[ TiO2 ]ACF composites were prepared by the electrochemical method with Titanium (IV) n-butoxide (TNB) electrolyte under different electrochemical operation time. The BET surface area for TiO2/ACF composites decrease with the increase of electrochemical operation time. There is a single crystal structure which is anatase in all of the samples from the data of XRD. The SEM micrphotographs of TiO2/ACF composites show that the TiO2 particles were well mixed with the ACF. There are O and P with strong C and Ti peaks in all samples from EDX results, and it also shows that a decrease of the C content with a increasing of Ti content with increasing of the electrochemical operation time in the over all composites. DSC cures show that the exothermic peak of all composites at 560℃ represents the transformation heat of amorphous parts to anatase phase and the discontinuous grain growth of the transformed anatase particles. Finally, the excellent photoactivity of TiO2/ACF composites (especially, ACFT10) could be attributed that the decrease of concentration of MB can be concluded to be much faster for the adsorption by ACF than for photocatalytic decomposition by TiO2.

In this work, activated carbon (AC) after HNO3 modification was used as the support during the production of supported TiO2 to increase the high deposition efficiency and the photocatalytic activity. The results of N2 adsorption showed that the BET surface area of samples decreased with an increasing of the concentration of HNO3 due to the penetration of TiO2. From XRD data, a single crystal structure of anatase peak was observed in diffraction patterns for the AC coated with titanium complexes. From the SEM results, almost all particles were aggregated with each other at the carbon surface and AC was covered with TiO2 particles in all of the samples. The EDX spectra show the presence of C, O, Ti and other elements. It was also observed a decreasing of amount of C content with increasing Ti and O content from the EDX. The results of FT-IR revealed that the modified AC contained more surface oxygen bearing groups than that of the original AC. The effect of surface acidity and basity calculated from Boehm titration method was also evaluated from correlations as a function of NaOH, NaHCO3, and Na2CO3 uptake. The surface modification of AC by HNO3 leads to an increase in the catalytic efficiency of AC/TiO2 catalysts, and the catalytic efficiency increases with increasing of HNO3 concentration.

Carbon/TiO2 composites were prepared by CCl4 solvent mixing method with different mixing ratios. Since the carbon layers derived from pitch on the TiO2 particles were porous, the Carbon/TiO2 composite series showed a good adsorptivity and photo decomposition activity. The BET surface area for the carbon layer in the sample increases to increasing with pitch contents. The SEM results present to the characterization of porous texture on the Carbon/TiO2 composite and pitch distributions on the surfaces for all the materials used. From XRD data, a weak and broad carbon peak of graphene with pristine anatase peaks were observed in the X-ray diffraction patterns for the Carbon/TiO2. The EDX spectra show the presence of C, O and S with strong Ti peaks. Most of these samples are richer in carbon and major Ti metal than any other elements. Finally, the excellent photocatalytic activity of Carbon/TiO2 with slope relationship between relative concentration (C/C0) of MB and t could be attributed to the homogeneous coated pitch on the external surface by CCl4 solvent method.

Carbon-coated TiO2 was prepared by CCl4 solvent mixing method with the different heat treated temperatures (HTTs). Since the carbon layers derived from pitch on the TiO2 particles were porous, the carbon-coated TiO2 sample series showed a good adsorptivity. The values of BET surface areas measured were shown independently on the HTTs. The surface states by SEM present to the characterization of porous texture on the carbon-coated TiO2 sample and carbon distributions on the surfaces. From XRD data, PT700 and PT750 were shown the X-ray diffraction patterns of the anatase TiO2, but PT800 and PT850 were kept anatase-type structure even after heating at 800℃, though small amount of the rutile-type structure appears. The results of EDX microanalyses were observed for each sample show the spectra corresponding to almost all samples similar to C, O and Ti elements with an increase of HTTs. Finally, the excellent photoactivity of carbon-coated TiO2 (especially, PT700 and PT750) could be attributed to the homogeneous coated carbon on the external surface and the structural anatase phase.

The treatment of piggery wastes was carried out at pilot scale using a multilayered metal-activated carbon system followed by carbon bed filtration. The physicochemical properties were obtained from treated samples with aqueous solutions containing metallic ions such as Ag+, Cu2+, Na+, K+ and Mn2+, which main obsevations are subjected to inspect surface properties, color removal properties by Uv/Vis and EDX. Multilayered metal-activated carbons were contacted with waste water to investigation of the simultaneous catalytic effect for the COD, BOD, T-N and T-P removal. The removal results for the piggery waste using multilayered metal-activated carbon bed was achieved the satisfactory removal performance under permitted values of Ministry of Environment of Korea. The high efficiency of the multilayered metal-activated carbon bed was determined by the performance of this material for trapping, catalytic effect and adsorption of organic solid particles.

