Group movements of insects are bases for unravelling origin of social behavior of animals and are important in both theoretical (e.g., evolution) and practical (monitoriing) aspects. Automatic recognition and effective computational methods were developed for characterizing multi-individual interactions in laboratory conditions. Movements of Drosophila species in different genetic strains were continuously observed across days. Characteristic behaviors are objectively expressed based on parameter extraction and data structure visualization. Group activities, including aggregation, inter-individual interactions and arena positioning were objectively characterized in different photo- and scoto-phases according to machine-learning and spatio-termporal patterning techniques. Individual-group relationships are presented regarding how individual movements would contribute to formulating group activities. Usefulness of automatic monitoring of insect group movement is further discussed for a basis for genetic functioning in behavioral aspect.

Process-based models are effective in addressing spatially explicit dispersal of invasive species based on life mechanisms including birth, death, movement and response to environmental factors. An invading alien species, the western conifer seed bug (Leptoglossus occidentalis), spreads rapidly in the Korean peninsula since 1988. Process-based models were developed to include the rules occurred in population dynamics of the western conifer seed bug population. Passive movements were additionally linked to the models to present local and global transportations due to sapling trades. Simulation results presented the rapid dispersal of the pest species, comparable to field data. Model parameters including the Alle effect threshold and contribution of global transportation were adjusted to reveal spatially-explicit advancement patters of the species. Utilization of process-based models is further discussed in monitoring and management of forest insect pests in field conditions.

We present [Fe ii] ⋋ 1.257 μm spectra toward the interacting binary UY Aur with 0:0014 angular resolution, obtained with the Near infrared Integral Field Spectrograph (NIFS) combined with the adaptive optics system Altair of the GEMINI observatory. In the [Fe ii] emission, UY Aur A (primary) is brighter than UY Aur B (secondary). The blueshifted and redshifted emission between the primary and secondary show a complicated structure. The radial velocities of the [Fe ii] emission features are similar for UY Aur A and B: ~ —100 km s-1 and ~ +130 km s-1 for the blueshifted and redshifted components, respectively. Considering the morphologies of the [Fe ii] emissions and bipolar out ow context, we concluded that UY Aur A drives fast and widely opening out ows with an opening angle of ~90° while UY Aur B has micro collimated jets.

Benthic macroinvertebrates were collected using the Surber sampler from streams in forest areas in Southern Korea in spring and summer. Self-Organizing Map (SOM) was utilized to reveal community patterns in response to natural and anthropogenic variability in different seasons. The gradient was mainly observed according to degree of pollution and altitude. Subsequently, community compositions reflected seasonality in less-polluted area, showing difference in functional feeding groups. Gatherer-collectors and filterer-collectors were abundantly collected in spring whereas scrapers and predators were sampled in a majority in late summer. Representative species groups were identified in different seasons. persistence in communities in response to natural and anthropogenic variability.

Due to unprecedented economic development and human aggregation since the end of 20th century, disturbances are ubiquitous across different fields, conservation, pest management, biodiversity, agriculture/forestry, fishery, and epidemics. Disturbing agents are spatially and temporally expanding and regarded difficult to analyze due to complexity residing in the totality of environment-organism relationships. Some basic mathematical models were reviewed in expressing temporal abundance and spatial distribution of populations. Ecological modelling procedure was outlined, and a few case studies were presented in pest population dispersal. Efficiency of spatial models was further illustrated in prediction and provision of management policies. Other related models such as individual based models and cellular automata were discussed additionally in expressing spatial and temporal dynamics in individual and population levels.

Nanostructured ceria powder was synthesized by a thermochemical process and investigated its applicability for an oxygen gas sensor. An amorphous precursor powders prepared by spray drying a cerium-nitrate solution were transformed successfully into nanostructured ceria by heat-treatment in air atmosphere. The powders were a loose agglomerated structure with extremely fine particles about 15 nm in size, resulting in a very high specific surface area . The oxygen sensitivity and the response time measured at sintered sample at was about -0.25 and very short, i.e., seconds, respectively.

