The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of handicraft activities on hand promptness and grasp in the elderly. Subjects were comprised of 14 senior citizens between the ages of 70-85, with 7 subjects in the experiment group and 7 in the control group. Subjects in the experiment group practiced various handicrafts twice a day, while those in the control group did not participate in any special activity. The Jebsen Taylor Hand Function Test was used to evaluate the results, while a dynamometer and pinch gauge were used to measure hand promptness and grasp. The 7 senior citizens in the experiment group were able to increase their hand promptness and grasping skills. Conclusively, handicrafts can help improve hand promptness and grasp in the elderly. Furthermore, the development and improvement of such skills can have a positive influence on the daily lives of senior citizens. Such skills are expected to improve the overall neuro-function in the elderly population.

The majority of strokes are caused by ischemia and result in brain tissue damage, leading to problems of the central nervous system including hemiparesis, dysfunction of language and consciousness, and dysfunction of perception. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase(PARP) on necrosis in neuronal cells that have undergone needle electrode electrical stimulation(NEES) prior to induction of ischemia. Ischemia was induced in male SD rats(body weight 300g) by occlusion of the common carotid artery for 5 min, after which the blood was reperfused. After induction of brain ischemia, NEES was applied to Zusanli(ST 36), at 12, 24 and 48 hours. Protein expression was investigated using immuno-reactive cells, which react to PARP antibodies in cerebral nerve cells, and Western blotting. The results were as follows: In the cerebral cortex, the number of PARP reactive cells after 24 hours significantly decreased(p<.05) in the NEES group compared to the GI group. PARP expression after 24 hours significantly decreased(p<.05) in the NEES group compared to the GI group. As a result, NEES showed the greatest effect on necrosis- related PARP immuno-reactive cells 24 hours after ischemia, indicating necrosis inhibition, blocking of neural cell death, and protection of neural cells. Based on the results of this study, NEES can be an effective method of treating dysfunction and improving function of neuronal cells in brain damage caused by ischemia.

전통 회화 및 단청용 채색 안료 중 녹색을 표현하기 위해 사용된 동록안료의 재료과학적 특성 및 안정성을 알아보기 위하여 염화동(Atacamite), 초산동(Verdigris) 2종의 안료를 이용하여 평가를 진행하였다. 구성광물 분석 결과, K-AA는 아타카마이트(Atacamite)가 주요 구성광물로 천연 광물성 재료로 확인되고 K-VA 는 호가나이트(Hoganite)로 확인되었다. 동록안료의 안정성을 저해하는 요인을 찾고자 UV 노출, CO2/NO2 가스부식 및 염수분사 시험 등의 분석을 실시하였다. 색상 안정성을 가장 크게 저해하는 요인은 두 안료 모두 염수분사 시험으로 시료 표면에 염생성물이 생성되어 변질되는 등 손상이 가중되었다. 또한 대기오염물질인 NO2의 영향도 두 안료 모두 육안으로 인지될 정도로 색이 변하여 주요 손상 요인으로 작용되는 것으로 판단 된다. 특히 K-VA의 경우 K-AA와는 달리 UV 노출 평가 후 녹색에서 흑색으로 변하면서 본래의 색상을 완전히 잃어리는 것으로 K-VA의 주성분인 Hoganite가 UV 노출 후 Tenorite로 물질이 변했기 때문으로 판단된다. 두 안료의 대기환경 영향 평가 결과, K-AA에 비해 K-VA이 대기환경 영향에 상대적으로 취약한 모습을 보였다.

이 연구는 12세기에 건립된 라오스 홍낭시다 사원에서 출토된 크메르문명 갈유도기와 기와의 물리적 특성, 광물학적 및 지구화학적 분석을 통해 원료물질을 조사하고 제작기술을 해석하고자 하였다. 3점의 갈유도기 유약은 광물이 모두 용융되어 유리질화된 상태이며, 용융제 산화칼슘 함량이 15 % 이상인 전형적인 라임계열이다. 태토의 주구성광물은 석영과 멀라이트, 크리스토발라이트로 동정된다. 기질은 치밀하나 기질의 재결정화가 일어나지 않아 크리스토발라이트가 상전이로 기인한 것이 아닌 화산암 생성토를 원료로 도기를 제작한 영향으로 판단된다. 주사전자현미경 관찰에서 멀라이트가 관찰되어 950 °C 이상에서 소성되었을 것으로 판단된다. 한편 6점의 무시유 기와는 외면색상이 적갈색, 회백색, 청회색으로 구분된다. 속심 색상은 외면과 색 계열이 유사하나 청회색 기와는 속심이 적갈색인 샌드위치 구조로 완벽한 환원환경을 경험하지 못한 것으로 판단된다. 무정형 철산화물 노듈이 다수 관찰되고 화학조성이 상당히 유사하여 동일 기반암에서 생성된 원료로 제작되었을 것으로 추정된다. 소성온도는 운모류, 헤르시나이트, 멀라이트 동정에 따라 900 °C 이하, 900~950 °C, 950 °C 이상의 세 유형으로 분류된다.

