제어형 재배 시스템에서는 일반적으로 일정한 광이 주어지는 반면, 자연 환경에서 식물은 변동하는 광을 경험한다. 이러한 동적 광환경에 적응하기 위해서는 과잉 에너지를 소산하고 광저해를 줄이기 위한 광보호 기작, 특히 비광화학적 소광(non-photochemical quenching, NPQ)의 유연한 조절이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 상추 (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Top Green)을 대상으로, 고광 노출의 빈도와 점진적 변화 정도가 다른 네 가지의 10시간 광 시나리오(광/암 반복 처리, 암기 회복을 동반한 장시간의 고광 처리, 단계적 증가–감소 처리, 그리고 단계적 처리의 세분화된 변형)를 이용하여 연속적으로 형광 반응을 측정하였으며, Y(II), Y(NPQ), Y(NO), NPQ, 전자전달률, 그 리고 실제와 이론적 Fo′값을 비교하여 광저해 정도를 평가하는 지표인 qPd등을 생육 시기별로 분석하였다. 광/암 반복처리는 PSII 효율의 점진적 감소를 초래하였고, 장시간 고광 처리에서는 광저해가 유발되어 암기 동안 부분적 으로 회복되었다. 단계적 광도 변화는 전자 전달을 촉진하고 광합성 효율을 높게 유지하였으며, 세분화된 단계적 별화는 광저해를 완화시켰으나 총 광량이 낮아 효율이 제한적이었다. 반응은 식물체 연령에 따라 달라, 어린 잎일수 록 NPQ 유도가 크고 광 조사 동안 더 높은 qPd를 유지했지만, Y(II)는 낮고 처리 후 Fv/Fm의 감소는 더 크게 나타났 다. 특히 qPd와 Fv/Fm은 항상 일치하지는 않았는데, 이는 두 지표가 각가 실시간 광보호와 누적된 광저해를 보완적 으로 반영함을 보여준다. 본 연구 결과는 광보호와 광저해 간의 균형이 광 시나리오와 식물체 연령 모두에 의해 강 하게 영향을 받음을 보여주며, 이러한 요인을 고려한 동적 광 제어 전략이 수직농장에서 에너지 효율성과 지속가능 성을 향상시킬 수 있음을 시사한다.

본 연구는 오픈소스 라이브러리인 OpenCV를 활용해 다양 한 시설과채류의 표현형 분석에 적용 가능한 컴퓨터 비전 기 술을 탐구하였다. 토마토에 대해서는 이미지의 색상을 분석 하여 숙성도를 판정하며, support vector machine(SVM) and histogram of oriented gradients 기법을 통해 숙성된 토마토 를 효과적으로 검출하였다. 파프리카의 경우, 색상 분포를 시 각화한 후, 가우스 혼합 모델로 클러스터링을 실행하여 수확 파프리카의 색상 특성을 분석하였다. 네트 멜론의 품질 평가 에서는 LAB 색상 공간, 이진화 이미지 및 깊이 매핑을 활용하 여 멜론의 네트 패턴을 정량화하였다. 추가로, 오이 온실에서 화방 검출을 위해 깊이 정보와 색상 정보를 조합하여 다양한 크기와 거리의 화방을 성공적으로 검출하였다. 이 연구의 결 과로, 해당 컴퓨터 비전 기술들이 시설과채류의 생장 모니터 링, 숙성 및 품질 평가 등에서의 유효성을 확인하였다. 농산업 에서 컴퓨터 비전의 효과적 적용을 위해, 후속 연구자나 개발 자들이 재배 생리와 연관된 지표를 기반으로 이 기술들을 보 완할 경우, 실제 농업 현장 및 연구에서 널리 활용될 가능성이 크다.

