너지원으로 활용이 가능하다는 장점이 있어 높은 관심을 받고 있다. 그러나 가스화 공정에 의해 배출되는 바닥재는 공정특성상 소각공정을 통해 배출되는 바닥재에 비해 미연분 수치가 높게 나타난다. 이러한 미연분 함량은 폐기물관리법 시행규칙에서 강열감량 수치로 규정하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 비성형 SRF(Solid Refuse Fuel)를 활용한 Pilot scale 가스화 공정을 통해 배출된 바닥재의 재활용 방안을 마련하기 위해 강열감량 및 기초특성분석을 진행하였다. 재활용 방안으로 Lab scale의 고정층 가스화 공정을 적용하였다. 바닥재는 800 ℃에서 분당 10g씩 투입되었으며, 공기비 조건에 변화를 주어 생성된 합성가스의 특성분석을 진행하여 바닥재의 에너지회수 가능성을 알아보았다. 또한, 최종으로 배출된 바닥재의 감열감량을 측정하여 최적 감량조건을 도출하였다.

범지구적인 산업활동으로 인하여 발생된 지구온난화에 대처하기 위하여, 기후변화협약 당사국총회에서는 신 기후변화체제 합의문인 파리 협정을 채택하였다. 이를 위해 대부분 국가가 다양한 에너지 정책을 펼치고 있으며, 우리나라는 2035년까지 신재생에너지 보급률 11 % 달성을 위하여 제4차 신재생에너지 기본계획을 수립, 발표하였다. 이러한 신재생에너지는 다양한 에너지원으로 구성되어 있으며, 이 중 폐기물 에너지화 기술로부터 생산된 폐기물에너지는 신재생에너지 보급량 중 63.5 %로 가장 높은 보급량을 차지하고 있다. 현재 폐기물의 효율적인 자원화 기술 중 하나인 고형연료(SRF, solid refuse fuel)를 이용한 발전 사업이 추진되고 있다. 국내에서 생산되는 SRF의 경우, 생활폐기물 속 재활용 자원을 최대한 회수함으로써 가연분 함량이 높아 대체 에너지로서의 가능성이 높게 평가받고 있으며, 본 연구에서는 경제성을 확보하기 위해 성형 SRF가 아닌 비성형 SRF를 사용하여 연구를 진행하였다. 또한, 열 회수 및 합성가스(H2+CO) 생산을 위해 가스화 공정을 적용해보았으며, 고정층 반응기인 down draft fixed bed와 유동층 반응기인 bubbling fluidized bed의 가스화 특성을 알아보고자 하였다. 이뿐만 아니라 가스화 공정의 주요 운전 요인 중 하나인 ER(Equivalent Ratio)에 따른 합성가스 조성, 가스 수율, 고 탄화수소 물질인 C2-C6의 함량, 합성가스의 저위발열량 그리고 가스화 효율의 가장 중요한 지표라 할 수 있는 냉가스 효율과 탄소 전환율을 통해 최적 조건을 도출하고자 하였다.

전 세계적으로 지속적인 화석연료의 사용으로 인하여 화석 연료가 고갈되고 있을 뿐만 아니라 화석 연료를 사용하면서 발생하는 환경오염 때문에 대체에너지를 찾는데 많은 연구가 진행되고 있다. 이와 더불어 정부는 신재생에너지 보급을 늘리기 위하여 노력하고 있으며, 국내 연간 신재생에너지 생산량 중 폐기물 및 바이오매스에 의한 신재생 에너지 보급률이 약 70% 이상을 차지하고 있다. 특히, 국내에서 발생되는 폐기물은 높은 재활용률 덕분에 가연분 함량이 높아 열 회수 시설에 적용 시 화석원료의 대체제로 사용 가능성이 크다고 할 수 있다. 그러나 폐기물 고형 연료화 시설의 경우 반입량 대비 30 ~ 45%의 비율로 잔재물이 배출되어 매립되거나 일부는 소각시설에 의해 처리되고 있는 실정이다. 특히 이를 그대로 매립 하였을 경우 오염부하를 증가시킬 수 있으며, 매립에 의한 처분비용으로 전체 시설 운영비의 약 20%가 소요되는 것으로 알려져 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 폐기물 고형 연료 잔재물을 이용한 소각 공정에서 적용하였으며 이러한 공정에서 발생한 바닥재를 보도나 광장의 포장에 사용되는 인터로킹 블록으로 활용하는 방안을 마련하였다. 이에 바닥재에 대한 기초특성분석을 하고 혼합된 벽돌의 흡수율, 휨강도, 압축강도, 치수 등을 분석하여 바닥재 혼합비에 따른 블록 특성 변화를 관찰하였다.

