Germination of chili pepper seeds is critical for crop yield and resource utilization. A high germination rate increases yield and effectively reduces resource wastage. This study collected 450 macroscopic images of chili pepper seeds and constructed a dataset for deep learning training through standardized germination experiments. Six deep learning models were evaluated to improve the chili pepper seed classification accuracy and germination rate. After comparing the performance of the models, MobileNet_v2 performed the best, not only having the fewest number of parameters but also achieving a 98.89% accuracy and 97.82% F1 score. The model improved the original germination rate from 87.33% to 100% on the test set, significantly optimizing the seed selection process

Crop diseases seriously affect food security, and traditional identification methods are inefficient and inaccurate. This paper proposes a GoogLeNet model with an attention mechanism. By integrating an attention module inside the Inception module, the recognition ability of subtle disease features and complex backgrounds is improved. Based on strict data preprocessing and enhancement, the proposed method achieves 87.75% accuracy on the AI Challenger 2018 crop disease dataset, which is better than the existing advanced methods, which verifies the effectiveness and practicability of the method and provides technical support for smart agriculture.

Animal pattern recognition from nighttime grayscale images is crucial for wildlife protection and ecological monitoring. Most of the current models suffer from a large parameter scale, making them unsuitable for deployment in resource-constrained environments. To address this challenge, this study proposes a multi-layer knowledge distillation approach based on the teacher Convnext model to improve the lightweight student model's classification performance effectively. Experimental results show that the parameters of the distilled CifarResNet20 model are only 0.27M, and the accuracy is 88.76%, which is superior to the traditional single-layer distillation and another tiny student model. The study confirms the efficiency and practical value of the proposed method in practical applications such as ecological monitoring.

The Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a zoonotic pathogen that affects the nervous systems of humans, pigs, and horses. It has been classified into five genotypes (G1-G5) based on molecular analysis of the pre-membrane or envelope gene. In the Republic of Korea, the predominant JEV genotype has recently shifted from G3 to G1 and G5, highlighting the need for a rapid and accurate diagnostic method. In this study, we designed specific common and differential primer sets for JEV G1, G3, and G5 to detect the JEV gene. Four specific primer sets for JEV G1, G3, and G5 were used to selectively amplify the target gene. The detection limits of the common primer set for JEV G1, G3, and G5 were 100, 0.1, and 10 TCID50/reaction, respectively. The detection limits of the three differential primer sets were 1, 0.1, and 1 TCID50/reaction, respectively. No cross-reactivity was observed with non-JEV reference viruses. We successfully developed a multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay to distinguish the three JEV genotypes. Our multiplex RT-PCR assay is highly sensitive and specific, providing a reliable tool for confirming JEV infection in suspected samples. Additionally, our assay can be applied to suspected mosquito samples and commercial veterinary biological products.

This study addresses the challenge of optimizing officer assignments by reflecting the mutual preferences of both officers and units. Current officer assignments primarily rely on subjective judgments made during assignment committee meetings, often resulting in officers being placed in undesired positions or locations. This misalignment leads to reduced morale, decreased work efficiency, and even resignation. This issue has become more important at a time when the attrition of junior officers is accelerating. To address this issue, we propose an optimal assignment model that incorporates both officer and unit preferences, aiming to balance organizational needs with personal preferences. Additionally, it discusses methods to improve the mathematical model by considering various demands for practical application in the field, such as minimizing dissatisfaction and addressing the occurrence of preferred or undesirable units. These refinements resolve practical issues such as preventing undesirable unit assignments and managing multiple optimal solutions. Through this approach, the study seeks to deliver a more balanced and satisfying assignment system for officers while enhancing organizational efficiency.

본 연구는 중국 수채화 전공 대학생의 정서불안감과 학업성취도 간의 관계에서 학습동기와 학습몰입의 매개효과를 살펴보고자 한다. 이를 위 해 중국 후베이성, 산동성, 헤이룽장성에 소재한 수채화 전공 대학생 574명을 통해 설문지를 수집하였다. 수집된 설문지는 SPSS WIN 22.0 프로그램과 AMOS 프로그램을 이용하여 수행하였다. 이를 통해 대학생 들의 정서불안감을 야기시킬 수 있는 환경들을 제한하고 학업성취도를 높일 수 있는 다양한 정책과 적절한 지원책을 마련하는데 필요한 기초정 보를 제공하고자 하는데 목적이 있다.