We present results of the velocity-resolved spectroscopy of the [Fe II] ⋋1.644 μm emission toward outflow sources with the Subaru Telescope at the angular resolution of 0."16 ~ 0."5 arcseconds. The observed sources are L1551 IRS 5, DG Tau, HL Tau and RW Aur, which are located in the Taurus-Aurigae Molecular Cloud, one of the closest star forming regions (0."1 = 14 AU). We were able to resolve outflow structure in the vicinity of the sources at a scale of a few tens of AU. The position-velocity diagram of each object shows two velocity components: the high velocity component (HVC: 200 - 400 km s-l) and the low velocity component (LVC: 50 - 150 km s-l), which are clearly distinct in space and velocity. The HVC may be a highly collimated jet presumed from its narrow velocity width and high velocity. The LVC, on the other hand, may be a widely opened disk wind inferred from its broad velocity width and low velocity. The spectrum taken perpendicular to the L1551 IRS 5 outflow at its base shows that the LVC has a spatially wide subcomponent, supporting the above interpretation. We demonstrated that the [Fe II] 1.644 μm spectroscopy is a very powerful tool for the studies of fast jets and winds that directly emanate from star-disk systems.

돌연변이체인 or (orange body) 계통과 KNIH (Korea National Institute of Health) 계통의 바퀴(Blattella germanica (L.) (Orthoptera: Blattellidae)를 반자연적인 조건하에서 비디오와 컴퓨터 자료처리를 통하여 연속적으로 관찰하였다. 휴식처에 머무르거나, 먹고, 물 마시며, 다른 개체들과 교신하는 행동을 관찰 할 수 있는 사각형의 관찰상자 내에서 수컷 성충을 개체별로 4~5일 동안 연속적으로 관찰하였는데, 본 논문에서는 휴식처에 머무르는 시간과 방문 빈도를 분석하였다. 개체들 간의 변이가 상대적으로 컸지만 시험개체들은 휴식처에 전체 관찰시간의 47 -61%를 평균적으로 머무르는 것으로 나타났다. 판찰 개체가 휴식처에서 머무르는 시간은 모계에 따른 유의한 차이가 있었으나, 계통 사이에는 뚜렷하게 구분이 되지 않았다. 명암기의 차이는 두 계통 모두 관찰되었는데 휴식처에 머무르는 시간은 암기보다 명기에서 더 길었다. 휴식처 주변의 국소적 활동성을 나타내주는 방문빈도는 KNIH 계통보다 or 계통에서 상대적으로 높게 나타났는데, 모계와 계통간에 유의한 차이가 있었다. 방문빈도의 명암기 차이는 or 계통에서는 유의하게 나타났지만 KNIH 계통에서는 없었다. 개체들 간의 변이가 있었으나 동일한 모계 내에서 휴식처에 머무르는 시간이나 방문빈도가 유사하게 관찰되는 개체들이 있었다.

Good quality seedlings produced in the seedbed of Yangjik, traditional seedling cultivation, is one of the most important factors in determining the yield and quality of 4~6-year-old ginseng. This study was carried out to substitute Yacto, traditional organic fertilizer, for economical compost in the cultivation of seedling by fertilizing relatively little amount of compost into seedbed soil. Bulk density and solid phase were decreased in physical properties of seedbed soil, while air phase and porosity were increased by more addition of compost. When the amount of applied compost in seedbed soil was above 8l per Kan, the contents of nutrient were exceeded the range of optimal standard for ginseng cultivation. Chlorophyll content and stem length were increased by more addition of compost, while the length and the width of leaves showed the highest value at the application level of 8l per Kan. Heat injury was also increased distinctly above the application level of 8l per Kan. The number of first grade seedlings and usable seedlings, and fresh root weight per plant showed the peak at application level of 8l per Kan, respectively. Fertilizing the compost of 8l per Kan into seedbed soil was the optimal amount for producing the good quality seedlings.

The effect of plant growth regulators was investigated on in vitro shoot proliferation from axillary bud explants of Hypericum erectum. To determine the optimal cytokinin for proliferation of axillay buds, we carried out screening four cytokinins (BA, kinetin, 2iP, TDZ). When nodal segments were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 4.5 μM TDZ (thidiazuron), a number of shoots were induced. Our results indicated that the addition of TDZ to culture medium resulted in the induction of significantly more axillary buds than in the addition of other cytokinins. The optimal concentration of TDZ for proliferation of axillary buds was 10 μM. 92% of shoots spontaneously rooted without any plant growth regulator (PGR) and formed whole plantlets within one month. More than 95% of these regenerants survived and they did not show any detectable variation in morphology or growth characteristics compared to their donor plants.