형식주의비평은 예이츠 연구에서 비교적 주변적 역할을 하고 있다. 최고의 시인이라는 명성이 기교적 탁월함에 근거한다는 일반적 인식을 고려할 때, 이것은 좀 놀랍다. 최근에, 그러나, 벤들러의 선도적 연구는 이 비평적 공백을 메우기 시작했다. 이 글은 예이츠 시에서 구체적으로 서정시 장르와 준서정시로 구분하는 벤드러를 논의한다. 본 논문은, 소네트 형식의 5편의 시에서, 마지막 두 행의 변화(turn)와 수욕적 힘의 대두 사이에 결합이 발생한다는 것을 보여준다. 이 관찰은 준서정시의 구분의 타당성에 의문을 제기하며, 결론적으로 장르구분의 확인의 한계를 지적한다.

Han characters may be taught both as components of the mother tongue as well as elements of certain foreign languages. This paper centres on understanding approaches to the teaching of writing of Han characters as an aspect of foreign language learning. The mastery of Han characters may be considered a key objective in mother-tongue as well as foreign language teaching in China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Japan, but is only considered as foreign language teaching in Korea. However, the written forms taught in schools in the five above-mentioned locations differ markedly from one another. Japan has strict stipulations about written forms of Japanese; the governments of China, Taiwan and Hong Kong adhere to prescribed benchmarks on the written form of Han characters; while Korea only sets requirements on fonts. Although Hong Kong supposedly has a recommended benchmark, differences in written forms can be found in primary and secondary school textbooks. This leads to problems in teaching and assessment since few teachers have a comprehensive understanding on the difference in written forms of Han characters found in Hong Kong and elsewhere in South-East Asia. This paper looks at differences in the written forms of Han characters in the five regions mentioned above, and at some of the issues associated with these differences.

Pultruded FRP (Pultruded Fiber Reinforced Polymeric Plastic, PFRP) members have many advantages such as high strength and stiffness, high corrosion resistance, light weight, etc. However, it has relatively low modulus of elasticity and also cross-section of the structural shapes is composed of thin plate components. Therefore, global buckling, local buckling, and post-buckling strengths should be considered in the design of compression members. In the structural steel design following AISC/LRFD, this effect, in addition to the buckling strength, is incorporated with a form factor. In this study, referring to AISC/LRFD, form factor for the design of I-shape and Box-shape PFRP members under compression has been suggested and discussed through the analytical study.

신평천 인공습지 조성 후 3년간의 식생 및 생활형 변화 연구를 위하여 2005년 6월부터 2007년 9월까지 현지조사를 실시하였다. 2004년에 조성된 신평천 인공습지의 식재종은 14과 18속 15종 5변종으로 총 20종류가 식재되었다. 식재종의 생활형 구성비는 전체의 65%인 대부분을 다년생이 차지하고 있으며 목본류는 물푸레나무와 왕버들, 동백나무, 남천 4종류가 식재되었다. 3년간의 조사 기간 동안 생활형의 변화는 수생식물(HH)이 가장 많은 비율을 차지하며 증가하였고 소형지상식물(M), 대형지상식물(MM), 지표식물(Ch), 미소지상식물(N), 다년생식물(H)과 지표식물(Ch) 등도 증가하였다. 식생면적 변화는 애기부들, 달뿌리풀, 갈대 등은 군락면적이 증가하였으나, 다른 식재종의 면적은 급격히 감소하였다. 생활형 면적변화를 살펴보면 수생식물(HH), 1년생 수습식물(Th(w))은 점차 증가하였으며 소형지상식물(M), 지중식물(G), 미소지상식물(N) 등은 감소를 보였다. 결론적으로 식재 식물의 선정은 인공습지의 미래를 결정하는 중요한 요인이며 습지 조성 후 정착된 식물상의 파악 및 이들 식물들의 생활형을 분석하여 인공습지 초기정착에 유리한 종, 천이가 진행되면서 습지의 안정화 및 다양성을 유도하는 종을 선정하는 것은 매우 중요하다.

Jukseoru as an official pavilion of the government, one of the eight sceneries in Gwndong Area, is located on the cliff over Osipcheon River. This paper interprets form and space of the pavilion with restored old life by analyzing pictures of official party in 18th century in Chosun Dynasty. Every part of the space is occupied by persons by the class and duty: the pricipal guest, nobles, subordinates, gisaengs, court musicians, and guards from the high to the low and from the inside to the outside. Applying the analysis to the Jukseoru pavilion, the noblest lord takes sit on the platform in front of folded screen at main bay under checked ceiling, enclosed by low timber beam. The next northern end bay is a place for subordinates' and servants' waiting for preparation for rice wine. Southern end entrance bay is not a result of later addition but deliberately and originally made for lower place outside the railing of wooden floor: for a waiting woman gisaeng, and subordinates. Outside under the eaves on the platform with bedrock, artificial stone and soil is a place for court musicians, subordinates, and guards. The yard in front of the building is a place for preparing meals by cookers. Every detailed ornamental form is different each other by the place for the occupied class. Existing theory tells that the building, 7 bays gable-and-hipped roof, is a result of structural extention of 2 bays at the 5 bays gabled-roof. However, through the interpretation of old pictures and application to the pavilion, the present Juseoru is not a result of later structural addition, but deliberately designed creation suited to life in hierarchical traditional society.

