This study investigates the kinetic compensatory gait changes in a small-sized dog (4.2 kg, 2-year-old spayed female poodle) with experimentally induced lameness. Reversible lameness was induced by applying silicone pads to the dog's forelimbs and hindlimbs. A force plate analysis system was used to measure Peak Vertical Force (PVF) and Symmetry Index (SI) during normal and induced lameness conditions. The results showed significant reductions in PVF in the induced limbs. Specifically, the left forelimb’s PVF decreased from 139.00 ± 9.85% in normal gait to 88.00 ± 19.05% after lameness induction, and the right forelimb’s PVF decreased from 130.33 ± 5.51% to 78.00 ± 18.52%. In contrast, compensatory increases were observed in the contralateral limbs, with the PVF of the contralateral forelimb increasing to 125.33 ± 1.15%. Similar patterns were observed in the hindlimbs, although the changes were less pronounced. The Symmetry Index (SI) values also increased in the induced limbs, particularly in the forelimbs (ILF: 53.10 ± 22.85%, IRF: 72.17 ± 15.08%), indicating greater asymmetry. These results suggest that forelimb lameness in small dogs results in more significant compensatory gait changes than hindlimb lameness.

The objective of this study was to select yogurt starter from Korean traditional fermented foods. The 2 strains (KM24, KM32) among 50 strains of isolated lactic acid bacteria selected as starter based on milk clotting ability, antimicrobial activity against various pathogens, tolerance in artificial gastric and bile juice and growth in 10 % skimmed milk. The strains were identified as Lacobacillus plantarum (KM32) and Pediococcus pentosacesus (KM24) by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Viable cell number of yogurt fermented with mixed strains (KM24 and KM32) was 9.66 log CFU/mL after fermentation for 48 h and maintained 109 CFU/mL during fermentation for 72 h at 37℃. The pH and titratable acidity of mixed cultured yogurt were 4.25% and 0.83% after fermentation for 48 h at 37℃, respectively. The physico-chemical characteristics of mixed cultured yogurt after fermentation for 48 h were 38.45 μg/mL (polyphenol content), 48.57% (DPPH radical scavenging activity) and 465.40 cp (viscosity), respectively. The mixed cultured yogurt maintained 109 CFU/mL of lactic acid bacteria during storage 10 days at 4℃. The viable cell number of yogurt prepared with mixed culture(KM32+KM24) maintained higher and than that of control (L. casei) during storage. These results indicated the potential use of selected strains (KM32+KM24) isolated from kimchi as a yogurt starter with strong acid tolerance and probiotics properties.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of hot water extract of Welsh onion root (HEWO) on growth of lactic acid bacteria and fermentative characteristics of yogurt. The physiochemical characteristics of HEWO such as pH, soluble solid, reducing sugar, total polyphenol content and DPPH radical scavenging activity were studied. The lactic bacterial count in brain heart infusion (BHI) broth with HEWO was about 1 log cycle higher than in control for 24 h at 37℃. The pH of yogurt prepared with HEWO (WY100) and 50% HEWO (WY50) was gradually decreased significantly but increased the viscosity of yogurt with increasing HEWO concentration during fermentation. The viable cells of lactic acid bacteria after fermentation for 24 h were 8.03 (control), 8.77 (WY50), 8.84 (WY100) log CFU/mL, respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of yogurt increased with increasing HEWO concentration. Sensory quality of yogurt prepared with HEWO was higher than that of control. The pH and lactic acid bacteria of all tested yogurts decreased during storage for 10 days at 4℃ but lactic bacterial count of yogurt prepared with HEWO maintained 108 CFU/mL during storage. These results indicated the potential use of HEWO as a valuable resource to improve fermentation and functionality of yogurt.

Quality characteristics of Yanggaeng prepared with water extract (CRE) and powder (CRP) of roasted coffee ground (CR) were investigated. Total polyphenol content and DPPH raidcal scavenging ability of water extract of CRE were 13.52 g/mL and 78.75%, respectively. The pH ranges of Yanggaeng prepared with CRE (CREY) and CRP (CRPY) were 7.10~7.29 and 6.95~7.15, respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging activities of CREY containing 0.1~1.0% CRE showed 8.77~43.10% and CRPY containing 0.1~1.0% CRP showed 5.28~14.92%. The total polyphenol contents and DPPH radical scavenging activity of CREY and CRPY increased significantly with increasing CRE and CRP concentrations (p<0.05). Sensory evaluation which includes taste, flavor, texture, and overall acceptability of CREY and CRPY were higher than that of control. The overall acceptability showed the highest levels in Yanggaeng containing 0.5% CRE and containing 0.3% CRP. These results indicate the potential use of roasted coffee ground residue as a valuable resource for development of side menu in coffee restaurants.

