Paromius exiguus (Distant, 1883) is a serious insect pest in rice field adjacent to reclaimed land. They suck young ear of rice causing empty head of grain or pecky rice grain. During 2010 to 2012, we conducted to investigate the host-plant change of P. exiguus in Siwha reclaimed land, Hwaseong-si. In 2012, we also studied dispersal ability of P. exiguus from reclaimed land to adjacent rice fields. In early May, the adults aggregated on the grain parts of cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica) (Poales: Poaceae) after overwintering, and laid their eggs and nymphs developed into adults on the same host plants from middle May to late June. Second generation was observed at wood small-reed (Calamagrostis epigeios) (Poales: Poaceae) from late June to late July. At shooting stage of rice, adults moved to adjacent rice fields and third generation might be started. Although dispersal ability of adult of P. exiguus penetrated about 10 km into inland areas of Hwaseong-si, number of individuals of P. exiguus population was significantly declined with increasing distance from reclaimed land (Pearson’s correlation coefficient, r=-0.7357, p<0.0001). Unfortunately, further studies on population dynamics of P. exiguus in rice fields could not investigated, because pesticides were widely sprayed by aerial application in 14 August, 2012. Nevertheless, this results will be a useful information for management and control of P. exiguus in rice fields adjacent to reclaimed land.

운간초의 분화 품질을 향상시키기 위하여 ‘Kumoma’ 와 ‘Kumoma-Gusa’ 두 품종의 생장과 개화에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 식물생장억제제 (PGRs) 4종을 처리 하였다. 식물생장억제제 종류와 처리농도는 paclobutrazol (10, 20, 40, 80 mg·L-1), flurprimidol (5, 10, 20, 40mg·L-1), daminozide (500, 1000, 2000, 4000mg·L-1), chlormequat (50, 100, 200, 400 mg·L-1)이고 엽면살포 와 토양관주 방법으로 처리하였다. Paclobutrazol 40 mg·L-1 처리는 운간초의 두 품종에서 초장과 화경 장을 줄이는데 효과적이었다. ‘Kumoma’ 품종에서, paclobutrazol 40 mg·L-1 엽면살포와 토양관주 처리방 법은 초장을 각각 12.6, 12.5 cm로, 화경장은 3.4, 3.3 cm로 줄일 수 있었다. ‘Kumoma-Gusa‘ 품종에서 는 paclobutrazol 토양관주는 처리 농도가 증가함에 따라 초장은 13.2-10.7 cm, 화경장은 3.9-2.0 cm까지 줄일 수 있었지만 꽃의 수는 대조구와 비교했을 때 현 저하게 감소하여서 20개까지 감소하였다. Flurprimidol 20mg·L-1 스프레이와 토양관주 처리는 두 품종 모두 초장과 화경장을 줄일 수 있었다. ‘Kumoma’ 품종에 서 flurprimidol 10 mg·L-1 스프레이 또는 토양관주 처리는 개화 품질을 향상시킬 수 있었고 대조구와 비 교해 꽃의 수는 44.7개 이상, 출하 일수는 5일 정도 빨리 출하 할 수 있었다. ‘Kumoma-Gusa‘ 품종에서 PGRs처리에 의한 초장 과 화경장 억제효과가 가장 큰 것은 paclobutrazol 80mg·L-1과 flurprimidol 40mg·L-1 이었고 paclobutrazol 과 flurprimidol 스프레이와 토양관주 처리에서 각각, 초장은 10.7, 9.9 cm, 화경장은 2.0, 1.5 cm 로 생장 억제효과가 가장 큰 것을 알 수 있었다. 그러나 flurprimidol 40 mg·L-1 토양관주 처리에서 출하일수는 농도에 따라 3-13일 정도 대조구보다 늦어졌고 꽃의 수는 15.6개로 가장 적은 것을 관찰 할 수 있었다. 두 품종 모두에서 daminozide 처리는 초장과 화경장 이 줄어들지 않았지만 ‘Kumoma’ 품종에서는 대조구 와 비교했을 때 꽃의 수가 증가하였다. Chlormequat 처리는 paclobutrazol 과 flurprimidol 처리와 비교했 을 때 화경장 감소효과는 작았고 처리 식물의 잎은 다른 처리에 비해 연한 녹색을 보여주었다. 두 품종 모두에서 chlormequat 과 daminozide 처리는 생육과 개화 품질에 효과적으로 영향을 주지는 않았지만 꽃의 수는 모든 처리농도에서 41개 이상을 보여주었고, ‘Kumoma-Gusa’ 품종에 chlormequat 토양관주 처리는 최대 꽃의 수 63개를 볼 수 있었다. 이번 결과들은 paclobutrazol 과 flurprimidol 처리가 운간초 분화의 품질 향상을 위한 화경장의 생육을 조 절하는 생장억제제로서 사용 될 수 있음을 보여 주었 고, ‘Kumoma’ 품종에서는 paclobutrazol 40 mg·L-1 스프레이는 생육특성을, flurprimidol 10 mg·L-1 토양관 주 방법은 개화관련 특성의 품질을 향상시키는 생장억 제제의 농도로 추천 될 수 있고, ‘Kumoma-Gusa’ 품종 에서는 flurprimidol 20mg·L-1 스프레이와 flurprimidol 5mg·L-1 토양관주 방법이 운간초 분화의 생육특성과 개 화품질을 향상시키는 생장억제제의 농도로 추천 될 수 있다.

