This study evaluated the virucidal efficacy of a Bacillus complex composed of Bacillus subtilis YBK-70, Bacillus atrophaeus YBK-W4, and Bacillus circulans YBK-04 (1:1:1, v/v/v) against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). Virucidal efficacy was assessed by measuring the infectivity of PEDV in Vero cells after exposure of the virus to the Bacillus complex culture medium (BCCM) (4×10⁶ colony-forming units (CFU)/mL). PEDV was exposed to the BCCM in the presence of either hard water (HW) or an organic matter suspension (OM). Under HW conditions, PEDV was inactivated by a 50-fold dilution of the BCCM. In the presence of OM, the disinfectant exhibited virucidal activity at a 10-fold dilution. Because BCCM possesses virucidal activity against PEDV, it may serve as an effective reagent for limiting the spread of animal viral diseases.

본 논문은 2025년 5월 파나마에서 개최된 제3차 COALA 글로벌 사우스 선교대회에서 발표된 내용을 확장·학술화한 연구로, 존 스토트의 ‘선교의 기독론(Christology of Mission)’을 통해 글로벌 사우스 선교운동 의 신학적 공통성을 분석한다. 세계기독교의 중심이 글로벌 사우스로 이동 함에 따라 아프리카, 아시아, 라틴아메리카 교회들은 글로벌 선교의 주요 주체로 부상하고 있다. 본 연구는 성육신, 고난, 부활, 영광, 성령, 재림으로 구성된 존 스토트의 여섯 가지 기독론적 단계에 기초하여, COALA 대회에서 발표된 11편의 발표문과 두 개의 공식 선언문(방콕 선언, 파나마 선언)을 분석하였다. 그 결과 글로벌 사우스 선교는 토착성과 성육신적 선교, 고난을 통한 선교, 다양성 속의 선교적 생명력, 상호성과 평등에 기초한 우정의 선교 동기, 성령 의존성, 종말론적 긴급성이라는 여섯 가지 공통된 특징을 지니고 있음을 확인하였다. 이러한 기독론적 패턴은 글로벌 사우스 선교의 신학적 기초를 형성하며, COALA 네트워크 내 다중중심적 협력과 공동의 글로벌 선교 신학 형성에 기여함을 논증한다.

This study was conducted to develop a method of treatment with plant growth regulators to enhance the value of a foliage plant, Spathiphyllum wallisii Hort. The plant growth regulators BA and GA3 were applied alone or in combination at different concentration levels. BA treatment was effective in increasing the plant height of S. wallisii Hort. compared with the control. GA3 treatment significantly increased plant height and leaf length compared with those in the control, while the number of leaves decreased. The number of flowers per plant was approximately 1 in the control treatment, while GA3 treatment increased the number of flowers to 5.3–9.3 per plant. The highest number of flowers per plant was 9.3 upon treatment with 300 mg·L-1 BA + 1,000 mg·L-1 GA3. However, GA3 treatment caused physiological disorder. Part of the leaves exhibited white discoloration. This symptom was considered to involve transformation of leaves into flowers on S. wallisii Hort., caused by gibberellin treatment. These results showed that gibberellin treatment was effective in inducing flowering of S. wallisii Hort. The presence of flowers is important for the ornamental value of pot plants. Therefore, gibberellin treatment could improve the ornamental value of S. wallisii Hort. by increasing the number of flowers.

As the web game market grows, ensuring service stability through load testing has become increasingly important. Web games comprise a variety of functions with distinct internal logic, ranging from simple data retrieval to complex transaction processing. Therefore, a comparative performance analysis of load-testing tools that accounts for these functional characteristics is crucial for achieving reliable and efficient service operation. This paper evaluates the performance of four widely used load-testing tools—JMeter, k6, Gatling, and Locust—under representative web-game workloads. To emulate realistic database read and write patterns, we implement the core server logic of the web game Pokerogue in a cloud environment rather than simply issuing HTTP requests. We classified workload patterns into write-intensive, read-intensive, and mixed types using distributed tracing, and measured request-generation capability and system resource consumption across five key game functions. Our experiments show that each tool demonstrates distinct strengths depending on the characteristics of individual web-game functions. Specifically, k6 demonstrated high request-generation performance in write-intensive scenarios, while JMeter showed strong performance in read-oriented tasks; Gatling exhibited efficient memory usage in mixed workloads, whereas Locust proved suitable for resource-constrained environments. These results indicate that the selection of a load-testing tool should be informed not only by its request-generation performance but also by the workload characteristics of the target game function. By systematically analyzing function-specific workload patterns together with the performance and resource-usage behavior of each tool, this study aims to provide empirical evidence that can be usefully applied in practical load-testing workflows for web-game services.