The electro-chemical removal (ECR) of water pollutants by metal-ACF electrodes from wastewater was investigated over wide range of ECR time. The ECR capacities of metallic ACF electrodes were related to physical properties such as adsorption isotherm, surface area and pore size and to reaction time. Surface morphologies and elemental analysis for the metal supported ACFs after electro-catalytic reaction were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy disperse X-ray (EDX) to explain the changes in adsorption properties. The IR spectra of metallic ACFs for the investigation of functional groups show that the electro-catalytic treatment is consequently associated with the removal of pollutants with the increasing surface reactivity of the activated carbon fibers. The metal-ACFs were electro-catalytically reacted to waste water to investigate the removal efficiency for the COD, T-N, NH4-N, NO3-N and NO2-N. From these removal results of the piggery waste using metallic ACFs substrate, satisfactory removal performance was achieved. The removal efficiency of the metallic ACFs substrate was mainly determined by the properties of the material for adsorption and trapping of organics, and catalytic effects.

The objective of this paper is to compare the variation of surface properties by hydrochloric acid pre-treatment and of metallic potassium and their salts loading effect for activated carbon after surfaces transformation by acid. From the results of nitrogen adsorption, each isotherm shows a distinct knee band, which is closely related to the characteristic of microporous carbons with capillary condensation in micropores. In order to present the causes of the differences in surface properties and SBET after the samples were treated with hydrochloric acid, pore structure and surface morphology are investigated by adsorption analysis. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns indicate that activated carbons show better performance for metallic potassium and potassium salts by pre-treatment with hydrochloric acid. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) pictures of potassium/activated carbon particles provide information about the homogeneous distribution of metal or metal complex on the surface. For the chemical composition microanalysis for potassium treatment of the activated carbon pre-treated with hydrochloric acid, samples were analyzed by energy disperse X-ray (EDX). Finally, the type and quality of oxygen groups are determined from the method proposed by Boehm. A positive influence of the acidic groups on the carbon surface by acid treatment is also demonstrated by an increase in the contents of potassium salts with increasing of acidic groups calculated from Boehm titration.

Silver impregnated activated carbon fibers were post-modified using hydrochloric acid. Adsorption behaviors, SEM morphologies, and functional groups for the silver impregnated ACFs were compared with those of post-modified ACFs. Adsorption isotherms were used to characterize SBET, the pore structure and volume of silver-activated carbon fibers (ACFs) before and after acid post-treatment. In order to the reveal the causes of the differences surface states after the samples were washed with hydrochloric acid, outer surface and pore structure were investigated by SEM. And the type and quality of various functional groups were studied from FT-IR spectra and Boehm titration method. Finally, the quantitative properties in silver contents were also examined by EDX spectra.

The electrochemical removal (ECR) of water pollutants by activated carbon fiber (ACF) electrodes from wastewater was investigated over wide range of electrochemical reaction time. The ECR capacities of ACF electrodes were associated with their internal porosity and were related to physical properties and to reaction time. And, surface morphologies and elemental analysis for the ACFs after electrochemical reaction are investigated by SEM and EDX to explain the changes in adsorption properties. The FT-IR spectra of ACFs for the investigation of functional groups show that the electrochemical treatment is consequently associated with the homogeneous removal of pollutants with the increasing surface reactivity of the activated carbon fiber surfaces. The ACFs were electrochemically reacted to waste water to investigate the removal efficiency for the COD, T-N and T-P. From these removal results of pollutants using ACFs substrate, satisfactory removal performance was obtained. The outstanding removal effects of the ACFs substrate were determined by the properties of the material for adsorption and trapping of organics, and catalytic effects.

A series of micro- and mesoporous activated carbons were prepared from two kinds of phenolic resin using a metal treated chemical activation methodology. N2-adsorption data were used to characterize the surface properties of the produced activated carbons. Results of the surface properties and pore distribution analysis showed that phenolic resin can be successfully converted to micro- and mesoporous activated carbons with specific surface areas higher than 973 m2/g. Activated carbons with porous structure were produced by controlling the amount of metal chlorides (CuCl2). Pore evolvement depends on the amount of additional metal chloride and precursors used. From the SEM and EDX data, copper contents were shown to be most effected by the incremental addition of metal chloride.

Na alloyed graphite intercalation compounds with stage 1 and 2 were synthesized using the high temperature and pressure technique. Thermal stability and staging transitions of the compounds were investigated depending on heating rates. The thermal stability and temperature dependence of the deintercalation compounds were characterized using differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) analyzer. Enthalpy of formations were confirmed at temperatures between 25 and 500℃, depending on the various heating rates. The structure ions and interlayer spaces of the graphite were identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Diffractograms of stages with non-integral (00l) values were obtained in the thermal decomposition process, and stacking disorder defects and random stage modes were observed. The average value of the interlayer C-C bond lengths were found approximately 2.12a and 1.23a from the diffractions. Based on the stage transition, the degree of the deintercalaton has a inverse-linear relationship against the heating rate.