Hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) exceeds about 30% of the world’s cereal production and cultivated over 220 million ha worldwide. Heat stress during the grain filling period gives detrimental effect on crop yields and has emerged as a serious problem throughout the world. Korean wheat cultivars that were released since 1960s were developed for various aims such as winter hardness, earliness, and pest resistance, etc. However, heat stress resistance is an emerging target for wheat breeding nowadays. Selected 11 Korean wheat cultivars (“Baegjoong”, “Dajung”, “Goso”, “Hanbaek”, “Jokyung”, “Joeun”, “Jopum”, “Keumgang”, “Olgeuru”, “Sinmichal”, “Uri”) were exposed to high temperature from DAF (days after flowering) 9~13. In this study, plant responses to heat stress as measured by reduction ratios of total chlorophyll contents, 100 seed weight, shoot dry weight can be translated into degree of tolerance. Therefore, these parameters can be used in wheat breeding for heat tolerance during grain filling period. The obtained results allow us to classify cultivars for heat stress tolerance. Pedigree information of Korean cultivars was shown that wheat line of either tolerant, moderate tolerant, or susceptible trait is succeeded to their descendent, which enable breeders to develop heat stress tolerant wheat by appropriate parental choice.

The wheat-rye translocations are world widely used in wheat breeding. Among the various forms of wheat-rye translocation, the 1RS (short arm of rye chromosome 1) translocations are the most widely used because of the valuable genes (e.g. biotic / abiotic resistance genes) introduced from rye. We have developed a new wheat-rye cultivar ‘TRANS’ which have freezing resistance and high yield in this study. ‘TRANS’ is a new wheat-rye translocation cultivar developed by crossing between common wheat ‘Keumkangmil’ and ‘951188-G3-G1’, a 1AL.1RS translocation derived from ‘Fleming’ with the aim of high yield and resistant genes to various unfavorable environments carried by 1RS. ‘TRNAS’ have clearly different genetic and agronomic traits to the control cultivar ‘Keumkangmil’. The heading date and maturity of ‘TRANS’ are later than that of ‘Keumkangmil’. ‘TRANS’ has 1023 spike number per square meters and grain yield of 541 kg/10a, which are higher than ‘Keumkangmil’ (904 spike number/m2 and 504 kg/10a yield). ‘TRANS’ showed winter hardiness and powdery mildew resistance in artificial infection test and field evaluation. ‘TRANS’ gives lower flour yield than ‘Keumkangmil’ but ash and protein content were similar to that of ‘Keumkangmil’. The color of flour and noodle dough of ‘TRANS’ were darker than ‘Keumkangmil’. Quality parameters related to milling, flour quality, noodle dough and end-use quality of ‘TRANS’ indicates that ‘TRANS’ is soft wheat suitable for noodle making. ‘TRANS’ can be cultivated in entire part of Korea. Registration Grant No.: 4695

Wheat-rye translocation lines are widely used in wheat breeding programmes by reason of biotic stress tolerances. Though there have been a number of researches regarding abiotic stress tolerance, the tolerance of the lines depends on wheat genetic background, not on rye chromosome. Here, we investigated wheat-rye translocation specific transcripts derived from cDNA-AFLP under drought stress, which may help to elucidate the reaction under the stress. ‘OK91G117’ (1BL.1RS translocation) and ‘OK91G144’ (non-translocation) were used as materials, which are near-isolines for 1RS. 25% PEG 6000 was added in culture solution to simulate drought condition and root tissues were sampled at each 0 h, 3 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h after PEG treatment for RNA extraction. As a result of cDNA-AFLP, TDFs (transcript derived fragments) that were specific to OK91G117 were sequenced. GO functions of each sequenced TDF were annotated by Blast2GO using standard parameter with cut-off level 3 and mapped to the GO term (i.e. biological process; BP, molecular function; MF, cellular component; CC). The term with “organic substance metabolic process”, “primary metabolic process”, and “cellular metabolic process” account for almost 50 % of BP. The most represented terms among probes classified to MF were “transferase activity” and most of TDF were annotated in “cell part” of CC. In addition, rye-chromatin specific markers were developed by BLAST comparing sequence of TDF with wheat and rye genome data. RT-PCR was conducted to validate expression patterns of selected TDF. Further studies will be needed to elucidate functions of the highly expressed genes under drought stress.