This study investigated the dispersion stability of exfoliated MoS₂ nanoflakes in various organic solvents and binary mixtures using a Turbiscan optical analyzer. Sedimentation behavior was quantitatively evaluated via transmittance variation (ΔT), backscattering variation (ΔBS), and the Turbiscan stability index (TSI). Alcohol-based solvents were categorized by hydrophilic-lipophilic balance values. Long-chain alcohols, such as 1-undecanol, showed increased stability due to high viscosity and strong hydrophobic affinity with MoS2 basal planes, while short-chain alcohols exhibited poor stabilization. Binary mixtures of isopropanol (IPA) and tetrahydrofuran (THF) were also assessed, with the 5:5 volume ratio showing the best stability profile, including the lowest TSI and minimal ΔT and ΔBS values. This improvement is attributed to synergistic interactions, as IPA stabilizes hydrophilic edge sites, while THF engages with hydrophobic basal surfaces. These findings highlight the importance of balancing physicochemical properties when selecting solvents to improve MoS2 dispersion for structural modification and electrocatalytic applications.

This study evaluated the impact of sowing dates on the growth, yield, and nutritive quality of three corn cultivars including Gwangpyeongok, Dacheongok, and Shinhwangok. Plant height and total yield components declined with delayed sowing across all cultivars. Gwangpyeongok achieved the highest plant height (289 ± 14 cm), grain yield (9,108 ± 82 kg/ha), and total yield (18,973 ± 2,560 kg/ha) at the April 29 sowing. Dacheongok recorded the highest stover yield (17,227 ± 137 kg/ha) and total yield (22,236 ± 1,053 kg/ha) on May 13. Shinhwangok reached its maximum total yield (19,158 ± 604 kg/ha) at May 13 but showed the sharpest declines by May 16. Nutritional quality also deteriorated with later sowing. In stover, crude protein (CP) declined to 3.58% in Shinhwangok at May 16, accompanied by a rise in neutral detergent fiber (NDF) to 69.9%. In contrast, Dacheongok maintained stable CP levels (5.27–5.60%) and the lowest fiber fractions. Gwangpyeongok exhibited the highest stover CP at April 29 sowing, along with the lowest NDF and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents. Grain CP was highest in Gwangpyeongok (8.1 ± 0.4%) and Shinhwangok (9.6 ± 0.9%) at April 29, while Dacheongok showed its maximum grain CP (8.0 ± 0.3%) at the same sowing date, coupled with relatively low fiber content. Overall, the findings highlight that timely sowing is crucial for achieving both high yield and optimal nutritive quality in maize. For Gwangpyeongok and Dacheongok, sowing from late April to mid-May provided the best balance between yield and nutritional quality. In Shinhwangok, the highest stover, grain, and total biomass yields were obtained at the May 13 sowing.

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of sowing dates on the growth, yield, and forage quality of two triticale cultivars, Joseong and Hanmiso-1ho. Field experiments were conducted with sowing dates ranging from September 25 to November 13, 2023. The results indicate that both cultivars and sowing date significantly influence growth characteristics, dry matter yield, and nutritional composition. The highest yields were obtained from the earliest sowing (September 25), with Joseong producing 10,979 ± 366 kg/ha and Hanmiso-1ho 12,201 ± 2,124 kg/ha. Yields remained relatively high on October 5 and 16 sowings but declined sharply after October 25, reaching the lowest levels on November 13 (Joseong 4,991 ± 458 kg/ha; Hanmiso-1ho 6,353 ± 338 kg/ha). Delayed sowing increased plant height but reduced forage biomass. Forage quality also varied with the sowing date. Crude protein (CP) ranged from 8–11%, with higher values in early sowing (10.7% for Joseong, 10.3% for Hanmiso-1ho) and lower at mid to late sowing dates. Fiber content such as NDF and ADF levels increased with the sowing dates delayed, but declined slightly with the November sowing dates. Overall, end September to early October sowings provide optimal yield and forage quality for both triticale cultivars.

This study proposes an immersive storytelling reading platform integrating Generative AI and interactive Augmented Reality (AR) to enhance children’s reading engagement. The platform combines style-transfer-based object detection, LangChain-driven real-time story generation, and Unity-based AR interactions, offering a multi-sensory reading experience via hand tracking and dynamic text. Experiments showed a 21.6% improvement in object detection accuracy, and EEG results revealed increased theta/beta power and suppressed alpha power when using the proposed platform, indicating enhanced attention. These findings highlight the educational potential of interactive reading environments for the digital-native generation.