This paper aims to review the odor removal performance and operating parameters of pilot and full-scale chemical scrubbers, bioscrubbers, biofilters, and biotrickling filters for odor control in wastewater treatment plants. Based on the performance of full-scale facilities installed in wastewater treatment plants, empty-bed residence times were the shortest for bioscrubbers (7.5±2.5s), followed by chemical scrubbers (20±8.1s), biotrickling filters (22.2±26.2s), and biofilters (48±30s). The removal efficiencies of complex odors by biofilters, biotrickling filters, bioscrubbers, and chemical scrubbers were 97.7±1.9%, 87.7±15.6%, 89.0±9.0%, and 70.0%, respectively. The investment cost was the lowest for biofilters, followed by biotrickling filters, bioscrubbers, and chemical scrubbers. In addition, the operating costs of these deodorization technologies were in the following order: biofilters < bioscrubbers and biotrickling filters < chemical scrubbers. However, most studies on odor control for wastewater treatment processes have been conducted on a laboratory scale with model odors (single odorous compound or mixtures of 2-3 odorous compounds). Therefore, field research to develop deodorization technologies for wastewater treatment plants should be more actively conducted to accumulate data for the design and operation of full-scale deodorizing systems.

This review paper aimed to comprehensively assess the ventilation methods and ventilation rates of livestock sheds, various livestock odor mitigation technologies, and the design flow rate of odor mitigation devices. The most efficient ventilation method for livestock odor control was found to be mechanical ventilation. When livestock odor is at its most severe during summer, ventilation systems are operated at the maximum ventilation rate, which is 5-25 times higher than the ventilation rate in winter. Therefore, the mitigation facilities of livestock odor must be designed while considering the maximum ventilation rate. There is a significant amount of research data on various livestock odor control technologies using various physical, chemical, biological, and complex technologies applied to livestock farms. Biofiltration and photocatalytic oxidation are considered the most promising methods due to their cost-effectiveness and simplicity. Biofiltration is effective for removing hydrophilic odors, but requires improvement for the efficient removal of hydrophobic odors and the control of accumulated excess biomass. The advantages of the photocatalytic oxidation method include its excellent hydrogen sulfide and ammonia removal rates and relatively low ozone emissions. However, it requires technology to reduce nitrous oxide emissions. Investment in installing and operating these odor mitigation technologies is only realistic for large-sized farms. Therefore, it is imperative for small and medium-sized livestock farms to develop odor mitigation technology that is inexpensive and has low installation, operation, and maintenance costs.

Around the 1980s, with government’s promotion and dissemination policies for FRP (Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics) of the government as a main material of fishing boats, approximately 97% of the entire fishing boats in Korea have utilized FRP until now. Nevertheless, diverse social and environmental issues have emerged due to the susceptibility to fire and the generation of substances detrimental to human health during the construction process of FRP fishing vessels. Especially, the high disposal cost and the limitation of recycling technology in the disposal process of FRP fishing boats have elicited attention to circular economy. This research intended to grasp the management status and problems of disposed FRP fishing boats in Korea, and to assess the level of competitive advantage of FRP fishing boats’ recycling technologies of FRP fishing boats based on VRIO (Value, Rarity, Imitability, Organization) analysis through domestic and foreign management policies and related recycling examples. According to the survey of 161 respondents, including the industry, stakeholders and experts related to the collection, treatment and recycling of fisheries wastes, it was revealed that FRP fishing boats’ recycling technologies of FRP fishing boats are at the level of ‘unused competitive advantage’ that satisfied the level of value, rarity and imitability, but not the level of organization.

본 논문에서는 철근콘크리트 골조를 주 대상으로 하여 설계 및 시공 전 과정에 대한 디지털전환 전략과 기술개발에 대하여 기술하 였다. 건설 현장의 BIM 도입과 디지털 전환이 기대만큼 활성화되지 않는 중요원인을, 모델링 솔루션을 이용한 설계모델 구축의 생산 성과 후속 프로세스에서 요구하는 필요충분한 정보를 제공하는 완성도에서 찾을 수 있다. 특히 방대한 양의 상세설계 모델 구축에 소 요되는 과도한 노력과 단순반복 작업 과정에서 발생할 수 있는 인적 오류에 의한 정확성 결여는 건축 프로젝트의 디지털 전환 실현을 위하여 해결되어야 할 기술적 장벽이다. 이러한 배경에서 본 연구에서는 철근콘크리트 골조 공사를 대상으로 디지털전환과 현장적용 을 목표로 이를 실현하기 위한 개념적 전략 수립과 기술개발 사례에 대하여 기술하였다. 이를 위하여 시공 단계에서 필요한 상세설계 정보를 포함하는 건물골조 상세설계 BIM 모델링 기술개발 결과를 제시하고, 특히 배근상세설계 등 반복성이 높은 상세설계 업무를 자동화하여 기본설계 2D CAD 도면에서 출발하여 3D BIM 모델을 구축하고 상세설계 BIM 모델을 생성한 후 이를 활용하기 위한 플 랫폼 구축까지의 프로세스를 완성하였다. 제시된 자동화기술과 현장관리 플랫폼에 의한 프로세스는 CAD 도면 기반의 전통적 건설 프로세스를 대체하기 위해 요구되는 업무 생산성과 기술적 정보 완성도를 확보한 것으로 평가되었다.