Nutritious and functional foods from crop have received great attention in recent years. Colored-grain wheat contains high phenolic compound and a large number of flavonoid. One of plant pigments, wheat anthocyanin is increasingly emerging as natural compounds for consumer´s health and condition. Red grains and white grains with different antioxidant activity was used to conduct germination assay. Antioxidant enzyme assay of POD, APX, CAT, GST, GR and GPx was conducted during the imbibitional phase of mature seeds. Malondialdehyde (MDA) content was analyzed to assess the activity of ROS during imbibition phase of mature seeds and alpha-amylase contents were quantified for 3 days during dark imbibition. Additionally, sprouting rates of developing seeds in spikelet after anthesis with damp condition were measured in each red grain groups for two weeks to evaluate sprout ability affected by phytochemical of red grain wheat. In summary, we identified that red grain wheat showed higher antioxidant enzyme activity involved in ROS scavenging during imbibition. Sprouting rate during dark imbibition in developmental spikelet of four groups classified by color suggest that phytochemicals in dark red grain wheat caused negative effects to sprouting.

Celiac disease (CD) is classified as an autoimmune disease of small intestine and occurred with people with the human leucocyte antigen (HLA) DQ2(8) cells. The gluten commonly called for the gliadins and glutenins from wheat and related proteins from barley and rye is significant cause of celiac disease. There are many sequences that recognized by T-cell according to species and different types of gliadins. In ω-gliadin, two sort of epitopes were figured out that consisting of some proline(P) and glutamine(Q) scattered in gliadin sequence. All registered ω-gliadin sequences deposited in NCBI database were downloaded and collected. In order to classify groups depending on sequence difference, sequence similarity and their closeness were analyzed by phylogenetic trees using by MEGA (ver.6.06). Chinese spring genome sequence database offered by URGI (Unité de Recherche Génomique Info) is used for sequence assembly. Primers to validate presence of epitopes were designed by two different type from conserved and specific region. Primer pair from consensus region were designed in conserved domain of ω-gliadin sequences from public database by sequence alignment. And, sequence-specific primers of ω-gliadin were designed from the unique region of each ω-gliadin sequence comparing ω-gliadin sequences from NCBI database with draft sequence of Chinese spring in URGI. The two known epitopes of ω-gliadin were located on same site, approximately from the 315th nucleotide to the 348th nucleotide in CDS. Candidate epitopes present in ω-gliadin were divided into three categories based on analysis of sequence similarity. This categorization shows similar pattern with groups that were previously reported by sequence motifs such as SRLL, AREL, ARQL and KELQ. However, sequence which has AREL motif and sequence ARQL motif were not distinguished obviously in ω-gliadin based on sequence alignment.

Wheat is a major food source for a large proportion of the worldwide population. Wheat production is hampered by drought, cold and various diseases. Wheat germplasms contain various characteristics such as high yield, low plant height, resistance to diverse diseases and good seed quality. In this study, we evaluated agronomic traits of wheat germplasms collected from the National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) for application of the breeding program. Total 221 wheat lines contain cultivars and landraces were provided by NPGS and USDA-ARS. The germplasms were evaluated quantitative and qualitative agronomic properties in Korea university research farm. The agronomic traits of the germplasms in each region were analysed using statistical analysis. The most of germplasms were geographically originated from America continent. The germplasms average heading date showed on May 10. The average heading date of Africa germplasms was 6 days earlier than Europe germplasms. The germplasms average plant height and spike length showed 81.7 cm and 8.6 cm, respectively. The germplasms of Europe showed 21.7 cm taller than average plant height of America continent and the germplasms of Africa showed the smallest plant height comparing with other continents. The germplasms of Asia showed taller spikere length than that of other continents. Seed color in germplasm comprises white, red and purple seed color, 24%, 75%, 1%, respectively. In addition, about 39% of the germplasms indicated lodging resistant. These results could be useful for improvement of wheat breeding program.