In this study, gasification experiments were conducted using high calorific waste by measuring flue gas and gaseous pollutant composition. The feedstock used in this experiment was collected from industrial wastes and had a heating value more than 5,000 kcal/kg as well as low moisture and ash contents. Experiments were conducted at 1,200°C temperature by changing equivalent ratios (ERs) to find out an optimum condition for syngas production. Results showed that at ER 0.3, the highest syngas composition (around 81%) was obtained in flue gas. In this study, gas pollutant was sampled in cold absorbent by following Korean air pollutant standard sampling method. Later, sampled solutions were analyzed by IC (Ion Chromatography) to find out gaseous pollutant concentration. Usually, after gas cleanup system, all of the gaseous pollutants are removed by wet scrubber and catalyst reactor. However, in this study, due to gaseous pollutants removed by wet scrubber, the removal efficiency of gaseous pollutants showed lower performance compared with other catalyst clean up system. Thus, it is advisable to install a cleaning unit to deal with tar and soot.

신재생에너지원 중 가장 큰 비율을 차지하고 있는 폐기물은 소각, 매립 등으로 폐기되고 있다. 그러나 생활폐기물 에너지화에 대한 연구가 지속적으로 진행됨에 따라, 현재 생활폐기물 처리시설에서는 SRF생산 공정을 도입하고 있는 추세이다. SRF는 평균 3,500 kg/kcal의 발열량을 나타내며, 대체연료로써 주목을 받고 있다. 그러나 SRF는 성형을 위한 추가적인 비용이 필요하기 때문에, 비성형 폐기물의 에너지화 기술에 대한 많은 연구가 진행되고 있다. 폐기물 에너지화 기술 중 가스화는 고형시료를 합성가스로 전환하는 기술로 저급연로를 고 효율화를 기대할 수 있다. 본 연구는 8ton/day 용량 pilot-scale 비성형 고형연료 가스화 공정에서 수행되었으며, 대기오염 방지시설은 사이클론, 열교환기, 탈염/탈질/탈황 장비, 습식 전기집진기, 수분제거장치로 구성되어 있다. 위의 공정에서 최근 문제가 되고 있는 미세먼지를 다단입경분석기를 이용하여 채취하였다. 채취된 시료는 건조 및 무게측정을 통해 대기오염 방지시설 구간별 미세먼지 분포를 살펴보았고, 각 대기오염 방지시설별 제어효율을 도출하였다. 추가적으로 채취된 입도별 미세먼지 시료는 ICP-MS분석을 통해 K, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Pb에 대한 거동을 살펴보았다.

급격한 도시화 및 산업화로 인하여 화석연료의 사용이 증가되고 이에 따라 기후 변화 문제가 급격히 대두되고 있다. 이에 따라 신재생에너지에 대한 관심이 증대되고 있으며, 이에 관한 많은 연구들이 진행되고 있다. 이러한 신재생에너지 중 국내에서는 신재생 에너지 중 폐기물 및 바이오매스를 이용한 신재생 에너지 보급 비율이 70% 이상을 차지하고 있는 실정이다. 하지만, 이러한 신재생 에너지 보급률은 폐기물 열처리 시설의 폐열이용까지 포함된 것으로 실질적인 보급률은 통계에 미치지 못하는 것으로 보인다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 바이오매스를 이용한 에너지화 기술에 대하여 연구를 진행하였으며, 에너지화 기술 중 합성가스 생산에 목적을 둔가스화 기술을 적용하였다. 사용된 바이오매스의 경우, 일반적인 바이오매스를 사용하기 위해 톱밥을 사용하였다. 하지만 바이오매스를 이용한 가스화 기술의 가장 큰 단점으로 바이오매스 내 높은 리그닌 성분에 의한 타르 발생을 꼽을 수 있으며, 이를 해소하기 위한 많은 연구들이 진행 되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 추가적인 타르 제어시설을 설치하지 않고 2차 산화제를 주입함에 따라 Thermal cracking의 효과로서 타르를 제어하고자 한다. 발생된 타르에 대해서는 활성탄을 이용하여 중량 변화 측정을 통해 정량 분석을 진행하였으며, Micro-GC를 통해 C2-C6의 탄화수소 물질의 거동을 살펴볼 수 있었다.