The family Erebidae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea) is known as one of the largest families in Lepidoptera, comprising about 1,760 genera and more than 24,569 described species worldwide. Within this family, the genus Plecoptera Guenée, 1852, belonging to the subfamily Anobinae, has been documented across the Palaearctic, Oriental, and Afrotropical regions. Here, we introduce the subfamily and genus for the first time in Korea, along with a new species. The diagnosis, description and photographs of adult and genitalia are provided here.

The family Pyralidae comprises over 6,000 species, and is composed of five subfamilies. Among those, the subfamily Phycitinae includes 3 genera, Addyme Walker, 1863, Calguia Walker, 1863, and Coleothrix Ragonot, 1888, with more than 3,300 species worldwide. However, several species of the genera have been erroneously stated and identified due to confusions caused by high morphological similarities. Therefore, we correct those errors through re-examinations of most of the type specimens, along with a diagnosis and table exhibiting the history of those genera. Additionally, we introduce two misidentified Korean pyralids belonging to the genus Addyme.

Background: Cadmium (Cd) is toxic heavy metal that accumulates in organisms after passing through their respiratory and digestive tracts. Although several studies have reported the toxic effects of Cd exposure on human health, its role in embryonic development during preimplantation stage remains unclear. We investigated the effects of Cd on porcine embryonic development and elucidated the mechanism. Methods: We cultured parthenogenetic embryos in media treated with 0, 20, 40, or 60 μM Cd for 6 days and evaluated the rates of cleavage and blastocyst formation. To investigate the mechanism of Cd toxicity, we examined intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione (GSH) levels. Moreover, we examined mitochondrial content, membrane potential, and ROS. Results: Cleavage and blastocyst formation rates began to decrease significantly in the 40 μM Cd group compared with the control. During post-blastulation, development was significantly delayed in the Cd group. Cd exposure significantly decreased cell number and increased apoptosis rate compared with the control. Embryos exposed to Cd had significantly higher ROS and lower GSH levels, as well as lower expression of antioxidant enzymes, compared with the control. Moreover, embryos exposed to Cd exhibited a significant decrease in mitochondrial content, mitochondrial membrane potential, and expression of mitochondrial genes and an increase in mitochondrial ROS compared to the control. Conclusions: We demonstrated that Cd exposure impairs porcine embryonic development by inducing oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Our findings provide insights into the toxicity of Cd exposure on mammalian embryonic development and highlight the importance of preventing Cd pollution.

본 연구는 중국의 3세 유아의 놀이성과 자기 조절력이 사회적 유능성 에 미치는 영향을 파악하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 중국 산시성에 위치한 공·사립 유치원 5곳에 재원 중인 3세 유아 600명을 대상으로 담임교사를 통해 설문지 조사를 수행하였다. 해당 유치원의 원장 및 담임교사에게 설문지를 위한 방문 및 온라인으로 협조문을 보내 참여 의사 확인 후 ‘문권성(问卷星)’ 온라인 플랫폼을 통해 설문자료를 수집하였다. 수집된 설문지는 SPSS 23.0 프로그램을 이용하여 빈도분석, 탐색적 요인분석과 신뢰도 분석, 다중회귀분석을 수행하였다. 이를 통해 유아교육 현장에서 유아의 놀이성과 자기조절력을 향상시킬 수 있는 교수·학습 방법을 모색 하는데 도움을 주고자 한다. 또한 유아의 사회적 유능성을 증진시키는데 필요한 교사교육 및 프로그램 개발에도 기초자료를 제공하고자 한다.

본 연구는 중국 음악사 교과목 수강자의 학업소진이 학습만족도에 미 치는 영향과 학습동기의 매개효과를 면밀히 살펴보고자 하였다. 이를 위 해 중국 후난성에 소재한 직업 전문대학에서 중국 음악사 교과목을 수강 하는 음악전공 대학생 391명을 통해 자기 보고식 설문지를 수집하였다. 수집된 설문지는 SPSS 25.0 이용하여 경향분석, 피어슨의 상관관계분 석, AMOS 24.0를 이용하여 모델 적합도 분석, 경로분석을 수행하였다. 이를 통해 중국 음악사 교과목 수강자의 학습동기와 학습만족도를 높일 수 있는 구체적인 방안을 모색할 뿐만 아니라 학업소진을 낮추는데 필요 한 교육지원을 구축하는 데에도 기초자료를 제공하고자 한다.

In the genus Acrobasis Zeller, 1839, there are 14 species known in Korea. In this study, we present Acrobasis rubrizonella (Ragonot, 1893) and Acrobasis subceltifoliella Yamanaka, 2006 from Korea for the first time. We hear provide diagnoses, descriptions, and images of the adults and genitalia of the two species.