Agaricus bisporus grows on a substrate known as compost, which is a product of aerobic fermentation by various microorganisms. These organisms convert and degrade the straw and form lignin humus complex which is utilized later on by the population of organisms. Theses microflora play a key role in the process of composting and can be regarded as the active agents in the preparation of nutrient medium as many of them may ultimately contribute themselves to the nutrition of A. bisporus. The diversity of microflora according to growing farmhouse and fruiting body of Agaricus bisporus were investigated. The aerobic bacteria and Bacillus as longer of turning stage of compost pile were increased. And, thermophilic actinomycetes and fluorescent Pseudomonas sp. showed high density after the pasteurization stage. But Tricoderma sp. was decreased toward the end of turning stage of compost pile. Ten mushroom farms was selected to research of microflora of fruiting body of button mushroom. The microflora showed significant difference according to mushroom farms. The bacteria density was 0.4~41.6×105 cfu/ml and the fungus was 1.3~3.9×103 cfu/ml. But The microorganism density was not significant change for the storage periods. These isolates were classified into Chryseobacterium indologenes(6 strains), Pseudomonas agarici(5 strains), Sphingobacterium multivorum(2 strains), Flavobacterium anhuiense(2 strains), Microbacterium sp.(10 strains), Pseudomonas sp.(13 strains) on the basis of 16 rDNA analysis. The most dominants of these species were Chryseobacterium indologenes and Pseudomonas agarici.

Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) envelope glycoprotein E2 is the main target for inducing neutralizing antibodies and protective immunity in swine. Here, we report a novel strategy forthe large-scale production of a CSFV E2 subunit vaccine that demonstrates a high immunogenic capability in the larvae of a baculovirus-infected silkworm, Bombyx mori. We constructed a recombinant B. mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) that expressed recombinant polyhedra together with the N-terminal 179 amino acids of CSFV E2 (CSFV E2ΔC). BmNPV-E2ΔC-infected silkworm larvae expressed an approximately 44-kDa fusion protein that was detected using both anti-polyhedrin and anti-CSFV E2 antibodies. Electron and confocal microscopy both demonstrated that the recombinant polyhedra were morphologically normal and contained CSFV E2ΔC. The CSFV E2ΔC antigen produced in BmNPV-E2ΔC-infected silkworm larvae reached 0.68 mg per ml of hemolymph and 0.53 mg per larva at 6 days post-infection. Mice that were immunized with the granule form of recombinant polyhedra or the soluble form of the fusion protein elicited CSFV E2 antibodies, which indicated that the recombinant polyhedra carrying CSFV E2ΔC were immunogenic. The virus neutralization test showed that the serum from mice that were treated with recombinant polyhedra or the soluble form of the fusion protein contained significant levels of virus neutralization activity. These results demonstrate that the present strategy can be used for the large-scale production of CSFV E2 antigen and that the recombinant polyhedra containing CSFV E2ΔC as a granule antigen can be used as a potential subunit vaccine against CSFV.