The characteristics and quality changes of sauces containing different concentrations (5, 10, and 15%) of fermented Oenothra biennis juice (FOBJ) were studied for its potential as a new meat seasoning suace. pH of the seasoning sauce was ranged from 5.23 to 5.37. Sugar content of seasoning sauces increased decreasing on increase of FOBJ concentration while the color (L, a, b) decreased. DPPH radical scavenging ability and TBARS values of the seasoning sauce was increased significantly by the addition of FOBJ (p<0.05). The total bacteria number of the seasoning sauces was approximately 3 log CFU/g while coliform bacteria were not detected in all tested sauces. The sauce containing 5% FOBJ showed the highest value in taste, color, overall acceptability among all tested sauces. The pH and titratable acidity of the meat seasoning sauces was not changed significantly during 25 days at 10℃. The total bacteria number of the seasoning sauces was steadly 3.62~3.83 log CFU/g for 25 days at 10℃. The number of coliform was not detected during storage periods. These results suggested the possibility of development of new meat seasoning sauce containing FOBI.

추출방법을 달리하여 달맞이꽃 에탄올 추출물의 주요성 분과 항산화 및 항균 활성을 측정하였다. 상온교반 추출(SE, stirrer extraction), 초음파 추출(USE, ultrasonification extraction), 환류 추출(RE, reflux extraction), 고온가압추출 (AE, autoclave extraction), 저온고압추출(LE, low temperature high pressure extraction)법을 사용한 결과 RE법이 추출수율 (46.33%), 총 폴리페놀(463.05 mg GAE/g)과 플라보노이드 (71.71 mg RHE/g) 함량이 다른 추출방법 보다 높았다. 달맞 이꽃 추출물은 B. cereus에 대한 항균활성이 나타났으며, 추출방법에 따른 차이는 나타나지 않았다. DPPH와 ABTS radical 소거능, 환원력, 철이온 흡착능 시험에서도 RE법을 이용한 추출물이 각각 74.40%, 65.29%, 1.370 (OD700), 90.14%를 나타내어 다른 추출방법에 비해 높았다. 달맞이 꽃 추출물은 항산화 활성이 우수하여 유용한 천연물 소재로 사용이 가능하며, B. cereus가 주 원인이 되는 식중독의 예방이나 오염된 식품의 보존성 증진을 위한 천연 소재로 할용이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

The antioxidant and digestive enzyme inhibitory effects of Eisenia bicyclis extracted by various extraction methods (RE, reflux extraction; SE, ultrasonification extraction; AE, autoclave extraction; LE, low-temperature high-pressure extraction) were investigated. The extraction yield (55.21%) and the laminarin (39.03%), fucoidan (24.75%), total polyphenol (115.68 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (36.67 mg RHE/g) contents of AE were higher than those in other methods. The DPPH radical (86.60%, 500 mg%), ABTS radical (58.56%, 25 mg%), nitrite (86.38%, 100 mg%) scavenging activities of the Eisenia bicyclis extracted by AE were higher than those of Eisenia bicyclis extracted by other methods. The ABTS radical and nitrite scavenging activities were above 98% in all tested Eisenia bicyclis extracts and these activities were dependent on its concentration. The inhibitory effects of AE against amylase (50 mg%) and α-glucosidase (5 mg%) were 64.76% and 86.71%, respectively. The AE showed the best inhibitory effect of Eisenia bicyclis extracts (50 mg%) against trypsin (24.37%) and α-chymotrypsin (49.05%), respectively. These results suggest that Eisenia bicyclis extracted by AE can be used as a bioactive and functional material in the food industry.

해양생물 유래 기능성 소재 개발 연구의 일환으로, 국내자생하는 감태 외 9종(곰피, 대황, 매생이, 모자반, 미역,지충이, 청각, 톳, 파래)의 해조류을 이용하여 열수 및 에탄올 추출물을 제조하여 추출물의 항산화 활성 및 α-glucosidase 저해활성을 조사하였다. 총 페놀 및 플라보노이드 함량은 대황 에탄올 추출물에서 각각 150.81, 77.02mg/g으로 가장 많았다. DPPH radical 소거능은 대황, 감태,지충이 에탄올 추출물이 각각 86.26, 78.72, 68.32%를 나타내었으며, ABTS radical 소거능은 대황, 감태, 지충이 열수 및 에탄올 추출물에서 모두 99% 이상의 높은 활성을 나타내었다. SOD 유사활성과 환원력은 대황 에탄올 추출물이21.34%, 1.710(OD700)으로 가장 높았으며, 지방산패억제능도 대황 에탄올 추출물에서 83.95%로 가장 높았다. 또한,해조류 추출물의 α-glucosidase 저해 활성은 대황, 감태, 지충이 열수 추출물에서 97.75, 95.17, 87.13%를 나타내었으며, 에탄올 추출물에서는 3종류 모두 약 98%의 높은 저해활성을 나타내었다. 해조류 중 대황, 감태, 지충이의 항산화활성 및 α-glucosidase 저해활성이 우수하여 천연 기능성소재 개발을 위한 좋은 원료가 될 수 있을 것으로 사료되며,기능성소재로 사용하기 위하여 적용할 제품에 따라 추출물의 재료, 첨가농도, 제품의 생리활성 등과 관련된 광범위한 연구가 요구된다.