The control of flowering, transition from vegetative to reproductive stage, is crucial for significant success during plant development. Multiple environmental and developmental signals are transmitted to the shoot apical meristem and converted to local cue to process developmental phage. These crucial process are delicately controlled and regulated by expression of tissue specifically expressed genes involved in inflorescence development. Therefore, it is necessary that molecular mechanism associated with inflorescence development is revealed to understand control of flowering by genome-wide expression pattern of inflorescence specific genes. In this study we used Affymetrix GeneChip Wheat Genome Array for genome-wide analysis of the expressed genes of inflorescence development including apical meristem and developing spikelet to understand the mechanism of floral development in early stage of wheat inflorescence. Moreover, meta-analysis of 1479 microarray dataset of GPL 3802 provided by Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) was conducted to determine expression pattern of each probe throughout whole life cycle. Based on meta-analysis, we demonstrate inflorescence specific expressed genes in wheat inflorescence including apical meristem, spikelet meristem to understand the mechanism of floral development of wheat inflorescence.

Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) is the precocious germination condition of grains while the spike is still in the mother plant. Because PHS in wheat drastically reduced the quality and economic value of wheat grain, the improving PHS wheat is one of the most important breeding goal in Korean wheat breeding program In this study, we evaluated PHS and germination index (GI) in 33 Korean wheat cultivars, and performed transcriptome analysis between Keumkang (susceptible) and Woori (tolerance). A total of 33 Korean wheat cultivars were used for PHS (28 cultivars) and GI assessment in greenhouse. The DAF (Day After Fertilization) 35 of keumkang and Woori spikes were harvested to perform transcriptome analysis using RNA-sequencing. Each transcriptome was compared with PHS or ABA treated DAF 35 Keumkang and Woori spikes. The PHS in 28 Korean cultivars and GI in 33 cultivars were ranged from 1.33% to 87.44% and from 0.01% to 2.41%, respectively. Woori was demonstrated the second lowest PHS and the lowest GI, however, Keumkang was 23th of 28 cultivars in PHS and 13th of 33 cultivars in GI analysis. Six cDNA library from the DAF 35 of Keumkang and Woori wheat grain, PHS treated DAF 35 of Keumkang and Woori, and ABA treated DAF 35 of Keumkang and Woori were constructed and sequenced. A total of 53.37 Gb of high-quality reads were obtained using HiSeq 2500. The average mapping rate of assembled transcripts were 88.98%. The differentially expressed genes (DEG) revealed total 332 DEG (105 annotated) were upregulated in DAF 35 Woori library, total 5694 DEG (4623 annotated) were upregulated in PHS treated DAF 35 Keumkang library in comparison with DAF 35 Keumkang library. A total of 86 DEG (51 annotated) were upregulated in PHS treated DAF 35 Woori library in comparison with PHS treated DAF 35 Keumkang library. The Gene ontology and further analysis will be discussed.

Grain color distinguishes between the pigmentation of the outer layer of the kernel. It is known that environmental factors affects the production of anthocyanins and abiotic stresses like high light intensity, low temperature, high salinity and/or drought stress, and others increase their amounts. After 7 days the germination rate between yellow and dark-purple seeds were almost the same with and without stress (100% yellow seeds under stress and without stress germinated, 93.3% under stress and 96.6% without stress of purple seeds germinated), even though at the final stage the germination was almost the same, we can conclude base on our observations that the germination takes place at a different rate. We think that this might be related to the seed color, since the germination of purple seeds under salt stress started earlier than the yellow ones, until both reached the same point. The antioxidant activity was higher in seedlings from dark-purple seeds than the yellow ones, and they were higher under salt stress than without it, supporting our hypothesis that the purple color in wheat seeds works as a protection under salt stress. Furthermore, the qRT-pCR showed that some genes related to the flavonoid pathway were expressed or had more expression in the seedlings from dark-purple seeds than yellow ones.