Melon fruits exhibit a wide range of morphological variations in fruit shape, sugar content, net quality, diameter and weight, which are largely dependent on the variety. These characteristics significantly affect marketability. For netted varieties, the uniformity and pattern of the net serve as key factors in determining the external quality of the melon and act as indicators of its internal quality. In this study, we evaluated the effect of fruit morphology and growth on netting by analyzing the changes in melon fruit quality under LED light treatment and monitoring fruit growth. Computer vision analysis was used for quantitative evaluation of fruit net quality, and a three-variable logistic model was applied to simulate fruit growth. The results showed that melons grown under LED conditions exhibited more uniform fruit shape and improvements in both net quality and sugar content compared to the control group. The results of the logistic model showed minimal error values and consistent curve slopes across treatments, confirming its ability to accurately predict fruit growth patterns under varying light conditions. This study provides an understanding of the effects of fruit shape and growth on net quality.

High-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps have been widely used as a useful supplemental light source to emit sufficient photosynthetically active radiation and provide a radiant heat, which contribute the heat requirement in greenhouses. The objective of this study to analyze the thermal characteristics of HPS lamp and thermal behavior in supplemented greenhouse, and evaluate the performance of a horizontal leaf temperature of sweet pepper plants using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. We simulated horizontal leaf temperature on upper canopy according to three growth stage scenarios, which represented 1.0, 1.6, and 2.2 plant height, respectively. We also measured vertical leaf and air temperature accompanied by heat generation of HPS lamps. There was large leaf to air temperature differential due to non-uniformity in temperature. In our numerical calculation, thermal energy of HPS lamps contributed of 50.1% the total heat requirement on Dec. 2022. The CFD model was validated by comparing measured and simulated data at the same operating condition. Mean absolute error and root mean square error were below 0.5, which means the CFD simulation values were highly accurate. Our result about vertical leaf and air temperature can be used in decision making for efficient thermal energy management and crop growth.

We conducted diagnostic investigations to analyze the causes of abortions (46 cases, 65.7%), deaths (22 cases, 31.4%) and muscular lesions (2 cases, 2.9%) occurred after foot and mouth disease (FMD) vaccination in livestock farms in Korea. Bacterial culture, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were performed to detect the causative agents of abortion in bovine and caprine. The diagnostic results showed that 36 (51.4%) cases, referring as “Identified”, were occurred by influence of underlying disease including bovine viral diarrhea (12 cases, 17.1%), neosporosis (7 cases, 10.0%), septicemic colibacillosis (5 cases, 7.1%), Q fever (4 cases, 5.7%) and other abnormal conditions (8 cases, 11.4%) not by vaccination. Other 2 (3.0%) cases were suspected to be vaccine-associated adverse reaction on the basis of pathological findings (shock lung, oil-component-induced granuloma) and clinical symptoms (dyspnea with pulmonary edema). The other 32 (45.7%) cases were determined “Unknown” because any pathogens and pathological changes were not identified. However, many of the “Unknown” cases were presumptive to be the vaccine-related adverse reaction based on epidemiological investigation, especially, the cases which showed the clinical signs within 2 days after the vaccination. It is important to conduct pathological, microbilogical and epidemiological investigation to diagnose whether the cases are from vaccine-associated adverse reaction or not.

We report a massive outbreak of human Q fever cases, which occurred at totally 11 humans. The occurrence was related to a goat farm where Coxiella burnetii infection was diagnosed from goat tissues and environmental specimens. From January of 2018, continuous abortions from 6 goats occurred. Laboratory tests from 77 goat specimens for C. burnetii showed that 54 (70.1%) and 63 (81.8%) goats were positive by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. The infection was also confirmed from the farmer, his wife and 9 persons from all 16 veterinary officials who had visited the farm for protective measures and preparing goat specimens for laboratory tests. The farm was found to be extensively contaminated with C. burnetii from the examination to the environmental specimens and epidemiological inspections, which might be the main source of C. burnetii infection to humans. The extensive contamination to the farm was derived from the uncareful handling of postpartum animal tissues or discharges by the farm owner. This report will contribute to the establishment of educational system on the biosecurity to novice farmers.

