Ginger is generally consumed as food or medicine in Korea and mostly imported from China. During quarantine inspection,genus of nematodes, Meloidogyne spp. and Pratylenchus spp., are mainly detected and regulated under the procedure ofquarantine in Korea. We tested the susceptibility and mortality rates of Meloidogyne spp., which are infected in ginger,against a fumigant, Ethanedinitrile (EDN). Juveniles of the nematode showed 100 % mortality against EDN at 2.5 mg/Lfor 2 h at 13°C, meanwhile, egg mass showed 0 % hatching at 5 mg/L for 2 h at 13°C. A concentration × time product(CTP) was determined as 7.24 ghm-3. Under the 35% filling rate of ginger in cold chamber, 100% mortality was observedin both juveniles and eggs at 50 mg/L for 2 h at 13°C. At that condition, CTP was determined as 14.12 ghm-3. Basedon this study, EDN fumigation will be effectively apply to control of nematodes.

Wood pellets are used by Biomass-solid refuse fuel (Bio-SRF) has been imported from many East-Asia countries especially,Vietnam in Korea. Wood pellets are made through grind and high-pressure process shows different physical characterizationlike high methyl bromide (MB) absorption unlike other wood materials. Furthermore, detected pests in wood pellets havesimilarity with detected pests in stored grain. In this study, we analyzed susceptibility on pupa and adult stages of redflour beetle, Tribolium castaneum in wood pellets against mixture of MB and phosphine (PH3). Mixture treatment ofMB and PH3 was more effective than single MB treatment compare with control. Pupal stage showed more tolerant thanadult stage on each fumigant and 100% mortality was determined at 27 mg/L of MB only at 20°C. However, PH3 increasedMB toxicity on pupae that 100% mortality was observed at 100:1 ratio of MB (5 mg/L) and PH3 (0.05 mg/L) at 20°C.Based on this study, mixture treatment of different type of fumigant will be applied to control of quarantine pests.

식물기생성 선충인 뿌리혹선충과 뿌리썩이선충은 국내에서 생강을 포함한 수입 구근류에서 주로 검출되는 검역대상 해충이다. 그러나 이 러한 선충류가 검출된 수입 생강의 경우 적절한 소독처리기준이 마련되어 있지 않아 폐기 및 반송처리로 인한 경제적 손실이 발생하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 생강에 침입한 검역 대상 선충의 사멸을 위한 식물소독처리 기준 마련을 위해 뿌리혹선충과 뿌리썩이선충을 사멸할 수 있는 온탕침지 법에 관하여 조사하였다. 그 결과, 뿌리혹선충과 뿌리썩이선충은 각각 48°C와 49°C에서 30초간의 온탕침지 처리로 사멸되었다. 52.5°C로 설정 된 60 L의 항온수조에 침지된 생강의 열전도 조사에서 생강 중심부와 내부 5 mm 두께의 온도가 50°C까지 도달하기까지는 각각 10~32분과 6~16분이 소요되었으며 51°C에서 30분 동안 온탕침지한 생강은 정상적으로 생육하였다. 본 결과를 바탕으로 뿌리혹선충의 유충을 생강에 인공 접종 한 후 51°C에서 30분간 온탕침지 하였을 때 처리한 선충이 모두 사멸되었다. 따라서 이상의 온탕침지 처리 조건은 생강에 영향을 주지 않고 두 종의 선충을 사멸시킬 수 있는 식물소독법의 기초자료가 될 것이다.

The number of pest detection in wooden pellets has increased since wooden pellets as biomass-solid refuse fuel (Bio-SRF) was allowed an import in Korea. In this study, we analyzed an insecticidal effect on pupal and adult stages of red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) and maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) in wooden pellets using two fumigants, methyl bromide (MB) and phosphine (PH3), for establishing a guideline on fumigation. MB and PH3 both showed a dose-dependent manner in insect mortality after fumigation under 60% filing rate (FR) of wooded pellets in desiccator. In MB fumigation to T. castaneum, adults and pupae showed 100% mortality at 128 mg/L and 161 mg/L in 10°C at 24 h post treatment and pupae showed 100, 74, and 8% mortality against 99 mg/L of MB in 20, 40, and 40% FR, respectively. In PH3 fumigation, S. zeamais adults showed 92% mortality to 4 mg/L, meanwhile T. castaneum adults showed 100% mortality at 120 h post treatment.

Electrolysis techniques(electrokinetic) generally have been used mainly to remove the inorganic salts like Cu, Pb etc. in the soil. In the organic living, the effects of electrolysis has a direct impact on survival by dissociation of the ions inside the cell and accumulation of energy within cells. In this study, It was evaluated for susceptibility to nematodes(Meloidgyne javanica, Pratylenchus coffeae) in accordance with the voltage, current and electrolyte concentration. Using the electrolytic bath and electrolyte material(TAE buffer, Nacl), the susceptibility of nematodes was evaluated in the range of 30 ~ 60V, 0.02 ~ 0.77A. Unusually, the high voltage and amperage did not increase the death rate of nematodes and the most resistant stage was not clear because sensitivity of each stage could not be distinguished. In 30V 0.52A, 0.70A, 0.72A, M. javanica eggs processed for 10 minutes did not hatch at all. In 30V 0.58A, M. javanica juveniles processed for 5 minutes were showed 100% mortality and in 30V 0.77A, P. coffeae juveniles processed for 5 minutes were showed highest sensitivity compared to other treatment range.

The most effective way to control plant parasitic nematodes are immersed in hot water, but the larger-scale processing is difficult to adjust a target processing temperature. Thermal equilibrium formula used to fit the processing temperature was very accurate and effective. Use of the thermal equilibrium formula was determined to be well suited on commercial scale(1400L volume chamber) hot water immersion treatment that should be quickly processed. 1000L of water based on 10%(111kg), 12%(136kg), 15%(176kg) filling ratio was applied in 48oC for 30min treatment and only 10%, 12% filling ratio was applied in 49oC for 10min. In 10% filling ratio, thermal equilibrium has been proceeding rapidly in 1-2 min, and no juvenile hatched in all treatments(at 48oC for 30min, at 49oC for 10min). In 12% filling ratio, though thermal equilibrium has been proceeding in 2 min, few juveniles were hatched in boundary temperature at 49.0oC. In 15% filling ratio, it took 7-8 minutes to reach thermal equilibrium after dipping. The result of applying the two treatment conditions(at 48oC for 30min, at 49oC for 10min) to commercial scale field experiment showed nematodes were almost completely eliminated in hooker chive roots. However, some of living nematodes were observed in 15% filling ratio treatment.

High-resolution meteorological simulations were conducted using a Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model with an Urban Canopy Model (UCM) in the Ulsan Metropolitan Region (UMR) where large-scale industrial facilities are located on the coast. We improved the land cover input data for the WRF-UCM by reclassifying the default urban category into four detailed areas (low and high-density residential areas, commercial areas, and industrial areas) using subdivided data (class 3) of the Environmental and Geographical Information System (EGIS). The urban area accounted for about 12% of the total UMR and the largest proportion (47.4%) was in the industrial area. Results from the WRF-UCM simulation in a summer episode with high temperatures showed that the modeled temperatures agreed greatly with the observations. Comparison with a standard WRF simulation (WRF-BASE) indicated that the temporal and spatial variations in surface air temperature in the UMR were properly captured. Specifically, the WRF-UCM reproduced daily maximum and nighttime variations in air temperature very well, indicating that our model can improve the accuracy of temperature simulation for a summer heatwave. However, the WRF-UCM somewhat overestimated wind speed in the UMR largely due to an increased air temperature gradient between land and sea.