The utilization of renewable energy will be an inevitable situation in the future because of the acceleration of climate change and depletion of fossil fuels. Waste and biomass are major sources of renewable energy. In the near future, biomass will become the main resource of renewable energy in the world. However, in case of Korea, obtaining a stable supply of biomass is difficult. To overcome this problem, we need to import biomass from other countries. Palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) is known to be a good biomass resource, which is treated by either landfill or incineration in Indonesia and Malaysia. EFB could be used as feedstock for gasification for energy recovery as a gas fuel. Generally, biomass gasification has more stable operation than waste gasification. Nevertheless, biomass gasification generates lots of tar in syngas because of the lignin content in biomass, which may cause problems for gas engines and other processes. In this study, gasification experiments as well as qualitative analysis were conducted for determining syngas characteristics with tar content. Tar sampling and analysis were performed under various conditions by changing the flow rate, sampling time, and sampling gas flow. Measuring the tar content in syngas during the gasification process was also proposed

Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) has been received much attention recently due to rapid changes in materials and shorter replacement of consumer products. Most of WEEEs are collected and recycled at the designated recycling centers in Korea, and final residues after recycling, sorting and shredding them to separate valuable and recyclable parts in series are left as forms of shredded plastic mixtures, which would be a problem to be resolved. By further plastics separation the polyurethane foams are mostly remained and becomes waste to be treated by appropriate methods. Gasification to produce syngas and incineration to recover energy for such polyurethane foam waste could be utilized instead landfill presently treated. In this study the experiment was conducted to evaluate such performance characteristics of thermal processes. Pelletized solid refuse fuel (SRF) was fabricated to feed into the test furnace even though it was light with low density. Thermogravimetric analysis, proximate analysis and higher heating value were made. During gasification and incineration, gas composition with gaseous pollutants were measured. Due to nitrogen content in polyurethane, nitrogen containing gaseous substances such as NH3 and HCN were observed with varying equivalent air ratios (ERs). The assessment of polyurethane waste foam to energy using incineration and gasification was made with finding out the optimal condition of air injection to emit less pollutants in both operations. Produced syngas could be utilized as energy fuels by lowering pollutants emission.

Since the volume based tipping system was adopted for municipal solid wastes in Korea, the system has been well implied with the positive participation of households. Therefor local governments have started to apply the system to food wastes as well in recent years and each household has put an effort to reduce the generation of food wastes consequently. Another big movement on the management of municipal solid waste has been made, which was intending to utilize wastes to energy resources by converting to solid refuse fuel (SRF). In the meantime the conversion of biomass to energy became an issue to argument national renewable energy. Such motivation made an attempt to utilize fruit husks as SRFs since they has been used to dispose of as food wastes with the payment of tipping fee by households. Thus, in this study, five fruits (mandarine, apple, pear, sweet persimmon and grape) of 6 main consuming fruits in Korea were chosen as tested materials to check out any potentials of biomass SRFs. The basic characteristics of 5 fruit husks after drying naturally were analyzed. Heating values, proximate analysis results were reported and thermo-gravimetric tests were made for suggesting them to combustible wastes or bio-SRFs. The higher heating values of all fruit husks with natural drying showed above 3,000 kcal/kg which is the criterium of SRF and the lower heating values were less than SRF standard due to higher content of moisture. Proximate analysis and thermo-gravimetric data were similar to other biomass fuels like wood and municipal solid waste. It is concluded that such fruit husks could be used as SRFs by adopting an effective drying method in advance.