Technology innovation companies are focusing on contributing to business performance by R&D project as a strategic tool. Successful R&D leads to corporate competitiveness enhancement, national industrial development, but there are high uncertainty and risks in R&D. Public and private R&D projects are carried out to achieve various purposes. It was verified how the risk management and benefit management of the R&D project affect the detailed R&D project performance between the Public and private domain. The impact of Project Leadership on R&D performance was also analyzed. Those who have participated in the Public and Private R&D projects at companies or research institutes were surveyed. First, it was found that project risk and benefit management have partially an effect on R&D project performance. Second, Public and private R&D Project Leadership showed partially a interaction effect between project management and project performance.

PURPOSES : Currently, the domestic construction industry is dominated by large-scale projects such as roads, ports, airports, and buildings. Construction on such projects is generally conducted simultaneously, but the process and quality management are led by a small number of responsible managers. In the case of road pavements, owing to rapid industrial development, economic growth, and the expansion of social overhead capital investment in the road construction industry, highways and general national roads have been constructed on a large scale. Therefore, this study aimed to improve and develop domestic concrete production and construction quality management by improving the reliability and transparency of production quality management and simplifying business processes. This was accomplished through the development of an Internet of Things (IoT)-based cement quality management system capable of automated design and build (D/B) construction and real-time monitoring. METHODS : The "IQ" system is a quality management system for enabling real-time monitoring of D/B quality at the time of concrete production and according to the designated age by utilizing quality test equipment developed with an LTE-Bluetooth function. It is possible to immediately identify and respond to quality problems through real-time monitoring, secure a reliable quality D/B because the quality test results cannot be arbitrarily manipulated, and to simplify the work process through the automatic D/B construction. In addition, improved quality control can be achieved through real-time information sharing and feedback system operations between contractors, managers, and personnel involved in construction. The quality control test items for developing the IQ system are the compression and flexural strengths, as these can be used to determine the design standard strength of pre-curing concretes (such as their slump and unit quantity) and the adequacy of the workability and durability, as well as the air volume to predict the durability, and the chloride content in the sections where reinforcement is used. CONCLUSIONS : This study identified difficulties and limitations in quality management according to the operation method in the domestic quality management systems, and in the real-time monitoring between managers and contractors. Thus, it was necessary to establish an improved systematic and reliable quality management system. The IQ system was developed to solve this problem.

The consumption of Flammulina velutipes mushroom imported from Korea has been associated with the cases of listeriosis in the United States, Canada, and Australia. We investigated the effect of sanitizing the plastic wrapper (used in packaging F. velutipes) with slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) and ultraviolet C waterproof light-emitting diode (UVC-WLED) on reducing the Listeria monocytogenes. Further, the effect of UVC-LED on L. monocytogenes growth in F. velutipes at different storage temperatures (2, 4, and 10oC) was determined. The combined (SAEW+UVC-W-LED) treatment for 5–10 min reduced 99.9% of bacterial population from the contaminated plastic wrapper. In addition, the UVC-LED treatment for 3 min reduced the L. monocytogenes concentration in F. velutipes by 0.47 log CFU/g. Moreover, the growth of L. monocytogenes in the treated mushrooms was slower than that of the untreated (control) ones. L. monocytogenes concentration in F. velutipes increased over 3 log CFU/g at 2oC and 10oC for 60 and 10 days, respectively. The growth of L. monocytogenes at the bottom of mushrooms was faster than that at the top at both the temperatures. These results indicate that the combined SAEW+UVC-WLED treatment of plastic wrappers and the UVC-LED treatment of mushrooms can be used as potential hurdle technologies to control the risk of L. monocytogenes in mushrooms prior to packaging at farms.

Conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) do not fully remove micropollutants. Enhanced treatment of sewage effluents is being considered or implemented in some countries to minimize the discharge of problematic micropollutants from WWTPs. Representative enhanced sewage treatment technologies for micropollutant removal were reviewed, including their current status of research and development. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) such as ozonation and UV/H2O2 and adsorption processes using powdered (PAC) and granular activated carbon (GAC) were mainly discussed with focusing on process principles for the micropollutant removal, effect of process operation and water matrix factors, and technical and economic feasibility. Pilot- and full-scale studies have shown that ozonation, PAC, and GAC can achieve significant elimination of various micropollutants at economically feasible costs(0.16-0.29 €/m3). Considering the current status of domestic WWTPs, ozonation and PAC were found to be the most feasible options for the enhanced sewage effluent treatment. Although ozonation and PAC are all mature technologies, a range of technical aspects should be considered for their successful application, such as energy consumption, CO2 emission, byproduct or waste generation, and ease of system construction/operation/maintenance. More feasibility studies considering domestic wastewater characteristics and WWTP conditions are required to apply ozonation or PAC/GAC adsorption process to enhance sewage effluent treatment in Korea.