Seed color is an important factor affecting physiological and developmental process in wheat. One of the plant pigments, anthocyanins are a group of flavonoid compounds well known as pigments responsible for blue, purple, red, or yellow coloration of plant tissues. In this study, we investigated the pigmentation of purple and yellow color seed according to wheat grain developmental stages. The contents of anthocyanin and chlorophyll in the purple and yellow seeds were measured. Chlorophyll contents were changed similarly in both purple and yellow color seed, and no significant difference was observed between them. In purple color seed, the content of anthocyanin was significantly induced compared with yellow color seed. The individual anthocyanin components were investigated by ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). Cyanidine-3-glucoside (C3G) and peonidine-3-glucoside (P3G) were detected as predominant anthocyanin in purple color wheat. To investigate whether structural genes in anthocyanin biosynthesis were involved in the trait differences between purple and yellow color seed, we examined the expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis-related genes (CHS, CHI, F3H, DFR, ANS, UFGT) and MYB transcription factor in developing wheat grains by using qRT-PCR. This study indicates that the expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis-related genes and MYB transcription factors correlate with anthocyanin levels of grain.

It is necessary to alleviate environmental and economic disadvantages of fossil fuels for global warming. Among the conceivable options, the use of plant biomass for the production of bioethanol is considered as a potential alternative for fossil fuels. Plant biomass that contains lignocellulose for bioethanol production has recently emerged as biofuel feedstock because of its sustainable and environment-friendly properties. However, lignin inhibits the hydrolysis process and the lignin recalcitrance in ethanol conversion remains in a problem. The attempt for down-regulating enzymes involved in lignin biosynthesis is one of attractive strategy to reduce the lignin contents. Recently, Brachypodium distachyon has been proposed as an alternative monocotyledon model species. The close phylogenetic relationship of Brachypodium with other grasses suggests that the Brachypodium may be useful for structural and functional genomic studies in these species. Brachypodium, standard line Bd21, was subjected to irradiation at doses of 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 Gy. Phenotypes were investigated using M0:2 population. Through histochemical analysis using phloroglucinol, 25 M2 putative lignin deficient mutants were selected. Depend on the phenotypic and histochemical data, mutants were selected and used for measuring lignin content. Total lignin content was measured using the acetyl bromide (AcBr). Mutant #142-3-1 contains 16.9 (mg/g dry cell wall) of total lignin and the lignin level was significantly reduced (87.9%) compared to wild-type (19.23 mg/g dry cell wall). Additionally, Mutant line #2259-1-2 reduced lignin level at 94.4% (18.15 mg/g dry cell wall) in comparison to wild-type. The enzymatic hydrolyses in lignin deficient lines have been performing with the time courses. Lignin composition, cell wall carbohydrates, and genetic analysis in mutant lines will be discussed.

Anthocyanin, a group of purple or reddish flavonoids, have been recognized as health-promoting functional food ingredients due to antioxidant activity. For this reason, plant breeders are trying to increase the anthocyanin contents using methods such as classical breeding and biotechnological approaches. To broaden the mutants population, seeds of colored wheat variety (K4191) were irradiated by using 250 Gy gamma irradiation. Individual 968 M4 plants were grown in Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute field. Many mutant phenotypes were shown: seed color variation, abnormal spike shape, awning formation, heading and ripening time, plant height, ripening period, super dwarf, etc. To identify the inheritance traits of colored-wheat, individual lines were maintained the spike base classified by generation. Characteristics per spike and plant were piled up to construct for mutant database. In the future, fixed descent will be analyzed the anthocyanin contents or other phytonutrients by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). Expression of seed color-related transcription factors and anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway genes will be examined.

Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum) is a global staple food crops. However, saline soil reduces the production of durum wheat in a lot of countries including Tunisia. This problem would be more severe as soil salinization ascribed by the global climate changes and worldwide water deficiencies. To overcome this circumstance, we performed two experiments related to salinity stress tolerance of durum wheat. Two Tunisian durum wheat cultivars (‘Om Rabia’, ‘Mahmoudi’) were applied to examine the reaction to salt stress. At the third leaf stage, salt stress was treated by submerging the pots into 500 mM NaCl for 5 mins everyday instead of irrigation in greenhouse. The treatment was applied for 1 week and their tolerances to salt stress were determined by comparing their growth parameters to the control plants. Total RNA was extracted and Quantitative reverse transcript PCR (qRT-PCR) using the genes linked with the salt tolerance was performed. The plant height and leaf chlorophyll content were reduced during salt stress treatment in both cultivars. The growth parameters of ‘Om Rabia’ was reduced less than that of ‘Mahmoudi’. The transcription level of the genes linked with the salt tolerance was greater in ‘Om Rabia’ than in ‘Mahmoudi’. These results will be fruitful to future breeding program for salt tolerant tetraploid durum wheat.