There have been a lot of efforts to increase recycling rate by more utilization of end of life vehicles (ELVs) in Korea.The target of recycling rate was set to 85% until 2014 and 95% after 2015 with including up to 10% of energy recovery,according to the law of “regulation about resource recycling of electrical and electronic products and automobiles”.Therefore, to achieve 95% of recycling rate by the year of 2015, the automobile and recycling industries should developan innovative technology to treat automobile shredder residues (ASRs) by efficient means of reduction or conversion toenergy, which were generated as final left-over after recovering all the valuables from ELVs. As one of the options toconvert to energy forms, the gasification of them was proposed. In this study the gasification experiment was performedusing ASRs at fixed-bed reactor with a capacity of 1kg/hr, at different temperatures of 800, 1,000 and 1,200oC, and atequivalence air ratios ranging from 0.1 to 0.5. The syngas (H2+CO) yield from ASR gasification experiment was obtainedup to 86% in maximum and about 40% in minimum in the experimental conditions given. There was a trend that theamount of syngas increased with elevated temperatures and the calorific value also showed similar trend with syngasproduction.

Recently, the recycling of end-of-life vehicles is becoming increasingly interesting for less waste discharge and recovering useful materials such as valuable metals. Hence, in Korea, the target of the recycling rate is made to 85% until 2014 (energy recovery within 5%) and the recycling rate to 95% after 2015 (energy recovery within 10%) according to the law of "regulation about resource recycling of electrical and electronic products and automobiles". However, the recycling rate is around 84% in 2010, and registered numbers of shredder residue recyclers among dismantling recyclers, crushing recyclers, shredder residue recyclers, and waste gases recyclers are very few. In order to meet the goal of 85% until 2014, Korean recycling industry of ASR should grow bigger and innovative recycling technologies have to be developed as well. In the meantime, a recycling technology of automobile shredder residue is developed in the present study, in which ASR is introduced to a copper smelting process. This process is very promising because of co-beneficial effects such as recovering copper and process heat simultaneously from ASR. In this study, lab-scale melting furnace was developed and melting tests for various ASR were carried out. From the results, the physicochemical characteristics of Korean ASR were analyzed and its melting behavior was investigated for the application to the copper smelting process. In particular, melted slag products were fabricated at different melting temperatures. Then, the basicity and pouring index in the lab-scale melting furnace were examined to find out appropriate operating conditions for the melting process. As a result, Because the amount of lump coal that included in existing process samples is a little, melting state and value of pouring index are very similar to existing process samples. In result of this experiment, in case of changing lump coal to ASR, The existing copper smelting facilities, if basicity and melting temperature are well controlled, flow of melting material is considered that is almost not affected.

Gasification, one of the thermo-chemical conversion technologies, has been known and researched for the conversion of low graded solid feedstock to gaseous form of fuel. Gasification for obtaining high-valued combustible gas such as hydrogen and carbon monoxide has been focused again due to high oil price with needs of alternative energy. And the gaseous product, known as synthesis gas (syngas) can be effectively utilized in a variety of ways ranging from electricity production to chemical industry. Gasification and melting processes are also operated at high temperatures with the destruction of hazardous components and production of gases, mainly CO and H2, which can be utilized as fuel gas or raw chemicals after cleaning. In this study, sawdust was experimented on in a lab-scale gasification process in order to characterize the gaseous products. At isothermal conditions at a fixed temperatures (800, 1000, 1200oC), the concentrations of CO, H2 and CH4 increased but CO2 and N2 decreased with lower equivalent ratio (ER). C2H6 concentration was varying and not depending upon ER. Carbon conversion efficiency, gas and tar yields increased with increasing ERs. Tar yield was related to carbon conversion efficiency and gas yield.

Expanding economic growth, the increased and shortened of electronic products rapidly last a couple of decades in Korea. Furthermore, as converting to digital broadcasting system, the amount of discarded analog type TV containing cathode ray tube(CRT) glasses are increasing significantly. Accordingly, since there is no demand for CRT glass anymore, it is very important to find out how to recycle a waste CRT glass. The research was carried out to investigate the best available technologies for recycling waste CRT glass. Primary feasibility studies to find the appropriate technologies were performed in advance and then the use as aggregates of cement bricks was found as a simple and economic way of recycling CRT panel glass cullet. Based on the selection of proper technology, which is the aggregate of cement bricks fabrication using CRT glass crushed, the evaluation of recyclability were made by replacing CRT glass particles to aggregates in the mixture of cement bricks. Up to 50% of sand or stone powder was replaced and the bricks with CRT glasses were manufactured and tested in their qualities as concrete bricks. The bricks including 20 to 30% of CRT particles instead sand or stone powder were good enough to meet the standard in bending strength and absorption rate.