To control pest of Brassicaceae leafy vegetable(leaf broccoli, Red Mustard Leaf, Tatsoi) which grows at vinyl house in IKSAN, Jeollabuk-do, the non-treatment was set as negative control, and treatment was divided into Parasitic natural treatment group and general treatment group. And incidence density of pest was surveyed and control effect was analyzed. As a result, in case of spring plants, the leaf damage ratio was decreased by 31% in Leaf broccoli, 30% in Red mustard leaf and 27% in Tatsoi compared to untreatment. In case of autumn plants, it was decreased by 32%, 41% and 17% respectively. The key pests were Plutella xylostella, Pieris rapae, Myus persicae Sulzer, Thrips palmi and Striped cabbage flea-beetle. Compared with the untreatment, the incidence density of each was significantly controlled. Other pests include Spodoptera exigua, Macdunnoughia purissima, Macdunnoughia purissima which showed high incidental density sometimes. In case of spring plants, the number by treatment was increased by 117% in Leaf broccoli, 85% in Red mustard leaf and 1,000% in Tatsoi. In autumn plants, it was increased by 132%, 257% and 1,077% respectively. The used Parasitic natural and eco-friendly materials were Cotesia glomerata, lacewing, ladyburg, Orius laevigatus, Encarsia formosa, Entomopathogenic nematode, Chungjigi and Togkaki. During early development of each pest, the Parasitic naturals were grazed 2~3 times at the interval of 7~10days. During the peak time, eco-friendly materials were sprayed 1~2 times. Based on this, comprehensive management model was drafted by period for each Brassicaceae vegetables pest.

To control Thrips tabaci in Korean leek and green onion which grow at vinyl house in IKSAN, Jeollabuk-do, the non-treatment was set as negative control. In general treatment group, 120 mesh gauze was installed on the side window after planting(May, 2nd) and, in spring, Orius strigicollis (1.0/m2) was grazed 3 times every 7 days from mid of May which is early development stage and In the mid of June, which is the peak stage, plant extracts were sprayed one time. In autumn, O. strigicollis was grazed 3 times every 7 days from mid of September which is early development stage, and in the mid of October, which is the peak stage, plant extracts were sprayed one time. The result shows that the leaf damage ratio was decreased by 22% in Korean leek and by 27% in green onion compared to the untreatment. And the control value of Thrips tabaci shows 78.7% in korean leak and 90.6% in green onion. The density control effect of Thrips tabaci was significantly controlled under max 6.2/plant in general treatment group compared max 25/plant in the untreatment and this result was similar in green onion. The yields by general treatment was increased by 85% in Korean leek and 56% in green onion, compared with non-treatment yields, which was 900kg/10a in Korean leek and 1,287kg/10a in green onion.

As a continuation of a previous work by Park et al. (2006), we have developed a two-element radio interferometer that can measure both the phase and amplitude of a visibility function. Two small radio telescopes with diameters of 2.3 m are used as before, but this time an external reference oscillator is shared by the two telescopes so that the local oscillator frequencies are identical. We do not use a hardware correlator; instead we record signals from the two telescopes onto a PC and then perform software correlation. Complex visibilities are obtained toward the sun at λ=21cm for 24 baselines with the use of the earth rotation and positional changes of one element, where the maximum baseline length projected onto UV plane is ~90λ As expected, the visibility amplitude decreases with the baseline length, while the phase is almost constant. The image obtained by the Fourier transformation of the visibility function nicely delineates the sun, which is barely resolved due to the limited baseline length. The experiment demonstrates that this system can be used as a "toy" interferometer at least for the education of (under)graduate students.

To understand the phytoplankton community in adjacent waters of Ulchin nuclear power plant (UNPP), abundance and the size fractionated chl-α concentrations were evaluated through seasonal interval sampling from April 2003 to February 2004. A total