Phytochemical in purple percarp of wheat seed consist of high phenolic content including ferulic acid, caffeic acid, vanilic acid and anthocyanins which not only perform as source of distinctive red to purple pigmentation but also high antioxidative material. Previous work has demonstrated that certain pigmentation can be generally regarded as good dietary source of food supplement. Yet, its physiological function in other various aspects has been not thoroughly understood. In this study, we organized fundamental experiment which could evaluate germinating ability of different-colored segregated wheat population. Total of five segregated lines were recognized by assist of CIELAB coordinates. After assessing initial content of total phenol, flavonoid, monomeric anthocyanin and ORAC assay for antioxidant activity from each population, germination assay was taken place in vitro. From germinating grains, sample was taken every 6 hours for measurement of alpha amylase enzyme activity. Discernible difference in chemical constituent was recognized among population along with disparity in ORAC assay. Alpha amylase activity and germination assay showed that darkening of pericarp was related to inhibition of germination. Pigmentation in wheat is important for its physiological role and commodity value which should be considered as critical factor to be integrated in breeding program

Gamma irradiation has been used as a tool for plant mutation breeding to select new cultivar with improved characteristics. Generally, the irradiation of seeds with high doses of gamma rays disturbs the synthesis of protein, hormone balance, and enzyme activity. And also, high dose of gamma rays to reduce plant height, number of tiller, and root length, although the effect of gamma-irradiated plants may depend on the species and cultivar or stress conditions. Biological effects of radiations can be divided into two types according to dose range and periods of exposure. Acute irradiation represents exposure to high-dose of irradiation over short period time, whereas the chronic irradiation is comprised of exposure to low doses of radiation over extended period of time. To compare the effects of acute and chronic exposure to ionizing radiation on two wheat cultivars (K4191 and Geumgangmil), we measured their germination rate, seedling height, and root length. In order to understand the influence of antioxidant-related genes and DNA repair-related genes, we used qRT-PCR methods to identify their expression levels. To study the behavior of a radiation-induced free radical, gamma-irradiated seeds were used for ESR spectroscopy. Plant growth pattern was showed positive correlation with ESR results. This study indicates that low level chronic radiation exposure is even more serious effects than short doses of high level radiation according to different wheat cultivar.

such as small plant size, small genome, short life cycle, self-fertility, and etc. Moreover, Brachypodium standard line Bd21 had already been sequenced and the data of which now have been available to the public. The development of next-generation sequencing technologies has allowed the discovery of large numbers of genome-wide DNA polymorphisms. Brachypodium standard line Bd21 was exposed to chronic gamma radiation. M2 1376-1 line was less stained with phloroglucinol compared to wild-type, which indicated reduced lingin content. Also, it’s filial generations showed dwarf phenotype. Genomic DNA was extracted from the M3 plant and was used to construct a whole-genome re-sequencing library for using Illumina HiSeq2500. The trimmed reads were aligned to the Brachypodium reference genome sequence (http:// www.phytozome.net). SICKLE, BWA, and Picard were used for accurate variant detection. More than 110 M reads were generated and 96.53% of them were mapped. This represents ~35 fold coverage. As a result, mutant specific SNVs, Insert/Deletions, and non-synonymous mutations were obtained. Moreover, non-synonymous mutations were identified from 5 lignin biosynthesis genes (Bradi1g31320, Bradi3g52350, Bradi5g21550, Bradi3g22980, Bradi5g14720). The obtained results will be incorporated in development of biofuel crops.

Chronic gamma irradiation can be used an alternative mutation breeding methods for induction of many useful mutants. Seedlings of purple-colored wheat plants were irradiated with wide range doses of chronic gamma-rays (20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 70, 100, 125, 150, 200, 250, 300 Gy) during 6 weeks at gamma-phytotron in the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, respectively. To identify the biological responses purple-colored wheat, we examined the plant height, chlorophyll, carotenoid and total anthocyanin contents in leaf. Plant growth, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents in leaf were decreased when the dose rate increased. Anthocyanin contents were increased with the increase of the radiation dose until 50 Gy treatment. To confirm the real contents of anthocyanin, we also investigated cyanidin-3-glucoside in purple-colored wheat leaf by using UPLC analysis. These results indicate that anthocyanin accumuation was observed under chronic gamma irradiation.