흑마늘 음료의 기호성과 기능성 증진을 위해 흑마늘과 미나리의 배합비를 각각 3:0(BD-1), 2:1(BD-2), 1:1(BD-3), 1:2(BD-4)의 비율(w/w)로 달리하여 제조한 음료의 식품학적 특성과 항산화 활성을 비교 검토 하였다. 흑마늘 미나리 혼합음료의 pH는 미나리 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 증가하였으나, 당도는 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 색도는 L값과 b값은 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았으나, a값은 미나리 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 2.40(BD-1)에서 6.46(BD-4)로 증가 하였다. 폴리페놀 함량은 BD-4에서 46.96 μg/mL으로 가장 높게 나타났으며, BD-3(42.36 μg/mL), BD-2(41.91 μg/mL), BD-1(28.48 μg/mL) 순으로 나타났다. SOD 유사활성은 BD-4에서 18.60%으로 가장 높은 활성을 나타내었으며, BD-3(15.53%), BD-2(12.53%), BD-1(10.27%) 순으로 활성을 나타내었다. ABTS 라디칼 소거능은 BD-1에서 28.72%로 가장 낮게 측정되었으며, 미나리 첨가 비율이 증가함에 따라 유의적으로 증가하여 BD-2는 39.43%, BD-3은 45.69%, BD-4는 52.51%로 나타났다. 철 이온 킬레이트 효과는 미나리 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 증가하였으며, BD-1(6.38%)에 비해 BD-4(39.94%)에서 6배 높게 측정되었다. 수용성 비타민(B1, B2, B6, C) 함량은 미나리 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 증가하는 경향을 나타내었으며, 특히 비타민 C의 경우 BD-1(130.10 μg/mL)에 비해 BD-4(806.21 μg/mL)가 6배 가량 증가하였다. 관능검사의 경우도 색, 향, 맛, 종합적 기호도에서 BD-4가 가장 양호하였다. 이러한 결과를 종합해 보면, 흑마늘 미나리 혼합 음료를 제조할 경우 흑마늘과 미나리를 1:2 비율(w/w)로 혼합하는 것이 생리활성과 관능적 품질 특성 측면에서 우수할 것으로 사료된다.

The antioxidant activity and amino acid composition of various Cheonggukjang extracts, such as the water extract from Cheonggukjang (CWE), the alcohol extract from Cheonggukjang (CEE), the water extract from Cheonggukjang with black garlic (BWE) and the alcohol extract from Cheonggukjang with black garlic (BEE), were examined to investigate the effect of black garlic on the sensory quality and functional properties of Cheonggukjang. The total polyphenol contents of various extracts were 7.03 mg/100 g (BWE), 3.64 mg/100 g (CWE), 2.88 mg/100 g (BEE) and 0.81 mg/100 g (CEE). The radical scavenging activity of the DPPH radical was highest in BWE (91.83%), followed by BEE (37.35%), CWE (25.54%) and CEE (14.80%), in that order. The SOD-like activity was highest in BWE (20.20%), followed by BEE (9.22%), CWE (7.91%) and CEE (6.45%). The thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were highest in BWE (35.18%), followed by BEE (28.33%), CWE (17.40%) and CEE ((14.93%). The total amino acid content of Cheonggukjang (CC) was higher than that of Cheonggukjang with black garlic (CCWB), but the essential amino acid content of CCWB (43.18%) was higher than that of CC (42.27%). The 27 kinds of free amino acid were found in CC, but only 23 kinds were found in CCWB. The L-lysine content was highest (9.23%) in CC, and the L-phenylalanine content was highest (23.14%) in CCWB. The free amino acids (L-threonine, L-serine, L-sarcosine, L-proline, L-alanine, L-valine and D,L-β-aminoisobutyric acid) were found in CC but not in CCWB. The γ-amino-n-butyric acid (GABA) was found in CCWB but not in CC. These results suggest that the addition of black garlic has beneficial effects on the functionality of Cheonggukjang without decreasing its sensory characteristics.

Cheongkookjang that was prepared with three kinds of soybeans [non-germinated soybean (NG), soybeans germinated for 12 hr (GS12), and soybeans germinated for 24 hr (GS24)] were investigated. The changes in the pH, total aerobes, and slime content of Cheongkookjangs that were prepared with NG, GS12 and GS24 did not significantly differ during their fermentation for 48 hr at 40℃. The total aerobes of the Cheongkookjang variants reached 108~109 CFU/mL after theirfermentation for 48 hr. The total polyphenol content and DPPH-radical-scavenging activities the germionated and non-germinated soybeans did not significantly differ, but increased significantly according to the germination degree during the fermentation. The isoflavone content of the Cheongkookjang with the germinated soybean increased. The isoflavone content of Cheongkookjang variant were 0.141 mg/g (NG), 0.369 mg/g (GS12) and 0.569 mg/g (GS24); their free amino acid contents were 254.26 mg% (NG), 337.49 mg% (GS12) and 528.78 mg% (GS24); and their sensory characteristics such as their taste, color, flavor, bitter taste, texture, and overall acceptability did not significantly differ.