The purpose of this study is to estimate concentration and emission unit of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide released from domestic chicken buildings by field investigation. Mean concentrations of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide emitted from chicken buildings were 18.25(±4.78)ppm and 807.53(±526.17)ppb for caged layer house, 14.48(±4.13)ppm and 644.82(±312.48)ppb for broiler house, and 6.16(±2.02)ppm and 284.75(±232.08)ppb for layer house with manure belt, respectively. Mean emission coefficients of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide were 0.951(±0.131) g hen^-1h^-1 and 2.956(±0.968) mg hen^-1h^-1 based on head whereas they were 0.575(±0.082) g m^-2h^-1 and 12.44(±3.536) mg m^-2h^-1 based on time. In conclusion indoor concentration and emission coefficient of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide were highest in caged layer housed, followed by broiler house and layer house with manure belt.

Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) envelope glycoprotein E2 is the main target for inducing neutralizing antibodies and protective immunity in swine. Here, we report a novel strategy forthe large-scale production of a CSFV E2 subunit vaccine that demonstrates a high immunogenic capability in the larvae of a baculovirus-infected silkworm, Bombyx mori. We constructed a recombinant B. mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) that expressed recombinant polyhedra together with the N-terminal 179 amino acids of CSFV E2 (CSFV E2ΔC). BmNPV-E2ΔC-infected silkworm larvae expressed an approximately 44-kDa fusion protein that was detected using both anti-polyhedrin and anti-CSFV E2 antibodies. Electron and confocal microscopy both demonstrated that the recombinant polyhedra were morphologically normal and contained CSFV E2ΔC. The CSFV E2ΔC antigen produced in BmNPV-E2ΔC-infected silkworm larvae reached 0.68 mg per ml of hemolymph and 0.53 mg per larva at 6 days post-infection. Mice that were immunized with the granule form of recombinant polyhedra or the soluble form of the fusion protein elicited CSFV E2 antibodies, which indicated that the recombinant polyhedra carrying CSFV E2ΔC were immunogenic. The virus neutralization test showed that the serum from mice that were treated with recombinant polyhedra or the soluble form of the fusion protein contained significant levels of virus neutralization activity. These results demonstrate that the present strategy can be used for the large-scale production of CSFV E2 antigen and that the recombinant polyhedra containing CSFV E2ΔC as a granule antigen can be used as a potential subunit vaccine against CSFV.

This study looks at the employment of negotiation about form by a pair of advanced English L2 users engaged in collaborative composition tasks, and compares their negotiation with that of a beginner English L2 pair. Contrary to the increasing interest in negotiation for meaning within the L2 literature, there is little research that investigates how learners interact in negotiation about form contexts, where learners are required to explicitly talk about the form that they encounter. In particular， few studies have been conducted with learners at different proficiency levels in such contexts. Recognising this paucity, the study presents a holistic analysis of learners' negotiation about form generated by learners at different proficiency levels. This means that first, the negotiation about form was quantified in terms of language-related episodes (LREs); second, the same data was examined via an in-depth, descriptive analysis; third, delayed post-tests were conducted on specific linguistic items produced via negotiation about form. The study does not find much difference in LREs between the two proficiency levels of learners or convincing evidence that LREs lead to L2 learning at all. The results also reveal limitations in the relationship between the interactions engaged in and eventual learning. (196 words)

본 논문은 고유치문제로 정식화된 텐세그러티 구조물의 형상탐색에 대하여 제시하고자 한다. 텐세그러티 구조물의 안정을 위해서는 형상탐색을 수행하여야한다. 형상탐색을 위한 해석 방법은 내력밀도법과 일반역행렬을 이용한 방법, 이 두 가지가 널리 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 새롭게 형상을 탐색하는 방법을 제시하여 텐세그러티 구조물의 자기평형 응력을 얻었다. 제시한 방법은 기존의 방법을 기본으로 한 모든 절점의 평형 방정식을 고유치 문제로 정식화하였다. 이를 증명하기 위해 몇 가지 예제(텐세그러티 구조물)를 기존의 방법과 비교 하였다. 본 연구에서 제시된 방법은 기존의 방법과 같은 결과가 나왔으며, 나아가 해답을 얻는 과정이 훨씬 간단하였다.

본 연구에서는 프리폼(free form)을 가지는 공간구조물의 유한요소망을 자동으로 생성하는 기법을 개발하고 그 배경이론과 수치실험 결과 그리고 이용방안에 대하여 기술하였다. 본 연구를 통하여 제시한 유한요소망 생성기법은 공간구조물의 해석을 위해 전통적으로 이용하던 형태별 자동생성기법의 한계를 극복하기 위하여 개발 되었다. 개발된 자동 생성기법은 최근 연속체 쉘 구조물의 형태를 정확히 구현하기 위해 활발히 이용되고 있는 CAGD기법을 도입하였다. 본 연구에서 제시된 자동생성기법은 두 단계의 생성과정을 거치는데 첫 번째가 구조물의 형태를 기하학적인 모델로 표현하는 단계이며 두 번째가 표현된 기하학적인 모델에 이산화된 공간구조물을 생성하는 단계이다. 수치실험을 통하여 본 연구에서 개발된 자동생성기법이 임의의 형상을 가지는 이산화된 공간구조물을 표현하기 용이할 뿐만이 아니라 기존의 자동생성기법을 수정 이용할 수 있는 장점이 있으며 특히 이산화된 공간구조물의 형상최적화에도 효과적으로 이용될 수 있을 것으로 나타났다.