쑥은 세포 손상과 위염 회복에 효능이 있는 유파틸 린을 가지고 있는 약용작물이다. 본 연구의 목적은 강 화쑥의 온실에서의 주년 생육 특성을 분석하고, 환경 스트레스를 처리하여 유파틸린의 함량을 증대시키는 것이다. 유리 온실에서 강화쑥을 육묘 6주, 정식 후 8 주간 재배하여 생육 특성과 유파틸린 함량을 비교하였 다. 광합성은 상대적으로 고광도인 1,200μmol·m-2·s-1에 서도 포화되지 않았다. 생육속도는 정식 후 2주후에 최고에 도달하였고 정식 후 8주부터 감소하기 시작하 였다. 강화쑥은 다년생 숙근초로 계절 변화에 민감하게 반응하여 봄 여름의 영양 생장기에는 높은 생육과 성 분 함량을 나타내었으나, 가을과 겨울에는 개화 및 월 동으로 인하여 생육 및 유파틸린 성분 함량이 크게 감 소하였다. 따라서 강화쑥의 주년 재배를 위하여는 이를 억제하기 위한 야파 처리의 적용이 필수적인 것으로 판단되었다. 2종류의 스트레스와 1종류의 eliciter를 처 리하였다. 건조 스트레스는 수확 전 5, 6, 7, 8 일간 관수을 중단하였고, 염류 스트레스는 수확 3일전 양액 에 염화나트륨 추가하여 2, 4, 6, 8dS·m-1 농도로 하였 고, 메틸자스모네이트는 수확 3일전 12.5, 25, 50, 100μM 농도로 엽면 시비하였다. 건조 스트레스 처리 구 중 7일 및 8일간 관수를 중단한 경우와 메틸자스모 네이트를 25μM 엽면 시비한 경우 유파틸린 함량이 증 가하였다. 염류 스트레스 처리구에서는 유파틸린 함량 증대가 발견되지 않았다. 본 연구 결과는 환경 처리를 통해 유용 성분의 증대가 가능하고 의약 원료로써 강 화쑥의 생산성과 품질을 크게 향상시킬 수 있음을 증 명하였다.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the grip strength by the girth of upper arm and forearm and their muscle activities by duration of grip strength. The subjects were consisted of 20 healthy adults(10 males & 10 females) who had no medical history of neurological and surgical problems with their arms. Girth of upper arm/ forearm and maximum grip strength for 4sec and 30sec were measured. Muscle activity was by wireless electrode EMG system. Co-relation of girth of upper arm/ forearm was significantly high. Upper arm's muscle activity performed for 4sec and 30sec was significantly high. In this study. It suggests that training of upper arm should be performed with the training of grip strength because both of upper arm and forearm affected grip strength.

In a previous study, we mapped 12 QTLs for 1,000 grain weight (TGW) in the 172 BC2F2 lines derived from a cross between Oryza sativa ssp. Japonica cv. Hwaseongbyeo and O. rufipogon. These QTLs explained 5.4 – 11.4% of the phenotypic variance for TGW. Marker-aided selection combined with backcrosses was employed to develop QTL-NILs for each QTL. BC2F2 lines with each target QTL were backcrossed to Hwaseongbyeo twice and then allowed to self to produce BC4F5 populations. SSR markers linked to TGW were employed to select QTL-NILs with the respective target QTL. Six QTL-NILs with the recurrent parent, Hwaseongbyeo were evaluated for nine traits for three years from 2007 and 2009. Differences were observed between each of the 6 QTL-NILs and Hwaseongbyeo in TGW. In addition to TGW, these QTL-NILs displayed differences in other agronomic traits possibly indicating a tight linkage of genes controlling these traits. The direction of the QTL for TGW in 6 QTL-NILs was consistent as in the BC2F2 lines from the same cross. Difference in TGW between each of the QTL-NILs and Hwaseongbyeo was associated with the difference in one or two grain shape traits; grain length, grain width, and grain thickness. SSR markers linked to the QTL for TGW will facilitate selection of the grain shape character in a breeding program to diversify grain shape and provide the foundation for map-based gene isolation. Also, the QTL-NILs developed in this report and the progenies from crosses between the QTL-NILs will be useful in clarifying epistatic interactions among QTLs for TGW.

Through earlier breeding efforts, portions of the genome of the wild species Oryza grandiglumis (2n=48) have been introgressed into the rice cultivar, Hwaseongbyeo (Oryza sativa spp. japonica). Hwaseongbyeo was used as recurrent parent and O. grandiglumis