Reuse, recycling and recovery (3R) of industrial wastes are common and encouraging in Korea. Industrial symbiosis is one of typical methods for implementing 3R and has been defined as engaging “traditionally separate industries in a collective approach to competitive advantage involving physical exchange of materials, energy, water, and by-products”. The keys to industrial symbiosis are collaboration and the synergistic possibilities offered by geographic proximity. Recently, several countries in East Asia such as Taiwan, South Korea, Japan and China are promoting ‘designed’ symbiosis networks in various industrial complexes based on their national Eco-industrial Park (EIP) demonstration programs. Despite the recently promoted EIP initiatives worldwide, only very few studies furnish the operational and functional details of ‘designed’ industrial symbiosis networks, starting from the planning to implementation stage. The production of terephthalic acid (TPA) in Korea is 6.5 million ton based on 2011. The production of waste generated in the process of TPA is about 15,000 ton/yr and included useful materials like residue TPA as well as isophthalic acid (iPA), benzoic acid (BA) and p-toluic acid (p-TL). Until now, TPA waste was incinerated due to high caloric value. This study was conducted for recovery of valuable materials from industrial waste and utilization of recovered material as an example of Korean EIP. In this study, the experiment was performed to separate above four materials from the waste by solvent (methanol and water) extraction. The solubility of TPA (0.1g/100g) for methanol is relatively low compared to other materials. Also the solubility of BA (68g/L at 95℃) and p-TL (11.6g/L at 98℃) for water is relatively high in comparison with other materials. Finally, BA was separated from p-TL by molecular distillation system. The purity of recovered materials was analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (Waters Xevo TQ system). The recovery rate and purity of BA is 90% and 93%. The recovered BA could be recycled the companies which are produced plastic plasticizer and paints.

The bulb storability of eight red and ten yellow onion (Allium cepa L.) cultivars grown primarily in Korea was evaluated. During storage, sprouting occurred earlier in red cultivars than in yellow cultivars. In addition, the ratio of sprouted to unsprouted bulbs increased more rapidly in red cultivars than in yellow cultivars. However, not all yellow cultivars had strong storabilities. Bulb storability of three yellow cultivars was as poor as that of red cultivars, suggesting only a slight possibility of a pleiotropic effect of color and bulb storability. Meanwhile, F3 lines of a red cultivar selected based on stronger storabilities showed intermediate storabilities between those of the red and yellow cultivars, implying that strong storability could be obtained by successive selection. In contrast, F1 hybrids from crosses between yellow and red breeding lines showed poor storability compared with the yellow cultivars, indicating that poor storability may be dominant over strong storability. The relationships between color and other traits that potentially affect storability, such as fresh and dry weight, water content, and firmness of bulbs, were evaluated. No significant differences in these traits were observed between the two colors, although the water content of yellow cultivars and the dry weight of red cultivars were slightly higher than their counterparts. Correlation analyses between bulb storability and other traits, including weight, water content, and firmness, also showed no significant correlations. In this study, no correlations were identified between bulb color, storability, and other traits. However, based on these results, red cultivars with stronger storabilities could be developed through successive selection of bulbs with stronger storabilities.

The solitary ascidian, Halocynthia aurantium, which is commonly called the sea peach because of its coloration and general shape, is a valuable organism of benthic marine population in the northern region of the East Sea, Korea. It is seldom found at a depth of less than 10 meters and the sea peach is frequently observed in large populations between 20 and 100 meters. It appears to prefer attachment to vertical rocks faces and artificial cement blocks exposed to the currents. Mass mortality and reduction of resources in sea peach, H. aurantium, were occurred in the benthic area of the northern region of the East Sea because of the rapid fluctuation of environmental factors such as temperature and salinity due to mass rainfall in summer and going up north of a strong warm current in winter. Therefore, we examined the effects of temperature and salinity on embryonic development of fertilized eggs, tadpole larva to metamorphosis, and attachment to siphon development. Laboratory-raised larvae were studied using a two-factorial experimental design with four levels of temperature(8, 12, 16 and 20℃) and four levels of salinity(20, 25, 30 and 34 psu). The ascidian larvae of H. aurantium survived environmental conditions between temperature of 8～20℃ and salinity of 25～34 psu and exhibited positive growth at 8～16℃ and 30～34 psu. Fertilized eggs have not developed at lower salinity of 20 psu irrespective of temperature range tested and have showed an abnormal development at the salinity of 25 psu between higher temperatures of 20 and 24℃. This result suggests that temperature increase and salinity reduction depending on environmental fluctuation may have significant impacts on population variation of H. aurantium in the northern region of the East Sea.

The clam, Gomphina melanaegis, which is commonly called the sandy beach clam because of its habitat, is a valuable organism in the sandy coast of East Sea, Korea. It is frequently observed in large populations between 0.5 and 5 meters. We have released 50,000 seedling, ranging from the diameter of approximately 3 mm, 2007, and 1,000,000 seedling, ranging from the diameter of approximately 0.2 mm, plus 100,000 adult individuals, ranging from the shell length of approximately 20～40 mm, 2008 at Jinha beach. The spawning period of G. melanaegis, was from June to August, and the main spawning occurred in July. This investigation was carried out to elucidate population distribution on the stocking area of sandy beach clam, G. melanaegis. The relationship between shell length and ring radius in each ring was investigated as a regression line. The relationship between the shell length and shell height of released young clam was SH=1.0105SL-4.7764 (R2=0.7905). The relationship between the shell length and total weight of released young clam was TW=0.0013SL2.3966(R2=0.71). It draws a deduction that the ring of this clam was produced once a year during the duration between June and August.