Gliadins are the main class of wheat seed storage proteins. Since gliadins show a high level of polymorphism as well as genetically fixed, it can be used as a marker for the genetic identification. Gliadin subunit diversity information can be useful for wheat quality breeding programs. Tunisia is a country in the North Africa bordered with the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the east but with the Sahara desert to the south, which represent extremely different growth climate. Therefore, there may be a numerous variation in Tunisian common wheat and durum wheat. Total 48 lines of wheat consisted of 32 common wheat (16 Korean wheat and 16 Tunisian common wheat) and 16 Tunisian durum wheat were incorporated in this study. Gliadins were extracted with 70% ethanol and fractionated by acid polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (A-PAGE) at 8% in aluminum lactate buffer (pH 3.1). The gel was stained with 0.25% Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) R-250. The presence of each gliadin subunit band was scored and cluster analysis was carried out. The cluster showed that wheat varieties were classified into some groups and their genetic distance could be identified. The obtained information will be helpful to the future breeding program of tetraploid durum wheat as well as hexaploid common wheats. Acknowledgement: This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MEST) (No. 2012K1A3A1A09028123) and carried out with the support of “Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science & Technology Development (Project title: Development of high yielding wheat with stress tolerance via molecular breeding strategies, Project No. PJ008031)”, Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea.

Soil salinity limits crop productivity in many regions. This problem would be more serious as the global climate changes and worldwide water shortages would accelerate soil salinization. This study is fulfilled with aim on resolve crop cultivation in dry/saline land as an international joint research project with Tunisia. Total 48 lines of wheat cultivars including 32 common wheat (16 Korean wheat, 16 Tunisian common wheat) and 16 Tunisian durum wheat were incorporated in this study. Salt stress was applied for 2 weeks by submerging the pots into 500 mM NaCl at 3-leaf stage followed by re-watering for restoration in greenhouse. Numerous agronomic/growth parameters were scored for tolerence. SSR primers that have been known to be related to salt tolerance were applied to explain selected population. The correlation between PCR-based length polymorphism of selected lines and their resistance were evaluated. The obtained information will aid selection for salt tolerance hexa/tetraploid wheats. Acknowledgement: This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MEST) (No. 2012K1A3A1A09028123) and carried out with the support of “Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science & Technology Development (Project title: Development of high yielding wheat with stress tolerance via molecular breeding strategies, Project No. PJ008031)”, Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea.

Brachypodium distachyon is a temperate annual grass that has a short life cycle, a small genome size, self fertility, and a small physical stature. The relationship with major cereal crop including wheat, Brachypodium is considered as a monocot model plant. Recently, the cell wall composition of Brachypodium is reported closely related with maize and Miscanthus giganteus. Therefore, Brachypodium is emrging as a powerful model plant for bioethanol production. Here, Brachypodium was chronically irradiated with the doses of 50 Gy, 100 Gy, 150 Gy, 200Gy, 250Gy, and 300 Gy. Plant height and fresh weight were observed dosage-dependent negative effect. However, tiller number and internode diameter were found to be increased their value as compared to control. The cell wall yield showed a decreased tendency with dosage-dependent negative, but cell wall yield of 50 Gy and 200 Gy were detected higher than control. The lignin content of irradiated Brachypodium stem was reduced with dosage incease The ratios of lignin content to control were 97.6% (50 Gy), 91.9 (100 Gy), 87.3% (150 Gy), 89.4% (200 Gy), 81.6% (250 Gy), 85.2% (300 Gy). SEM image analysis demonstrated that cell size of 300 Gy plant was decreased by 45% of control. RT-PCR was performed to analyze transcript accumulation of lignin pathway related genes with irradiated Brachypodium stem. CCR, PAL, C4H, and 4CL were detected at least 2 times higher expression than control at 150 Gy, 200 Gy, 250 Gy. The preteatment and enzyme hydrolysis will be discussed for bioethanol production.