In this paper, I examine the development of the second stage of Chicano muralism and compare it with the first stage of the Chicano Mural Movement that was born out of the Civil Rights Movement. I then discuss the different aspects of the first stage in relation to the birth of institutionalized public art and question how Chicano murals influenced public art and, conversely, how mainstream public art transformed some of the attitudes and practices of Chicano muralism. Chicano murals initially functioned as a political mouthpiece for Chicano’s human rights and as a tool to recover the Chicano people’s cultural pride and legacy. However, the murals gradually developed into public art projects supported by the city or federal governments, who regarded them as an economic way to effectively communicate with the community. In this process of institutionalization, muralists became increasingly concerned with aesthetic quality and began to work more systematically. For example, amateur artists or community participants who produced the earlier murals were transformed into mural experts. Chicano essentialism and the politically volatile themes used previously were phased out and the new murals began to incorporate diverse subjects and people, for example, native culture, Blacks, and women. This phenomenon reflected the changing emphasis on multicultural understanding. This kind of institutionalization did not always draw positive results. Inadequate funds were the primary concern over the actual subject and creation of the mural work. Artists reduced the strong political metaphors and aestheticized the mural forms. However, their work was productive as well: thorough research on wall conditions and painting techniques was conducted and new processes and designs were developed. This paper examines the murals created for the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games, Judy Baca’s works, and the Balmy Alley Mural Environment project in San Francisco’s Mission District. Works by Las Mujeres Muralistas in Mission District, in particular, show case colorful patterns and the Latin American indigenous culture, exploring new interpretations of old icons and design. They challenged the stereotypical depictions of females and presented alternative visual languages that revised the male-centered mural aesthetics and elaborated on the aesthetics of Rasquachismo.

사회복지의 올바른 실천을 위한 실천현장에서의 실습의 중요성은 매우 크다. 초보자로서의 실습생은 현장 업무에 대한 두려움이 많고, 전문가로서의 자질이 부족한 점이 많으므로, 이에 실습지도자의 올바른 리더가 중요하다. 지지적인 수퍼비전이 사기를 진작시키고, 목적달성도를 높이는 데에 큰 영향을 미치게 된다. 이에 본 서에서는 의료세팅에서의 활용가능한 기법 및 모델을 중심으로 현장적용시 보다 효율적인 결과를 기대할 수 있는 실습지도의 틀을 TCS를 중심으로 구성하였다. 또한 임상에서 실습지도를 하며 경험하였던 사항 중 개선의 필요성이 있는 부분을 찾아 이에 대한 실천 지침을 제시하였다.

An expression of adult wing form in reaction to rearing density during nymphal stage was investigated in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens. Under mass rearing condition, the S-BPH and the 2007-BPH population predominantly showed a short-winged, brachypterous, form and a long-winged, macropterous, form, respectively. At rearing density of less than 5 nymphs in the 2007-BPH, 90% of females showed brachypterous form, but all males became macropterous form. The ratio of macropterous form in the 2007-BPH males decreased by 75% in 10 to 15 rearing density, but increased by more than 95% again at 20 to 30 rearing density. In the case of the 2007-BPH females, the ratio of macropterous form gradually grew from 31% at 10 nymphal density to 92% at 20 nymphal density. All females originated from the S-BPH showed brachypterous form, regardless of nymphal density. The ratio of macropterous males in the S-BPH rapidly went down from 74% at 1 nymphal density to 10% at 10 nymphal density. At 20 nymphal rearing density, all males of the S-BPH showed brachypterous form. On the other hand, other brachypterous (OJ67-BPH) and macropterous (2006-BPH) population produced similar results with above the two populations at 1 nymphal rearing density. In summary, these results demonstrate that wing form dimorphism in N. lugens is largely influenced by nymphal density and the wing form at a specific density (low or high) can be different by sex or N. lugens populations.

This study examined the effects of learners’ prior knowledge of a linguistic form on the noticing function of output (Swain, 1995), which might mediate second language (L2) production and learning. Based on the degree of prior knowledge of the target form, the participants were divided into four levels. The noticing scores (measured by underlining in the subsequent input) showed that Level 2 participants—who had partial knowledge of the target form—noticed more target forms than the other levels and the comparison group. The participants in the experimental group produced more target forms on the second output activity than on the first output activity. However, learners’ increased noticing did not lead to immediate increased improvement of production and learning. Some prior knowledge of the target form was able to mediate noticing of the form, but one-time noticing might not be enough for promoting improvement of production and learning of the target form.